AP Macroeconomics

Short description: Advanced Placement high school macroeconomics course

Advanced Placement (AP) Macroeconomics (also known as AP Macro and AP Macroecon) is an Advanced Placement macroeconomics course for high school students that culminates in an exam offered by the College Board.

Study begins with fundamental economic concepts such as scarcity, opportunity costs, production possibilities, specialization, comparative advantage, demand, supply, and price determination.

Major topics include measurement of economic performance, national income and price determination, fiscal and monetary policy, and international economics and growth. AP Macroeconomics is frequently taught in conjunction with (and, in some cases, in the same year as) AP Microeconomics as part of a comprehensive AP Economics curriculum, although more students take the former.

## Contents

* 1 Topic outline
* 1.1 Basic Economic Concepts (8–12%)
* 1.2 Measurement of Economic Performance (12–16%)
* 1.3 National Income and Price Determination (10–15%)
* 1.4 Financial Sector (15–20%)
* 1.5 Inflation, Unemployment, and Stabilization Policies (20–30%)
* 1.6 Economic Growth and Productivity (5–10%)
* 1.7 Open Economy: International Trade and Finance (10–15%)
* 2 Exam
* 2.1 Multiple Choice (2/3 of Score)
* 2.2 Free Response (1/3 of Score)
* 3 Score distribution
* 4 Criticism
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 Study Resources

## Topic outline

### Basic Economic Concepts (8–12%)

* Scarcity, choice, and opportunity costs
* Production possibilities curve
* Comparative advantage, absolute advantage, specialization, and exchange
* Demand, supply, and market equilibrium
* Macroeconomic issues: business cycle, unemployment, inflation, growth

### Measurement of Economic Performance (12–16%)

* National income accounts
* Circular flow
* Gross domestic product
* Components of gross domestic product
* Real versus nominal gross domestic product
* Inflation measurement and adjustment
* Price indices
* Nominal and real values
* Costs of inflation
* Unemployment
* Definition and measurement
* Types of unemployment
* Natural rate of unemployment

### National Income and Price Determination (10–15%)

* Aggregate demand
* Determinants of aggregate demand
* Multiplier and crowding-out effects
* Aggregate supply
* Short-run and long-run analyses
* Sticky versus flexible wages and prices
* Determinants of aggregate supply
* Macroeconomic Equilibrium
* Real output and price level
* Short and long run
* Actual versus full-employment output
* Economic fluctuations

### Financial Sector (15–20%)

Financial sector:

* Money, banking, and financial markets
* Definition of financial assets: money, stocks, bonds
* Time value of money (present and future value)
* Measures of money supply
* Banks and creation of money
* Money demand
* Money market
* Loanable funds market
* Central bank and control of the money supply
* Tools of central bank policy
* Quantity theory of money
* Real versus nominal interest rates

### Inflation, Unemployment, and Stabilization Policies (20–30%)

* Fiscal and monetary policies
* Demand-side effects
* Supply-side effects
* Policy mix
* Government deficits and debt
* Inflation and unemployment
* Types of inflation
* Demand-pull inflation
* Cost-push inflation
* The Phillips curve: short run versus long run
* Role of expectations

### Economic Growth and Productivity (5–10%)

* Economic Growth and Productivity:
* Investment in human capital
* Investment in physical capital
* Research and development, and technological progress
* Growth policy

### Open Economy: International Trade and Finance (10–15%)

* Balance of payments accounts
* Balance of trade
* Current account
* Capital account
* Foreign exchange market
* Demand for and supply of foreign exchange
* Exchange rate determination
* Currency appreciation and depreciation
* Net exports and capital flows
* Links to financial and goods markets

## Exam

### Multiple Choice (2/3 of Score)

* 60 Questions in 70 Minutes
* Reflects Topic Outline Above
* Example: 3-6 Questions on Economic Growth.

### Free Response (1/3 of Score)

* 3 Questions in 60 Minutes (with 10 minutes of recommended reading and planning time)

## Score distribution

The exam was first held in 1989, along with Microeconomics. Grade distributions since 2002 are as follows:

Score  | 2002[1] | 2003[2] | 2004[3] | 2005[4] | 2006[5] | 2007[6] | 2008[7] | 2009[8] | 2010[9] | 2011[10] | 2012[11] | 2013[12] | 2014[13] | 2015[14] | 2016[15] | 2017[16] | 2018[17] | 2019[18] | 2020[19] | 2021[20] | 2022[21] | 2023[22]

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5  | 14.4%  | 13.5%  | 13.0%  | 14.3%  | 12.7%  | 14.1%  | 14.9%  | 15.7%  | 14.4%  | 13.1%  | 13.9%  | 14.6%  | 16.1%  | 15.2%  | 17.4%  | 17.4%  | 19.7%  | 19.1%  | 19.7%  | 18.0%  | 16.4%  | 17.1%
4  | 27.7%  | 23.8%  | 25.0%  | 28.9%  | 23.4%  | 24.4%  | 22.7%  | 25.2%  | 25.6%  | 24.0%  | 23.9%  | 23.2%  | 23.2%  | 22.2%  | 23.4%  | 23.3%  | 22.6%  | 23.0%  | 25.0%  | 19.6%  | 20.0%  | 22.9%
3  | 18.4%  | 19.2%  | 17.6%  | 15.9%  | 17.4%  | 16.4%  | 15.2%  | 15.8%  | 15.2%  | 16.7%  | 18.0%  | 16.6%  | 18.5%  | 17.1%  | 16.1%  | 16.9%  | 16.2%  | 16.9%  | 18.5%  | 13.7%  | 15.4%  | 24.7%
2  | 22.7%  | 25.8%  | 26.0%  | 16.9%  | 21.0%  | 17.2%  | 19.8%  | 16.2%  | 16.6%  | 18.2%  | 17.8%  | 19.1%  | 17.5%  | 17.0%  | 17.0%  | 15.8%  | 16.8%  | 14.9%  | 16.2%  | 15.7%  | 15.1%  | 21.6%
1  | 16.8%  | 17.8%  | 18.4%  | 24.0%  | 25.4%  | 27.9%  | 27.5%  | 27.1%  | 28.1%  | 28.0%  | 26.3%  | 26.6%  | 24.7%  | 28.4%  | 26.0%  | 26.6%  | 24.7%  | 26.2%  | 20.5%  | 32.9%  | 33.1%  | 13.7%
% of scores 3 or higher  | 60.5%  | 56.5%  | 55.6%  | 59.1%  | 53.6%  | 55.0%  | 52.7%  | 56.7%  | 55.3%  | 53.8%  | 55.8%  | 54.3%  | 57.8%  | 54.6%  | 57.0%  | 57.6%  | 58.5%  | 58.9%  | 63.2%  | 51.3%  | 51.8%  | 64.7%
Mean  | 3.00  | 2.89  | 2.88  | 2.93  | 2.77  | 2.80  | 2.78  | 2.86  | 2.82  | 2.76  | 2.81  | 2.80  | 2.89  | 2.79  | 2.89  | 2.89  | 2.96  | 2.94  | 3.07  | 2.74  | 2.71  | 3.08
Standard deviation  | 1.32  | 1.32  | 1.32  | 1.41  | 1.38  | 1.43  | 1.44  | 1.45  | 1.45  | 1.42  | 1.41  | 1.42  | 1.42  | 1.45  | 1.46  | 1.46  | 1.47  | 1.48  | 1.42  | 1.52  | 1.50  | 1.29
Number of Students  | 32,184  | 38,177  | 41,265  | 41,265  | 52,599  | 60,116  | 68,009  | 73,817  | 83,146  | 90,134  | 99,903  | 108,219  | 117,209  | 126,267  | 134,638  | 141,649  | 146,673  | 146,091  | 122,639  | 124,436  | 134,413  | 164,505

## Criticism

Tawni Ferrarini, James Gwartney, and John Morton have written that the examination does not adequately cover recent advances in the field: "The AP macroeconomics exam and resources largely reflect the simplistic Keynesian view from the 1960s and 1970s."[23] The College Board updates the AP Macroeconomics curriculum with the guidance of college and high school economics instructors. The most recent update was published in 2019.[24]

## See also

* Economics
* Economics education § Curriculum
* Glossary of economics

## References

1. ↑ "2002: Grade Distributions". Retrieved January 18, 2024.
2. ↑ "2003: Grade Distributions". Retrieved January 18, 2024.
3. ↑ "2004: Grade Distributions". Retrieved January 18, 2024.
4. ↑ "2005: Grade Distributions". Retrieved January 18, 2024.
5. ↑ "2006: Grade Distributions". Retrieved January 18, 2024.
6. ↑ "Student Grade Distributions" (PDF). Retrieved January 18, 2024.
7. ↑ "Student Score Distributions" (PDF). Retrieved January 18, 2024.
8. ↑ "Student Score Distributions" (PDF). Retrieved January 18, 2024.
9. ↑ "Student Score Distributions" (PDF). Retrieved January 18, 2024.
10. ↑ Macroeconomics Score Distributions
11. ↑ Macroeconomics Scoring Distributions
12. ↑ Macroeconomics Scoring Distributions
13. ↑ Macroeconomics Score Distributions
14. ↑ "Student Score Distributions" (PDF). Retrieved January 18, 2024.
15. ↑ "Student Score Distributions" (PDF). Retrieved January 18, 2024.
16. ↑ "Student Score Distributions". 2017. https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/digitalServices/pdf/research/2017/Student-Score-Distributions-2017.pdf.
17. ↑ "2018 Student Score Distributions". https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/digitalServices/pdf/research/2018/Student-Score-Distributions-2018.pdf.
18. ↑ "Student Score Distributions" (PDF). Retrieved October 1, 2023.
19. ↑ "STUDENT SCORE DISTRIBUTIONS". https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/digitalServices/pdf/research/2020/Student-Score-Distributions-2020.pdf.
20. ↑ "Student Score Distributions" (PDF). Retrieved January 18, 2024.
21. ↑ "Student Score Distributions" (PDF). Retrieved October 1, 2023.
22. ↑ "Student Score Distributions" (PDF). Retrieved January 18, 2024.
23. ↑ Tawni H. Ferrarini, James D. Gwartney, and John S. Morton, "Advanced Placement Economics: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly," Econ Journal Watch 8(1) (January 2011), 67. [1]
24. ↑ College Board, AP Economics Course and Exam Description (2019)

* AP:Macroeconomics

## Study Resources

* Anderson, David; Ray, Margaret (2019). Krugman's Economics for the AP Course (3rd ed.). New York: BFW. ISBN 978-1-319-11327-8. https://www.highschool.bfwpub.com/Catalog/product/krugmanseconomicsfortheapcourse-thirdedition-anderson.
* Reffonomics.com

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