Free-trade zone

Short description: Geographic area where economic activity between and within countries is less regulated

"FTZ" redirects here. For other uses, see FTZ (disambiguation).

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Taxation

An aspect of fiscal policy

Policies

* Government revenue
* Property tax equalization
* Tax revenue
* Non-tax revenue
* Tax law
* Tax bracket
* Tax threshold
* Exemption
* Credit
* Deduction
* Tax shift
* Tax cut
* Tax holiday
* Tax advantage
* Tax incentive
* Tax reform
* Tax harmonization
* Tax competition
* Double taxation
* Representation
* Unions
* Medical savings account
* Tax, tariff and trade

Economics

|  General Theory

* Price effect
* Excess burden
* Tax incidence
* Laffer curve
* Optimal tax
* Theory
* Optimal capital income taxation

Distribution of Tax

* Tax rate
* Flat
* Progressive
* Regressive
* Proportional

Collection

* Revenue service
* Revenue stamp
* Tax assessment
* Taxable income
* Tax lien
* Tax refund
* Tax shield
* Tax residence
* Tax preparation
* Tax investigation
* Tax shelter
* Private tax collection
* Tax farming

Noncompliance

|  General

* Tax avoidance
* Tax evasion
* Tax resistance
* Tax shelter
* Smuggling
* Black market
* Unreported employment

Corporate

* Tax inversion
* Transfer mispricing
* Base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS)
* Double Irish
* Dutch Sandwich
* Single Malt
* CAIA/Green Jersey

Locations

* Tax havens
* Corporate tax havens
* Offshore financial centres (OFCs)
* Offshore magic circle
* Conduit and Sink OFCs
* Financial centres
* Financial Secrecy Index

Major examples

* Apple €13 billion fine
* Ireland as a tax haven
* Leprechaun economics
* Liechtenstein tax affair
* Luxembourg Leaks
* Offshore Leaks
* Paradise Papers
* Panama Papers
* Swiss Leaks
* United States as a tax haven
* Panama as a tax haven

Types

* Direct
* Indirect
* Per unit
* Ad valorem
* In rem
* Capital gains
* Carbon
* Consumption
* Dividend
* Ecotax
* Excise
* Fuel
* Georgist
* Gift
* Gross receipts
* Income
* Inheritance (estate)
* Land value
* Payroll
* Pigovian
* Property
* Sales
* Sin
* Single
* Stamp
* Steering
* Turnover
* Value-added (VAT)
* Corporate profit
* Excess profits
* Windfall profits
* Negative (income)
* Wealth

International

* Financial transaction tax
* Currency transaction tax
* European Union Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base (CCCTB)
* Tobin tax
* Spahn tax
* Tax equalization
* Tax treaty
* Permanent establishment
* Transfer pricing
* European Union FTT
* Foreign revenue rule

Trade

* Custom
* Duty
* Tariff
* Import
* Export
* Tariff war
* Free trade
* Free trade zone
* Trade agreement
* ATA Carnet

Research

|  Academic

* Mihir A. Desai
* Dhammika Dharmapala
* James R. Hines Jr.
* Ronen Palan
* Joel Slemrod
* Gabriel Zucman

Advocacy groups

* Tax Justice Network (TJN)
* Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy (ITEP)
* Oxfam (UK)
* Tax Foundation (US)
* Tax Policy Center (US)

Religious

* Church tax
* Eight per thousand
* Teind
* Tithe
* Fiscus Judaicus
* Leibzoll
* Temple tax
* Tolerance tax
* Jizya
* Kharaj
* Khums
* Nisab
* Zakat

By country

|  All Countries

* List of countries by tax rates
* Tax revenues as % of GDP
* Tax rates in Europe

Individual Countries

* Albania
* Algeria
* Argentina
* Australia
* Azerbaijan
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Brazil
* Bulgaria
* BVI
* Canada
* China
* Colombia
* Croatia
* Denmark
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hong Kong
* Iceland
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Ireland
* Israel
* Italy
* Japan
* Kazakhstan
* Lithuania
* Malta
* Morocco
* Namibia
* Netherlands
* New Zealand
* Norway
* Pakistan
* Palestine
* Peru
* Philippines
* Poland
* Portugal
* Russia
* Singapore
* South Africa
* Sri Lanka
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Taiwan
* Tanzania
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Uruguay

* v
* t
* e

A free-trade zone (FTZ) is a class of special economic zone.[1] It is a geographic area where goods may be imported, stored, handled, manufactured, or reconfigured and re-exported under specific customs regulation and generally not subject to customs duty. Free trade zones are generally organized around major seaports, international airports, and national frontiers—areas with many geographic advantages for trade.[2]

## Contents

* 1 Definition
* 1.1 Synonyms
* 2 Export-processing zone
* 2.1 Brazil
* 2.2 China
* 3 Free economic zone
* 3.1 Definition
* 3.2 History
* 4 Background
* 5 US Foreign-Trade Zones Board
* 6 UAE Free Zones
* 7 Kuwait Free Trade Zone
* 8 Strategic benefits
* 9 Criminal use
* 9.1 Regulatory Compliance, Risks, and Controversies
* 10 Criticism
* 11 List of free economic zones by country
* 12 See also
* 13 References
* 14 Bibliography
* 15 External links

## Definition

The World Bank defines free trade zones as "small, fenced-in, duty-free areas, offering warehousing, storage, and distribution facilities for trade, transshipment, and re-export operations".[3] Free-trade zones can also be defined as labor-intensive manufacturing centers that involve the import of raw materials or components and the export of factory products, but this is a dated definition as more and more free-trade zones focus on service industries such as software, back-office operations, research, and financial services.

### Synonyms

Free-trade zones are referred to as "foreign-trade zones" in the United States of America (Foreign-Trade Zones Act of 1934),[4] where FTZs provide customs-related advantages as well as exemptions from state and local inventory taxes. In some other countries, they have been called "duty-free export processing zones", "export-free zones", "export processing zones", "free export zones", "free zones" (Spanish: zona franca),[5][6] "industrial free zones", "investment promotion zones", "maquiladoras", and "special economic zones".[4][7] Some were previously called "free ports" (Italian: porto franco, Spanish: puerto libre).[8] Free zones range from specific-purpose manufacturing facilities to areas where legal systems and economic regulation vary from the normal provisions of the country concerned.

Free zones may reduce or eliminate taxes, customs duties, and regulatory requirements for registration of business. Zones around the world often provide special exemptions from normal immigration procedures and foreign investment restrictions as well as other features. Free zones are intended to foster economic activity and employment that could occur elsewhere.[9]

## Export-processing zone

An export-processing zone (EPZ) is a specific type of FTZ usually set up in developing countries by their governments to promote industrial and commercial exports. According to the World Bank, "an export processing zone is an industrial estate, usually a fenced-in area of 10 to 300 hectares, that specializes in manufacturing for export. It offers firms free trade conditions and a liberal regulatory environment. Its objectives are to attract foreign investors, collaborators, and buyers who can facilitate entry into the world market for some of the economy's industrial goods, thus generating employment and foreign exchange".[10] Most FTZs are located in developing countries; Brazil, Colombia, India, Indonesia, El Salvador, China, the Philippines, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Pakistan, Mexico, the Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, Honduras, Guatemala, Kenya, Sri Lanka, Mauritius, and Madagascar all have EPZ programs.[11] In 1997, 93 countries had set up export processing zones, employing 22.5 million people, and five years later, in 2003, EPZs in 116 countries employed 43 million people.[11]

### Brazil

In Brazil, 25 Export-Processing Zones have been authorized in 17 states, and 19 of them have been implemented.[12] The Brazilian government launched the first Export processing zones in 1988, aiming to fight the unbalances in the country.[13] The first EPZ area was located near the Port of Pecém in Ceará.[13] Companies in these areas are benefitting from tax exemptions and incentives at the ICMS Tax (State Value-Added Tax). Some Brazilian states offer other regional incentives.[14] Companies can also take advantage of a foreign exchange treatment supported by the law that created the EPZs and proximity of customs authorities who have offices inside the EPZ.[13]

### China

China has specific rules differentiating an EPZ from a FTZ. For example, 70% of goods in EPZs must be exported, but there is no such quota for FTZs.[15]

## Free economic zone

Free economic zones (FEZ), free economic territories (FETs) or free zones (FZ) are a class of special economic zone (SEZ) designated by the trade and commerce administrations of various countries. The term is used to designate areas in which companies are taxed very lightly or not at all to encourage economic activity. The taxation rules and duties are determined by each country.[16] The World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM) has content on the conditions and benefits of free zones.[17]

Some special economic zones are called free ports or free trade ports. Sometimes they have historically been endowed with favorable customs regulations, such as the free port of Trieste, or the newer free trade port on Hainan Island.[18]

### Definition

The definition should be understood in meaning The International Convention on the Simplification and Harmonization of Customs Procedures (Revised Kyoto Convention) uses the term "free zones" which the revised convention describes as "a part of the territory of a Contracting Party where any goods introduced are generally regarded, insofar as import duties and taxes are concerned, as being outside the customs territory".

According to the World Bank,[19] the main types of special economic zones are:

1. Free-trade zones (FTZ)
2. Export processing zones (EPZ)
3. Free economic zones (FZ/FEZ)
4. Industrial parks/estates (IE)
5. Free ports
6. Bonded logistics parks (BLP)
7. Urban enterprise zones

### History

An early type of special economic zone was free ports, these historically were endowed with favorable customs regulations. In modern times, free port has come to mean a specific type of special economic zone, for example LADOL.

All "free ports" in the world were permitted by the respective states, save the Free Port of Trieste that with the signing of the 16th Resolution of the Security Council of the United Nations[20] (10 January 1947) and the signing of the Treaty of Peace with Italy[21] (10 February 1947, ratified 15 September 1947) was put territorially under the sovereignty of the United Nations itself. As cited on Annex VIII, Article 3, paragraph 2: "The establishment of special zones in the Free Port under the exclusive jurisdiction of any State is incompatible with the status of the Free Territory and of the Free Port". For example, it was not possible to apply the "Italian Law on Ports" in the extraterritorial free zones of the UN Free Port of Trieste with the effect that all actual territorial concessions were null and void.

## Background

The world's first-documented free-trade zone was established on the Greek Island of Delos in 166 BCE. It lasted until about 69 BCE when the island was overrun by pirates. The Romans had many civitas libera, or free cities, some of which could coin money, establish their own laws, and not pay an annual tribute to the Roman Emperor. These continued through at least the first millennium CE. In the 12th century, the Hanseatic League began operating in Northern Europe and established trading colonies throughout Europe. These Free Trade Zones included Hamburg and the Steelyard in London. The Steelyard, like other Hansa stations, was a separate walled community with its own warehouses, weighing house, chapel, counting houses, and residential quarters. In 1988, remains of the former Hanseatic trading house, once the largest medieval trading complex in Britain, were uncovered by archaeologists during maintenance work on Cannon Street Station. Shannon, Ireland (Shannon Free Zone),[22] established in 1959, has claimed to be the first "modern" free trade zone. The Shannon Zone was started to help the city airport adjust to a radical change in aircraft technology that permitted longer range aircraft to skip previously required refueling stops in Shannon. It was an attempt by the Irish government to maintain employment around the airport so that the airport would continue to generate revenue for the Irish economy. It was hugely successful and is still in operation today. Other free zones to note are the Kandla Free Zone in India, which started in about 1960, and the Kaohsiung Export Processing Zone in Taiwan, which started in 1967. The number of worldwide free-trade zones proliferated in the late 20th century.

Corporations setting up in a zone may be given a number of regulatory and fiscal incentives, such as the right to establish a business, the right to import parts and equipment without duty, the right to keep and use foreign exchange earnings, and sometimes income or property tax breaks. There may also be other incentives relating the methods of customs control and filing requirements. The rationale is that the zones will attract investment, create employment, and thus reduce poverty and unemployment, stimulating the area's economy. These zones are often used by multinational corporations to set up factories to produce goods (such as clothing, shoes, and electronics).

Free-trade zones should be distinguished from free trade areas. A free trade zone is normally established in a single country, although there are a few exceptions where a free zone may cross a national border, such as the Syrian/Jordanian Free Trade Zone.[23] Free trade areas are set up between countries; for example, the Latin America Free Trade Association (LAFTA) was created in the 1960 Treaty of Montevideo by Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay; and the North American Free Trade Agreement was established between Mexico, the United States, and Canada. In free trade areas, tariffs are only lowered between member countries. They should also be distinguished from customs unions, like the former European Economic Community, where several countries agree to unify customs regulations and eliminate customs between the union members.

Free-trade zones have more recently been also called special economic zones in some countries. Special economic zones (SEZs) have been established in many countries as testing grounds for the implementation of liberal market economy principles. SEZs are viewed as instruments to enhance the acceptability and the credibility of the transformation policies and to attract domestic and foreign investment. The change in terminology has been driven by the formation of the World Trade Organization (WTO), which prohibits members from offering certain types of fiscal incentives to promote the exports of goods, thus why the term Export Processing Zone (EPZ) is no longer used with newer zones. For example, India converted all of its EPZs to SEZs in 2000.

In 1999, there were 43 million people working in about 3,000 FTZs spanning 116 countries and producing clothes, shoes, sneakers, electronics, and toys. The basic objectives of economic zones are to enhance foreign exchange earnings, develop export-oriented industries, and generate employment opportunities.

## US Foreign-Trade Zones Board

In the United States, the Foreign-Trade Zones Board (FTZB), established under the Foreign-Trade Zones (FTZ) Act of 1934, is led by the Secretary of Commerce and the Secretary of the Treasury.

In January 2009, the Foreign-Trade Zones Board adopted an FTZ Board staff proposal to make what it called the Alternative Site Framework (ASF) as a means of designating and managing general-purpose FTZ sites through reorganization. The ASF provides Foreign-Trade Zone grantees greater flexibility to meet specific requests for zone status by utilizing the minor boundary modification process. The theory of the ASF is that by more closely linking the amount of FTZ-designated space to the amount of space activated with Customs and Border Protection, Zone users would have better and quicker access to benefits.

When an FTZ grantee evaluates whether or not to expand its FTZ project in order to improve the ease in which the Zone may be utilized by existing companies, as well as how it attracts new prospective companies, the Alternative Site Framework (ASF) should be considered. The ASF may be an appropriate option for certain Foreign-Trade Zone projects, but the decision of whether to adopt the new framework and what the configuration of the sites should be requires careful analysis and planning. Regardless of the choice to expand the FTZ project, the sites should be selected and the application drafted in such a manner as to receive swift approval while maximizing benefit to those that locate in the Zone. Successful zone projects are generally the result of a plan developed and implemented by individuals who understand all aspects of the FTZ program.[24]

The FTZB approves the reorganization of Foreign Trade Zone (FTZ) 32 under the alternative site framework. The application submitted by its grantee, the Greater Miami Foreign Trade Zone was approved and officially ordered by the FTZB on January 8, 2013. From California to Oklahoma, North Carolina, and New York State, FTZs all across the United States have recently [when?] been making use of the flexible opportunities offered by the Alternative Site Framework (ASF) program. The ASF program is designed to serve zone projects that want the flexibility to both attract users/operators to certain fixed sites but also want the ability to serve companies at other locations where the demand for FTZ services will arise in the future. FTZ 32 was founded in 1979 and processes over $1 billion in goods with products from more than 65 countries and exported to more than 75 countries worldwide with speed and efficiency. According to the official order from the FTZB, FTZ 32 existing site 1, Miami Free Zone, will be classified as a magnet site.[25]

## UAE Free Zones

Due to growing business opportunities in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), the UAE government has introduced 'Free Zones' to make it easier for foreigners to invest and operate in the UAE. In these Free Zones, investors benefit from maintaining full business ownership and receiving tax exemptions.

Some of the benefits of setting up business in UAE Free Zones are:

* No Corporate Tax, 100% exemption[26] provided that business done between the free zone company and any mainland companies are under 375,000 AED a year.[27]
* 100% ownership of business
* Bank accounts can be opened in a business's name
* Reasonable renewal fees
* 100% import and export tax exemptions
* 100% repatriation of profits and capital
* Investor VISA

Some Free Zones in UAE are:

* Meydan Free Zone (MFZ)
* Ajman Free Zone
* Ras Al Khaimah Economic Zone (RAKEZ)
* International Free Zone Authority (IFZA)
* Sharjah Media City Free Zone (SHAMS)
* Hamriyah Free Zone

## Kuwait Free Trade Zone

Kuwait's free trade zone (FTZ) was formally established in 1999 to expand businesses and lure the export industry. The zone was located in the western part of the commercial port of Shuwaikh. It was the only free trade zone in the country.

In 2019, the Council of Ministers cancelled the free-zone, leaving Kuwait without a special economic zone.[28]

## Strategic benefits

Aberdeen Group research published in 2013 noted that best-in-class companies make strategic use of free-trade zones as a means of reducing inbound trade costs, shortening import timescales, and optimising the balance of their corporate sourcing and operational activities.[29]

## Criminal use

The European Union, in 2020, introduced new stricter rules to identify and report suspicious activities at free ports and zones in response to the "high incidence of corruption, tax evasion, and criminal activity", with a further review to take place in the following year. The European Parliament suggested that increasing demand for free ports could be partly a response to global crackdowns on tax evasion. The European Commission in a report said that free ports were popular for the storage of art, precious stones, antiques, gold, and wine as alternative assets to cash, and posed an emerging threat in multiple ways: allowing counterfeiters to land consignments and tamper with loads and paperwork, then re-export the products without customs formalities, disguising the actual origin and nature of the goods and their supplier. The commission said they were also used for narcotics trafficking, the illegal ivory trade, people smuggling, VAT fraud, corruption and money laundering. "Legal businesses owned by criminals remain key to money-laundering activities ... free ports are perceived as facilities that protect their clients' identity and financial dealings, much as private banks used to."

As an example, the commission cited Swiss authorities' 2016 seizure of cultural relics looted from the Middle East being stored in Geneva's free ports.[30][31]

The free port system has been accused of facilitating international art crime, allowing stolen artworks to remain undetected in storage for decades.[32] Freeports' lax regulation enables criminals to operate in secrecy. Freeports may facilitate money laundering and tax evasion by obscuring the real beneficial owners of criminal assets, which hinders authorities' efforts to trace criminal profits and recover taxes.[33]

### Regulatory Compliance, Risks, and Controversies

While FTZs offer economic benefits, they are also associated with significant regulatory risks and have been the subject of international criticism and scrutiny.

* Customs Fraud and Illicit Trade: The relaxed customs environment can be exploited for illegal diversion of goods into the domestic market, origin fraud, and trafficking in counterfeit goods. The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) has identified FTZs as vulnerable to trade-based money laundering due to the high volume and complexity of transactions.[34]
* Labor and Environmental Standards: Some zones, particularly Export Processing Zones (EPZs), have been criticized for offering exemptions from national labor laws, leading to allegations of poor working conditions, suppression of unionization, and low wages—a phenomenon termed the "race to the bottom" [35]. Similar exemptions can apply to environmental regulations.

## Criticism

Sometimes the domestic government pays part of the initial cost of factory setup, loosens environmental protections and rules regarding negligence and the treatment of workers, and promises not to ask payment of taxes for the next few years. When the taxation-free years are over, the corporation that set up the factory without fully assuming its costs is often able to set up operations elsewhere for less expense than the taxes to be paid, giving it leverage to take the host government to the bargaining table with more demands, but parent companies in the United States are rarely held accountable.[36]

Political writer Naomi Klein has also criticized the transient nature of FTZs, noting the factory closures connected to the 1997 Asian financial crisis. She criticized the low wages and long hours, citing workdays of twelve or more hours in Indonesia, Philippines, Southern China, and Sri Lanka circa 2000.[37]

## List of free economic zones by country

Main article: Finance:List of free economic zones

## See also

* Aggressive legalism
* Bonded logistics park
* Foreign trade zones of the United States
* Free trade areas in Europe
* Free economic zone
* Free-trade area
* Free trade
* Open Balkan
* Craiova Group
* CEFTA
* Index of international trade topics
* List of free-trade zones
* List of free-trade zones in Dubai
* Shanghai Free-Trade Zone
* Special economic zone
* Factory (trading post)
* Bonded warehouse
* Four Asian Tigers

## References

1. ↑ Masaev, Sergei (2019). 2019 Twelfth International Conference "Management of large-scale system development" (MLSD). pp. 1-5. doi:10.1109/MLSD.2019.8910997. ISBN 978-1-7281-1730-0.
2. ↑ "Free-trade zone", Encyclopædia Britannica, Retrieved 28 August 2016
3. ↑ ﻿Special Economic Zone: Performance, Lessons Learned, and Implication for Zone Development﻿ (Report). World Bank. 2008. pp. 9-11. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/343901468330977533/Special-economic-zone-performance-lessons-learned-and-implication-for-zone-development.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Tiefenbrun, Susan (2012), Tax Free Trade Zones Of The World And In The United States, Edward Elgar Publishing, ISBN 978-1-84980-243-7, https://books.google.com/books?id=Bdz5eG3b2nwC
5. ↑ Lerner Patrón, Adrián (2024). "The Ruins of a Steel Mill: Planetary Urbanization in the Brazilian Amazon". Journal of Urban History 50 (3): 541–562. doi:10.1177/00961442231209298.
6. ↑ "State aid: Commission concludes that the Madeira Free Zone ("Zona Franca da Madeira") scheme not implemented in line with approved conditions". https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/es/https:////ec.europa.eu//commission//presscorner//detail//es//ip_20_2314.
7. ↑ "Special Economic Zone (SEZ): Chinese Economics". Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/special-economic-zone.
8. ↑ Stapelbroek, Koen; Tazzara, Corey (2023). "The Global History of the Free Port". Global Intellectual History 8 (6): 661–699. doi:10.1080/23801883.2023.2280091.
9. ↑ Farole, Akinci, ed., "Special Economic Zones: Progress, Challenges and Future Directions, World Bank, 2011
10. ↑ "Export Processing Zones". World Bank. 1992. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/400411468766543358/pdf/multi-page.pdf.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "China vs. Mexico in the Global EPZ Industry: Maquiladoras, FDI Quality and Plant Mortality". University of Texas Pan America. http://ea.panam.edu/cbes/pdf/WorkingPaper1-06.pdf.
12. ↑ "Zonas de Processamento de Exportação". http://www.mdic.gov.br/index.php/zpe/institucional/86-assuntos/zonas-de-processamento-de-exportacao-czpe/895-czpe.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 de Souza Feitosa, Roberto (2016-02-18). "The Free Trade Zones in Brazil". https://tax.thomsonreuters.com/blog/the-free-trade-zones-in-brazil/.
14. ↑ "Export Processing Zones (EPZ)". http://www.mdic.gov.br/index.php/zpe/epz.
15. ↑ "Compare". Yusen Logistics Co., Ltd.. http://www.jp.yusen-logistics.com/china/english/compare/.
16. ↑ Мarynсhak, Yеvhеn (2019). IMPORTANCE OF A FREE ZONES FOR PUBLIC FINANCES. Theoretical and methodological approaches to the formation of a modern system of enterprises, organizations and institutions' development (1st ed.). Dallas: Primedia eLaunch. pp. 157-158. doi:10.36074/tmafmseoid.ed-1.15. ISBN 978-1-64669-378-8.
17. ↑ "WTO Subsidies and Countervailing Measures: overview. Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures ("SCM Agreement")". World Trade Organization. https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/scm_e/subs_e.htm.
18. ↑ "Hainan's Free Trade Port: Medical Tourism and the Development of Boao Lecheng Pilot Zone". 8 November 2024. https://research.hktdc.com/en/article/MTc1Njc2MDAyNQ.
19. ↑ "Free Economic Zones (FEZs) & Special Economic Zones (SEZs) • ZENDEQ". https://www.zendeq.com/kb/free-economic-zones/#pp-toc-4av3xryf72kn-anchor-1.
20. ↑ "S/Res/16(1947) - e - S/Res/16(1947)". https://undocs.org/S/RES/16(1947).
21. ↑ "Treaty Series Vol. 49" United Nations. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
22. ↑ "Welcome to Shannon Development". http://www.shannondevelopment.ie/.
23. ↑ "Syria, Jordan open a free trade zone". http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/Default.aspx?pageID=438&n=syria-jordan-open-a-free-trade-zone-2000-05-29.
24. ↑ "Foreign-Trade Zone Alternative Site Framework (ASF)". Foreign Trade Zone Corporation. http://www.ftzcorp.com/ftz-services/alternative-site-management-framework-asf.aspx.
25. ↑ "81b. Establishment of zones". http://ia.ita.doc.gov/ftzpage/19uscftz/ch1a.html#81b.
26. ↑ "Corporate tax (CT) - the Official Portal of the UAE Government". https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/finance-and-investment/taxation/corporate-tax.
27. ↑ "The UAE introduces its first-ever corporate taxes, set to start in 2023". 31 January 2022. https://www.cnbc.com/2022/01/31/the-uae-introduces-its-first-ever-corporate-taxes-set-to-start-in-2023-.html.
28. ↑ "Kuwait's government cancels adopted Free Trade Zone decision". https://www.zawya.com/en/economy/kuwaits-government-cancels-adopted-free-trade-zone-decision-tzxyzeus.
29. ↑ "Supply Chain Digest - The best in supply chain management and logistics news, insight, education, opinion and education". https://www.scdigest.com/experts/AmberRoad_13-12-19.php?cid=7686.
30. ↑ Daniel Boffey (10 February 2020). "EU clamps down on free ports over crime and terrorism links". https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/10/eu-clamps-down-free-ports-zones-crime-terror-links.
31. ↑ "Russian war in Ukraine renews pressure on Swiss free ports". 17 June 2022. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/russian-war-in-ukraine-renews-pressure-on-swiss-free-ports/47671636.
32. ↑ "Experts identify top six scandals amid boom in art crime". 30 June 2015. https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/experts-identify-top-six-scandals-amid-boom-in-art-crime.
33. ↑ Gilmour, Paul Michael (2022). "Freeports: Innovative trading hubs or centres for money laundering and tax evasion?". Journal of Money Laundering Control 25 (1): 63–71. doi:10.1108/JMLC-01-2021-0002. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/freeports-innovative-trading-hubs-or-centres-for-money-laundering-and-tax-evasion(0a303a3c-1583-4090-a4f0-86e20e97d517).html.
34. ↑ "COMBATING PROLIFERATION FINANCING: A STATUS REPORT ON POLICY DEVELOPMENT AND CONSULTATION". Financial Action Task Force. February 2010. p. 9. https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/dam/fatf-gafi/reports/Status-report-proliferation-financing.pdf.
35. ↑ "World Employment Social Outlook". International Labour Organization. 2017. p. 5. https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/@publ/documents/publication/wcms_541211.pdf.
36. ↑ Millen, Joyce; Holtz, Timothy (2007). "Dying for Growth", in The Politics of Globalization: A Reader at Google Books, ed. Mark Kesselman. Houghton Mifflin.
37. ↑ Klein, Naomi (2000). No Logo. Flamingo. pp. 204–229.

## Bibliography

* "Specific Annex D: Customs Warehouses and Free Zones", International Convention on the Simplication and Harmonization of Customs Procedures (Revised Kyoto Convention), World Customs Organization, 1999, http://www.wcoomd.org/en/topics/facilitation/instrument-and-tools/conventions/pf_revised_kyoto_conv/~/link.aspx?_id=9415CF3F04D44BB1A62B44853A63AAC1&_z=z

## External links

* Hualingfiz.ge Free Industrial Zone
* List of Free Zones in United Arab Emirates

* v
* t
* e

Designations for types of administrative territorial entities

English terms

Common English terms1

Area|

* Insular area
* Local government area
* Protected area
* Special area
* Statistical area
* Combined statistical area
* Metropolitan statistical area
* Micropolitan statistical area
* Trade area
* Free-trade area
* Urban area

Borough|

* County borough
* Metropolitan borough

Canton|

Half-canton

Capital|

* Federal capital
* Imperial capital

City|

* Autonomous city
* Charter city
* Independent city
* Incorporated city
* Imperial city
* Free imperial city
* Royal free city

Community|

* Autonomous community
* Residential community

County|

* Administrative county
* Autonomous county
* Consolidated city-county
* Metropolitan county
* Non-metropolitan county
* Viscountcy

Country|

* Overseas country

Department|

* Overseas department

District|

* Capital district
* City district
* Congressional district
* Electoral district
* Federal district
* Indian government district
* Land district
* Metropolitan district
* Non-metropolitan district
* Military district
* Municipal district
* Police district
* Regional district
* Rural district
* Sanitary district
* Service district
* Educational service district
* Local service district
* School district
* Intermediate school district
* Special district
* in the US
* Subdistrict
* Urban district

Division|

* Census division
* Police division
* Subdivision

Municipality|

* City municipality
* County municipality
* Regional county municipality
* Direct-controlled municipality
* District municipality
* Neutral municipality
* Regional municipality
* Resort municipality
* Mountain resort municipality
* Rural municipality
* Specialized municipality

Prefecture|

* Autonomous prefecture
* Subprefecture
* Super-prefecture
* Praetorian prefecture

Province|

* Autonomous province
* Overseas province
* Roman province

Region|

* Administrative region
* Special administrative region
* Autonomous region
* Capital region
* National capital region
* Development region
* Economic region
* Mesoregion
* Microregion
* Overseas region
* Planning region
* Statistical region
* Subregion

Reserve|

* Biosphere reserve
* Ecological reserve
* Game reserve
* Indian reserve
* Nature reserve

State|

* City-state
* Federal state
* Free state
* Sovereign state

Territory|

* Capital territory
* Federal capital territory
* National capital territory
* Dependent territory
* Federal territory
* Incorporated territory
* Organized incorporated territory
* Military territory
* Overseas territory
* Union territory
* Unorganized territory

Town|

* Census town
* Market town

Township|

* Charter township
* Civil township
* Paper township
* Survey township
* Urban township

Unit|

* Administrative unit
* Local administrative unit
* Municipal unit
* Regional unit
* Territorial unit
* Autonomous territorial unit

Zone|

* Economic zone
* Exclusive economic zone
* Free economic zone
* Special economic zone
* Exclusion zone
* Military exclusion zone
* Free speech zone
* Neutral zone
* Self-administered zone
* Trade zone
* Free-trade zone

Other English terms

Current|

* Alpine resort
* Bailiwick
* Banner
* Autonomous
* Block
* Cadastre
* Circle
* Circuit
* Colony
* Commune
* Condominium
* Constituency
* Duchy
* Eldership
* Emirate
* Federal dependency
* Governorate
* Hamlet
* Ilkhanate
* Indian reservation
* Manor
* Royal
* Muftiate
* Neighbourhood
* Parish
* Periphery
* Precinct
* Principality
* Protectorate
* Quarter
* Regency
* Autonomous republic
* Riding
* Sector
* Autonomous
* Shire
* Sultanate
* Suzerainty
* Townland
* Village
* Summer
* Ward

Historical|

* Agency
* Barony
* Burgh
* Exarchate
* Hide
* Hundred
* Imperial Circle
* March
* Monthon
* Presidency
* Residency
* Roman diocese
* Seat
* Tenth
* Tithing

1 Used by ten or more countries or having derived terms. Historical derivations in italics.

Non-English or loanwords

| Current|

* Amt
* Bakhsh
* Barangay
* Bezirk
* Regierungsbezirk
* Comune
* Frazione
* Fu
* Gemeinde
* Austria
* Germany
* South Tyrol
* Switzerland
* Gemeente
* Gmina
* Județ
* Kampong
* Kommun / kunta
* Finland
* Sweden
* Län (Sweden)
* Landskap (Finland)
* Località
* Maakunta
* Megye
* Muban
* Mukim
* Oblast
* Autonomous
* Okrug
* Ostān
* Poblacion
* Purok
* Shahrestān
* Sum
* Sýsla
* Tehsil
* Vingtaine

|

Historical|

* Commote
* Gau
* Heerlijkheid
* Köping
* Län / lääni
* Landskap (Sweden)
* Landskommun
* Maalaiskunta
* Nome
* Egypt
* Greece
* Pagus
* Pargana
* Plasă
* Satrapy
* Socken
* Subah
* Syssel
* Zhou

* v
* t
* e

Arabic terms for country subdivisions

First-level|

* Muhafazah (محافظة governorate)
* Wilayah (ولاية province)
* Mintaqah (منطقة region)
* Mudiriyah (مديرية directorate)
* Imarah (إمارة emirate)
* Baladiyah (بلدية municipality)
* Shabiyah (شعبية "popularate")

Second / third-level|

* Mintaqah (منطقة region)
* Qadaa (قضاء district)
* Nahiyah (ناحية subdistrict)
* Markaz (مركز district)
* Mutamadiyah (معتمدية "delegation")
* Daerah/Daïra (دائرة circle)
* Liwa (لواء banner / sanjak)

City / township-level|

* Amanah (أمانة municipality)
* Baladiyah (بلدية municipality)
* Ḥai (حي neighborhood / quarter)
* Mahallah (محلة)
* Qarya (قرية)
* Sheyakhah (شياخة "neighborhood subdivision")
* Majlis Mahalliyy (مجلس محلي local council)
* Majlis ʾIqlimiyy (مجلس اقليمي regional council)

English translations given are those most commonly used.

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* t
* e

French terms for country subdivisions

* arrondissement
* département
* préfecture
* subprefectures

* v
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* e

Greek terms for country subdivisions

Modern|

* apokentromenes dioikiseis / geniki dioikisis§ / diamerisma§ / periphereia
* nomos§ / periphereiaki enotita
* demos / eparchia§ / koinotita§

Historical|

* archontia/archontaton
* bandon
* demos
* despotaton
* dioikesis
* doukaton
* droungos
* eparchia
* exarchaton
* katepanikion
* kephalatikion
* kleisoura
* meris
* naukrareia
* satrapeia
* strategis
* thema
* toparchia
* tourma

§ signifies a defunct institution

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Portuguese terms for country subdivisions

Regional subdivisions|

* Estado
* Distrito federal
* Província
* Região
* Distrito
* Comarca
* Capitania

Local subdivisions|

* Município
* Concelho
* Freguesia
* Comuna
* Circunscrição

Settlements|

* Cidade
* Vila
* Aldeia
* Bairro
* Lugar

* Historical subdivisions in italics.

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Slavic terms for country subdivisions

Current|

* dzielnica
* gmina
* krai
* kraj
* krajina / pokrajina
* městys
* obec
* oblast / oblast' / oblasti / oblys / obwód / voblast'
* okręg
* okres
* okrug
* opština / općina / občina / obshtina
* osiedle
* powiat / povit
* raion
* selsoviet / silrada
* sołectwo
* voivodeship / vojvodina
* županija

Historical|

* darugha
* gromada
* guberniya / gubernia
* jurydyka
* khutor
* obshchina
* okolia
* opole
* pogost
* prowincja
* sorok
* srez
* starostwo / starostva
* uyezd
* volost
* ziemia
* župa

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Spanish terms for country subdivisions

National, Federal|

* Comunidad autónoma
* Departamento
* Distrito federal
* Estado
* Provincia
* Región

Regional, Metropolitan|

* Cantón
* Comarca
* Comuna
* Corregimiento
* Delegación
* Distrito
* Mancomunidad
* Merindad
* Municipalidad
* Municipio
* Parroquia
* Ecuador
* Spain

Urban, Rural|

* Aldea
* Alquería
* Anteiglesia
* Asentamiento
* Asentamiento informal
* Pueblos jóvenes
* Barrio
* Campamento
* Caserío
* Ciudad
* Ciudad autónoma
* Colonia
* Lugar
* Masía
* Pedanía
* Población
* Ranchería
* Sitio
* Vereda
* Villa
* Village (Pueblito/Pueblo)

* Historical subdivisions in italics.

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* e

Turkish terms for country subdivisions

Modern|

* il (province)
* ilçe (district)
* şehir (city)
* kasaba (town)
* belediye (municipality)
* belde (community)
* köy (village)
* mahalle (neighbourhood/quarter)

Historical|

* ağalık (feudal district)
* bucak (subdistrict)
* beylerbeylik (province)
* kadılık (subprovince)
* kaza (sub-province)
* hidivlik (viceroyalty)
* mutasarrıflık (subprovince)
* nahiye (nahiyah)
* paşalık (province)
* reya (Romanian principalities)
* sancak (prefecture)
* vilayet (province)
* voyvodalık (Romanian provinces)

See also: Census division, Electoral district, Political division, and List of administrative divisions by country

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International trade

Terminology|

* Absolute advantage
* Balance of payments
* Balance of trade
* Capital account
* Comparative advantage
* Current account
* Export-oriented industrialization
* Fair trade
* Foreign exchange reserves
* Globalization
* Import substitution industrialization
* Net capital outflow
* Outsourcing
* Tariff
* Trade justice
* Trade war
* Trading nation

Organizations
and policies

* International Monetary Fund
* UN Conference on Trade and Development
* World Bank Group
* World Trade Organization
* International Trade Centre
* International Chamber of Commerce
* Bilateral investment treaty
* Economic integration
* Incoterms
* ATA Carnet
* Free-trade zone
* Special economic zone
* Trade agreement
* Trade barrier
* Trade bloc

Political economy|

* Free trade (Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, Repeal of the Corn Laws)
* Mercantilism
* Protectionism (Economic nationalism, Autarky)

Regional organizations|

| Americas|

* Andean Community of Nations
* Caribbean Community
* Central American Integration System
* Mercosur

|

Asia-Pacific|

* Association of Southeast Asian Nations
* Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
* South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation

Europe, Central Asia, and North Asia|

* Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia
* Eurasian Economic Union
* European Union Customs Union

Middle East and North Africa|

* Arab Customs Union
* Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf

Subsaharan Africa|

* East African Community
* Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa
* Southern African Customs Union
* West African Economic and Monetary Union

Exports by product|

* Aircraft & Spacecraft
* Aircraft parts
* Aluminium
* Cars
* Car parts
* Coal
* Coffee
* Computers
* Copper
* Corn
* Cotton
* Diamonds
* Electricity
* Engines
* Gas turbines
* Gold
* Integrated circuits
* Iron ore
* Natural gas
* Oil
* Petrol
* Pharmaceuticals
* Ships
* Steel
* Telecommunications equipment
* Telephones
* Trucks
* Wheat
* Wine

* Category
* Commons

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-trade zone. Read more

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