Capitalization table

Short description: Analysis of company ownership structure

A capitalization table or cap table is a table providing an analysis of a company's percentages of ownership, equity dilution, and value of equity in each round of investment by founders, investors, and other owners.[1]

## Contents

* 1 Overview
* 2 Relationship to company shares
* 3 Waterfall analysis
* 4 References
* 5 External links

## Overview

In its simplest form, a capitalization table, or "cap table" as it is often abbreviated, is a ledger that tracks the equity ownership of a company's shareholders: that is, how its capitalization is composed. However, the term can refer to the way in which any company keeps track of all of the relevant information related to all of its stakeholders (including debt, convertible debt, option, warrant, and derivatives holders) and their claims on the company.[2] Public companies primarily use transfer agents and a wide array of technologies and systems to keep track of their stakeholder information and therefore it is uncommon for public companies to refer to their stakeholder records and accounting as a "cap table". Private companies typically have a much simpler capital structure and more limited stakeholder accounting requirements. In the earliest stages of their development, private companies may track their shareholders in a simple document or spreadsheet. Cap tables are widely used by entrepreneurs, venture capitalists, and investment bankers to model and to analyze events such as ownership dilution, issuing employee stock options, or issuing new securities. After several rounds of financing, a cap table can become highly complex.

Most cap tables are managed in spreadsheets, which may lack scalability—often, they are time-consuming to maintain and update and prone to human error. In recent years,[when?] cap table automation software has become popular with growing businesses with increasingly complex equity structures. Examples of such platforms include Carta, Pulley, Ledgy, and Vimtara.[3] [citation needed]

## Relationship to company shares

In the past, companies would issue shares on paper stock certificates and then use the cap table as an accounting representation and summary of share ownership. Public companies have increasingly eliminated all paper stock certificates in a process called "dematerialization" to simplify and decrease transactions costs. Most global regulators have made and encouraged financial system changes to encourage dematerialization.

In the US and many other countries, companies can use their cap table as the only system of record for recording stock ownership. US state laws support a concept of uncertificated, or book entry shares where the cap table is the formal legal record of equity ownership.[4]

## Waterfall analysis

As a cap table becomes more complex, the ownership percentages indicated on the cap table can diverge from actual percentage of proceeds distributed to shareholders upon a liquidity event. Some industry commentators have called the difference between actual ownership percentage on the cap table and a shareholder's percentage of exit proceeds "accounting ownership" (actual ownership percentage on the cap table) vs. "economic ownership" (percentage of proceeds available to equity).[5]

This situation leads to the concept of a "waterfall" or "waterfall analysis." A waterfall analysis details the exact payouts to every shareholder on a company's cap table based on a specific amount of proceeds available to equity in a particular liquidity scenario. Since a company often does not know if, when, or how it will achieve a liquidity event, waterfall analysis typically covers a range of liquidity assumptions. Liquidation preference charts extend the analysis, showing the economic outcome available to investors at all valuations across a range of outcomes, rather than focusing on a specific point or a discrete set of points.

## References

1. ↑ "Cap Tables". Carta. https://carta.com/learn/startups/equity-management/cap-table/.
2. ↑ "Cap Tables". Carta. https://carta.com/learn/startups/equity-management/cap-table/.
3. ↑ "Vimtara – Equity and Cap Table Management Platform". https://vimtara.com.
4. ↑ "3 Ways to Issue Paperless, or Electronic, Stock Certificates". Capshare Blog. Capshare, Inc.. 9 March 2016. https://www.capshare.com/blog/3-ways-to-issue-paperless-or-electronic-stock-certificates/.
5. ↑ Conner, Cheryl (25 September 2012). "Why Your Equity Could be Worth Less Than You Think (Or Possibly Nothing at All)". forbes.com. https://www.forbes.com/sites/cherylsnappconner/2012/09/25/why-your-equity-could-be-worth-less-than-you-think-or-possible-nothing-at-all/.

## External links

* Capography Helps Entrepreneurs Manage Their Cap Table Without The Excel Headache
* Sample capitalization table on a spreadsheet
* Common cap table mistakes to avoid
* Cap table of Everpix

{{Navbox

| name = Private equity and venture capital

| state = autocollapse | title = [[Finance:Private equitPrivate equity and venture capital

| image =
| bodyclass = hlist

| group1 = Basic investment types | list1 =

* Buyout
* Venture
* Mezzanine
* Growth
* Secondaries
* Equity co-investment

| group2 = History | list2 =

* History of private equity and venture capital
* Early history of private equity
* Private equity in the 1980s
* Private equity in the 1990s
* Private equity in the 2000s

| group3 = Terms and concepts

| list3 =

Buyout|

* Financial sponsor
* Management buyout
* Divisional buyout
* Buy–sell agreement
* Leveraged recapitalization
* Dividend recapitalization

|

Venture|

* Angel investor
* Business incubator
* Post-money valuation
* Pre-money valuation
* Seed money
* Startup company
* Venture capital financing
* Venture debt
* Venture round

Structure|

* Private equity firms and funds
* Limited partnership
* Limited liability company
* Carried interest
* Management fee
* Publicly traded private equity
* Business Development Company
* Venture capital trust
* Private investment in public equity (PIPE)
* Pledge fund

| group4 = Investors | list4 =

* Corporations
* Institutional investors
* Pension funds
* Insurance companies
* Fund of funds
* Endowments
* Foundations
* Investment banks
* Merchant banks
* Commercial banks
* High-net-worth individuals
* Family offices
* Sovereign wealth funds
* Crowdfunding

| group5 = Related financial terms | list5 =

* AUM
* Cap table
* Capital call
* Capital commitment
* Capital structure
* Distribution waterfall
* EBITDA
* Envy ratio
* High-yield debt
* IPO
* IRR
* Leverage
* Liquidation preference
* M&A
* PME
* Taxation of private equity and hedge funds
* Undercapitalization
* Vintage year

| below =

* Private equity and venture capital investors
* Private equity firms
* Venture capital firms
* Angel investors
* Portfolio companies

* v
* t
* e

Corporate finance and investment banking

Capital structure|

* Convertible debt
* Exchangeable debt
* Mezzanine debt
* Pari passu
* Preferred equity
* Second lien debt
* Senior debt
* Senior secured debt
* Shareholder loan
* Stock
* Subordinated debt
* Warrant

Transactions
(terms/conditions)|

| Equity offerings|

* At-the-market offering
* Book building
* Bookrunner
* Bought deal
* Bought out deal
* Corporate spin-off
* Equity carve-out
* Follow-on offering
* Greenshoe
* Reverse
* Initial public offering
* Private placement
* Public offering
* Rights issue
* Seasoned equity offering
* Secondary market offering
* Underwriting

|

Mergers and
acquisitions|

* Buy side
* Control premium
* Demerger
* Divestment
* Drag-along right
* Management due diligence
* Managerial entrenchment
* Minority discount
* Pitch book
* Pre-emption right
* Proxy fight
* Post-merger integration
* Sell side
* Shareholder rights plan
* Special-purpose entity
* Special situation
* Squeeze-out
* Staggered board of directors
* Stock swap
* Super-majority amendment
* Tag-along right
* Takeover
* Reverse
* Tender offer

Leverage|

* Debt restructuring
* Debtor-in-possession financing
* Financial sponsor
* Leveraged buyout
* Leveraged recapitalization
* High-yield debt
* Private equity
* Project finance

Valuation|

* Accretion/dilution analysis
* Adjusted present value
* Associate company
* Business valuation
* Conglomerate discount
* Cost of capital
* Weighted average
* Discounted cash flow
* Economic value added
* Enterprise value
* Fairness opinion
* Financial modeling
* Free cash flow
* Free cash flow to equity
* Market value added
* Minority interest
* Modigliani–Miller theorem
* Net present value
* Pure play
* Real options
* Residual income
* Stock valuation
* Sum-of-the-parts analysis
* Tax shield
* Terminal value
* Valuation using multiples

* List of investment banks
* Outline of finance

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