List of privatizations by country

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This list of privatizations provides links to notable and/or major privatizations.

## Contents

* 1 Privatisation by country
* 2 Argentina
* 3 Australia
* 4 Austria
* 4.1 1950s
* 4.2 1970s
* 4.3 1980s
* 4.4 1990s
* 4.5 2000s
* 4.6 2010s
* 4.7 2020s
* 5 Bahrain
* 6 Bolivia
* 7 Brazil
* 8 Canada
* 9 Chile
* 10 Czechoslovakia
* 11 Egypt
* 12 Finland
* 13 France
* 13.1 1980s
* 13.2 1990s
* 13.3 2000s
* 13.4 2010s
* 14 Germany
* 15 Ghana
* 16 Guinea
* 17 Greece
* 18 Hong Kong
* 19 Honduras
* 20 Iceland
* 21 India
* 22 Indonesia
* 23 Iran
* 24 Iraq
* 25 Ireland
* 26 Israel
* 27 Italy
* 28 Japan
* 29 Jordan
* 30 South Korea
* 31 Kuwait
* 32 Malaysia
* 33 Mexico
* 34 Morocco
* 35 Netherlands
* 36 New Zealand
* 37 Norway
* 38 Pakistan
* 39 Peru
* 40 Philippines
* 41 Poland
* 42 Portugal
* 43 Qatar
* 44 Romania
* 45 Russia
* 46 Saudi Arabia
* 47 Singapore
* 48 Slovakia
* 49 South Africa
* 50 Spain
* 51 Sweden
* 51.1 1980s
* 51.2 1990s
* 51.3 2000s
* 51.4 2010s
* 51.5 Planned privatisations
* 52 Tanzania
* 53 Turkey
* 53.1 1980s
* 53.2 1990s
* 53.3 2000s
* 54 Ukraine
* 55 United Arab Emirates
* 56 United Kingdom
* 56.1 1970s
* 56.2 1980s
* 56.3 1990s
* 56.4 2000s
* 56.5 2010s
* 56.6 2020s
* 57 United States
* 58 See also
* 59 References
* 60 Further reading
* 61 External links

## Privatisation by country

## Argentina

* Aerolíneas Argentina (1990) – former national carrier; renationalized in 2009.
* Agua y Energía Eléctrica (1992–95) – national electricity production company; partitioned and sold.
* Buenos Aires Underground (1994) – given under concession but still owned by the State.
* Empresa Nacional de Correos y Telégrafos (ENCoTel, 1997) – given under concession as Correo Argentino. Re-nationalized in 2003.
* ENTel (national telecommunications company, 1990) – partitioned and sold to France Télécom and to Spanish Telefónica.
* Fábrica Militar de Aviones (FMA, 1995) – sold to Lockheed Martin.
* Ferrocarriles Argentinos (1991–95) – railway lines all over the country (partially re-nationalized).
* Gas del Estado (1992) – national gas company partitioned and sold, among others, to the Spanish Gas Natural company Naturgy.
* Obras Sanitarias de la Nación (water company, 1992–93) - given under concession to the French conglomerate Suez, which operated it under the name Aguas Argentinas; re-nationalized in 2006 as Aguas y Saneamientos Argentinos (AySA).
* Segba (1992) - partitioned and given under concession to Edesur, Edenor and Edelap.
* Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales (YPF, 1991–92) – national oil-company sold to the Spanish Repsol. The Argentinian government in 2004 set up a new state oil company (Enarsa) from scratch, which proved of no use. In 2012, the Argentine Government expropriated 51% of the shares of YPF owned by Repsol.

## Australia

* Commonwealth Oil Refineries 1952 Under Liberal
* Optus 1985 Under Labor
* Commonwealth Bank of Australia 1991 Under Labor
* Qantas 1993 Under labor
* Commonwealth Serum Laboratories 1994 Under Labor
* Electricity and natural gas supply companies in Victoria 1995 Under Liberal
* Telstra 1997 Under Liberal
* Public transport in Melbourne 1999 Under Liberal
* Electricity Trust of South Australia 1999 Under Liberal
* Sydney Airport 2002 Under Liberal
* Medibank 2014 Under Liberal
* Commonwealth Industrial Gases
* Government Cleaning Service in New South Wales
* Government Insurance Office in New South Wales
* Government Printing Service in New South Wales
* State-owned betting-agencies in most states Under Liberal and Labor
* Many long-distance and urban passenger railway services Under Liberal and Labor
* All freight railway services Under Liberal and Labor
* Most State-owned banks Under Liberal and Labor

## Austria

Source:[1]

### 1950s

* Soviet Mineral Oil Administration (1955; partial privatization — a small portion of oil companies returned to Western owners; the majority transferred to the newly established state-owned OMV)[2]
* Creditanstalt (1956–1997)
* Länderbank (1957; partial privatization — 40% of shares sold to private investors: 30% were non-voting preference shares, while the 10% voting shares were allocated to institutions affiliated with the SPÖ and ÖVP)[2]

### 1970s

* Siemens AG Österreich (1972; partial privatization — majority stake of 56.4% transferred to German parent company Siemens; Austrian state holding ÖIAG retained 43.6%))[2]

### 1980s

* Lenzing AG (1985–1990s; the privatization process began with its listing on the Vienna Stock Exchange — full state ownership was phased out during the 1990s)[3]
* OMV (1987–96; government retains 31.5%)
* Berndorfer Metallwarenfabrik (1988; fully privatised through a management buyout)[4]
* Verbund (1988; partial privatization through IPO — 49% of shares were listed on the Vienna Stock Exchange, the government retained 51%)[5]

### 1990s

* Simmering-Graz-Pauker (1992–1994; the company is now part of Siemens)
* voestalpine (1992–2005)
* Voest-Alpine Eisenbahntechnik (1992–94; privatized in stages — became VAE, which was jointly acquired by voestalpine and Vossloh in 1998; fully owned by voestalpine by 2003 and now operates as voestalpine Railway Systems)[6]
* VA Technologie (1994–2005; partial privatisation began with IPO in 1994 — additional shares sold in 2003 and 2005; acquired by Siemens in 2005 and later integrated into Primetals Technologies)
* Böhler-Uddeholm (1995–2003; IPO in 1995 — gradual reduction of state stake until full privatization by 2003)
* Voest-Alpine Stahl AG (1995–2003; initial tranche of 31.7% sold in 1995 — further shares were divested in 2001 and 2003, completing full privatization)
* VA Bergtechnik (1996)
* Voest-Alpine Erzberg (2004)
* Austria Mikro Systeme International (1993–94; now operates as AMS-Osram)
* A.S.A. Abfall Service (1993; fully privatized through sale to Électricité de France — acquired by FCC Group in 2005 and now operates as FCC Austria)[7]
* AT&S (1994)
* Schoeller-Bleckmann Oilfield Equipment (1995)
* Schoeller-Bleckmann Edelstahlrohr GesmbH (1995)
* Bernhard Steinel Werkzeugmaschinen GmbH (1995)
* Weiler Werkzeugmaschinen (1995)
* GIWOG-Wohnbaugruppe (1996)
* Vamed (1996; government retained 13% until 2024)
* AMAG Austria Metall AG (1996)
* Salinen Austria (1997)
* Mobilkom Austria (1997)
* Wiener Boerse (1999)[8]
* Bank Austria (1997–98)
* Austria Tabak (1997, 1999, 2001)

### 2000s

* Österreichische Postsparkasse (2000)
* Telekom Austria (2000–2006; privatisation began with an IPO in 2000 — additional tranches were sold over the following years, and the state retained a minority stake of 28.42% after 2006)
* Vienna International Airport (2000, 2001; regional governments of Vienna and Lower Austria retain 40%)
* Österreichische Staatsdruckerei (2000)
* Dorotheum (2001)
* Österreichischer Bundesverlag (2002; was a formerly state-owned educational publisher, responsible for producing school textbooks and other educational materials; today it's part of Klett Gruppe.)[9][10]
* Strohal Rotations Druck (2002)
* BMG Metall und Recycling (2004)
* BUWOG (2004; privatised through sale to Immofinanz — later spun off and acquired by Vonovia, becoming part of the largest residential property group in Europe)
* Austrian Post (2006; government retains 52.8%)
* Bank Burgenland (2006; the regional state bank owned by the state of Burgenland was sold to GRAWE)[11]
* Austrian Airlines (2009; acquired by Lufthansa Group)

### 2010s

* Funkhaus Wien (2016)[12]

### 2020s

* EuroTeleSites (2023; partial privatization through IPO - A1 Telekom Austria Group spun off its radio tower division and listed it on the Vienna Stock Exchange; the state retains an indirect stake via ÖBAG)[13]
* Vamed (2024; government sold its remaining 13% to Fresenius)[14]
* Wiener Lokalbahnen Cargo (since 2025; ongoing divestment process — Wiener Stadtwerke announced in 2025 that it intends to sell its freight transport subsidiary WLC to CER Cargo)[15]

## Bahrain

* Bahrain Telecommunications Co. (Q1 2005, $800 million)

## Bolivia

## Brazil

* Banco do Estado do Maranhão S.A
* Banespa
* BB Turismo
* CEDAE
* CELMA
* CSN
* Eletrobras
* Embraer
* Embratel
* Light
* Petrobras Distribuidora
* RFFSA
* Sabesp
* Terminal Pesqueiro de Manaus
* Terminal Pesqueiro de Vitória
* Telebrás
* Usiminas
* Vale do Rio Doce
* VASP

## Canada

* Teleglobe (1987) – an international telco carrier
* Air Canada (1988)
* Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan (1989)
* Telus (1991), formerly Alberta Government Telephones
* Petro-Canada (1991)
* Nova Scotia Power (1992)
* Canadian National Railway (1995)
* Saskatchewan Wheat Pool (1996)
* Manitoba Telecom Services or MTS (1996)
* Highway 407 (1999) – leased to private operators
* Ontario Hydro (1999) – only partially privatized with Hydro One and Ontario Power Generation, a publicly owned company and crown corporation respectively
* Uranium industry in Saskatchewan

## Chile

* CAP S.A.
* Chilectra
* Colbún S.A.
* CTC
* Enaex
* Empremar
* Endesa
* Entel
* Esval
* IANSA
* Lan Airlines
* Pension Funds (AFP)
* Soquimich

## Czechoslovakia

* Virtually everything after the Velvet Revolution in 1989; see voucher privatization for details.

## Egypt

Abt Associates Inc.; sponsored by Government of Egypt, Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation and United States Agency for International Development; November 2000. Retrieved 20 April 2011. In 2011, STIA, also known as El Nasr Wool & Selected Textiles, of Alexandria, remained "one of the largest public sector textiles companies."[16]

* biscomisr
* corona Company for foods industries (former Alexandria Confectionary and Chocolate)
* Alexbank
* Heliopark
* Telemisr
* Abu Qir Fertilizers and Chemicals Industries Company
* Abou Zaabal Fertlizers and Chemicals Industries Company
* Egyptian Financial Industrial company (EFIC)
* Eastern Company for Tobacco and Cigarettes
* Alexandria Container & Cargo Handling Company
* Commercial International Bank
* Madinet Masr For Housing and Development (former Madinet Nasr For Housing and Development)
* Vodafone Egypt (former Masr Fone "click")
* Orange Egypt (former Mobinil)
* Ezz Steel (former Alexandria alwatania for Iron and Steel)
* e-finance
* Ideal (former Industrial Delta Company)
* Al-Ahram Beverages Company
* Pachin paints
* Quicktel
* Elnasr for Clothing and Textiles "KAPO"
* Alexandria for spining and textiles "spinalex"
* pepsi cola Egypt
* Cocacola Egypt
* schweppes Egypt
* AZRIMOT EGYPT (Former Al Ahli Financial Investments Management Company "AFIM")
* Al-Ahli Real Estate Development (Alahli-Sabbour)
* Telecom Egypt (Privatizated 30% )
* Ras El Hekma agreement with Abu Dhabi–based ADQ
* Suez Cement
* Helwan Cement
* Torah Portland Cement
* South Valley Cement
* Alexandria Cement
* Ameriyah Cement
* Assuit cement
* Bani suif Cement
* Egypt Free Shops
* Egyptian Starch & Glucose
* Egyptian Electro Cables
* Modern Textiles (Bolivara) was taken over & merged by United Arab for Spinning and Weaving (UNIRAB)
* Kafr El Zayat for Insecticides
* Arabia Cotton Ginning
* Nile Cotton Ginning
* Middle East Co. for Paper SIMO
* Siklam Dairy Products Factory
* San Stepheno Hotel : Lands and Premises
* Sheraton Hotels and Resorts Egypt[17]
* Le Méridien hotel Egypt
* Legacy Hotels Company[18]
* Helnan hotel Egypt
* Sonesta hotel Egypt
* Semiramis InterContinental Hotel Egypt

## Finland

* Finnair
* Sonera (former Telecom Finland)

## France

### 1980s

* Compagnie Générale d'Electricité became Alcatel (1987)
* Havas (1987)
* IN Groupe (1993)
* Matra (1988)
* Paribas – privatized in 1987 and merged with BNP to form BNP Paribas
* Saint-Gobain – created in 1665 by minister of Finance Jean-Baptiste Colbert; privatized in 1986
* Société Générale privatized in 1987
* Suez – privatized and merged with the stated-owned Gaz de France (GDF) in 2008 to form GDF Suez
* TF1 – first TV channel of France, privatized in 1987

### 1990s

* France Télécom (1998)
* Arcelor (1995)
* Assurances Générales de France (1996)
* Groupe Bull (1997)
* CNP Assurances (1998)
* Compagnie générale transatlantique (1996) – merged with CMA to form CMA CGM
* Crédit Industriel et Commercial (1998)
* Crédit local de France (1991)
* Le Crédit Lyonnais (1999)
* Elf Aquitaine – privatized in 1994; absorbed by Total
* Eramet (1999)
* Gan (1998)
* Pechiney (1995)
* Renault (1996) – the French state still have 15.01% of the shareholding
* SEITA (1995) – now Altadis
* Total
* Union des Assurances de Paris (1994)

### 2000s

* Aéroports de Paris – the French State remains the major shareholder: 52%
* Air France – opening shareholding open in 1999. Merged with KLM and merged to form: Air France-KLM (as 2004, the French State remain 44%). As of 2012, the French State remains 15.8%.[19]
* Credit Lyonnais (a bank;– privatized in 2001)
* Électricité de France (EDF) (in December 2005 France sold 30% of EDF)
* French Highway Concession
* A'lienor – sold to Eiffage (65%) and Société des Autoroutes du Nord et de l'Est de la France (35%)
* Alis – sold to Société des Autoroutes du Nord et de l'Est de la France
* Société des Autoroutes de Paris Normandie – sold to Vinci
* Société des Autoroutes du Nord et de l'Est de la France – sold to Abertis (52,5%); the rest is owned by other investors
* Autoroutes Paris-Rhin-Rhône – sold to Eiffage
* Autoroutes du Sud de la France – sold to Vinci
* Arcour – sold to Vinci
* Atlandes – sold to Colas Group (subsidiaries of Bouygues) and other investors
* Cofiroute – sold to Vinci
* Gaz de France (GDF) – Prime minister Dominique de Villepin announced a merger between GDF and Suez; since the state owns 80% of GDF, a privatization of GDF would require the passing of a new law; the state would control only 34% of the capital of the new group: see commentary.
* Orange S.A. (formerly France Télécom) (the French State has owned under 50% of Orange since September 2004) – the French State remains (including ERAP): 26,94%
* Pages Jaunes (Yellow Pages) (in 2004 France sold 32% of Pages Jaunes for €1.25 billion)
* Snecma (in 2004 France sold 35% of Snecma for €1.45 billion)
* Société nationale industrielle aérospatiale (2000) – merged with DASA and CASA to form the European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company
* Thomson Multimédia
* Thomson Multimédia – now Technicolor
* Thomson-CSF – now Thales Group; the French State remains 27%
* SNCM (Société Nationale Maritime Corse Méditerranée) – ferry-company; privatized at the end of 2005; the French State remains 25% in SNCM

### 2010s

* Française des Jeux (FDJ) – in 2019 the French State sold off around 50% of its shares retaining 20%[20][21]

## Germany

* 1921: UFA
* 1960: Volkswagen Group[22] (the Lower Saxony still retains an 11.8% stake[23])
* 1965-87: VEBA[24] (now part of E.ON)
* 1966-97: Lufthansa[25]
* 1986-88: VIAG[24] (now part of E.ON)
* Deutsche Bundespost became in January 1995:
* Deutsche Post – the state owns 16.45% through the KfW.[26]
* Deutsche Telekom – the state still owns 27.8%, partly direct and partly through the KfW.[27]
* Deutsche Postbank – in 2004 the state floated a minority stake for €2.5 billion

## Ghana

## Guinea

## Greece

* DESFA – On 20 December 2018, a consortium formed by Snam (60%), Enagás (20%) and Fluxys (20%) completed the acquisition of a 66% stake in DESFA for an amount of €535 million.
* Hellenic Petroleum – Starting from the 1990s, the Greek Government gradually sold its shares in the company, and currently owns only 35.5% of the shares.
* Hellenic Vehicle Industry (ELVO) – In December 2020, 79% of the shares were acquired by an Israeli consortium formed by Plasan and SK Group. The Hellenic state continues to retains 21% of the shares.
* Olympic Airways – at first, then Olympic Airlines; the Hellenic State attempted to privatise the ailing airlines five times, more or less, from 2004 onwards. The company was folded and re-created in 2009, and privatized in 2012, under the supervision of the EU and IMF, as it was part of the debt-restructuring process of 2012.
* OPAP (Lottery and Betting Monopoly) – privatization completed in 2013, when the last remaining government-owned stock was sold[28]
* OTE (Οργανισμός Τηλεπικοινωνιών Ελλάδος / Hellenic Telecommunications Company) – became partly privatised in the 1990s, when its only shareholder at the time, the Hellenic State, reduced its share of the company to 36%. Since May 2018, Deutsche Telekom owns 45% of the shares, and the Hellenic State has retained 5%.
* Piraeus Port Authority – In April 2016, HRADF sold 51% of Piraeus Port Authority to the COSCO Group.
* Public Power Corporation – In 2001, PPC carried out a share flotation on the Athens Stock Exchange and consequently was no longer wholly owned by the government, although it was still controlled by it with a 51.12% stake until 2021. The company was privatised in November 2021, when the Greek government decreased its shareholding to 34.12% and transferred it to the Greek sovereign wealth fund, the Hellenic Corporation of Assets and Participations (HCAP).
* Thessaloniki Port Authority – In March 2018, an international consortium acquired 67% of the shares, with the Hellenic State retaining 7.27%.
* TrainOSE – It was acquired in September 2017 by the Italian railway company, Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane.

## Hong Kong

* Hong Kong Mail Service
* Link REIT
* MTR Corporation

## Honduras

## Iceland

* Búnaðarbanki Íslands hf – privatized in 1999–2003
* Landsbanki Íslands hf – privatized in 1999–2003
* Landssími Íslands hf – privatized in 2005
* Skýrr hf – privatized in 1997–1998

## India

* Air India – sold to Tata Group in 2020
* Bharat Aluminium Company – sold to Vedanta Limited in 2000
* CMC Limited – sold to Tata Consultancy Services in 2001
* Lagan Engineering – in 2001
* Hindustan Zinc Limited – sold to Vedanta Limited in 2001[29]
* Maruti Udyog Limited later became a joint venture between Suzuki and Government of India, now known as Maruti Suzuki
* Modern Food Industries – sold to Hindustan Unilever in 2000
* Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited – sold to Tata Group in 2002
* Jessop & Company – sold to Ruia Group in 2003
* Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Limited – sold to Reliance Industries
* Hindustan Petroleum - sold to Oil and Natural Gas Corporation in 2017
* IDFC First Bank - privatized through IPO and IDFC-IDFC Bank reverse bank
* IDBI Bank - 51% majority sold to LIC in 2019
* Protean eGov Technologies - privatized through IPO
* NSDL \- privatized through IPO
* Following Airports:
* Jaipur International Airport – owned and operated by public–private consortium led by Adani Group
* Cochin International Airport
* Mangalore International Airport – owned and operated by public–private consortium led by Adani Group
* Thiruvananthapuram International Airport – owned and operated by public–private consortium led by Adani Group
* Indira Gandhi International Airport - Delhi – owned and operated by public–private consortium led by GMR Group
* Chaudhary Charan Singh Airport - Lucknow – owned and operated by public–private consortium led by Adani Group
* Rajiv Gandhi International Airport - Hyderabad – owned and operated by public–private consortium led by GMR Group
* Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport - Mumbai – owned and operated by public–private consortium led by Adani Group
* Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport - Ahmedabad – owned and operated by public–private consortium led by Adani Group
* Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport - Guwahati – owned and operated by public–private consortium led by Adani Group

## Indonesia

* Aneka Gas Industri (partially sold to Messer Group and PT Tira Austenite in 1996, fully sold to Samator Gas in 2004)
* Indosat (sold to Temasek Holdings in 2002–2003)

## Iran

## Iraq

* (planned) most industries except oil, at the behest of the United States-sponsored government

## Ireland

* ACCBank – sold to Rabobank
* Aer Lingus – floated on the stock market
* AIB – after the 2008 financial crisis, the bank was nationalised; the Irish Government still retains a 12.5% stake.[5]
* British and Irish Steampacket Company Limited – sold to Irish Continental Group
* Cablelink – sold to NTL Ireland; formerly held 50/50 by Telecom Éireann and Raidió Teilifís Éireann, both state-owned at the time
* ICC Bank – sold to Bank of Scotland
* Irish Life – sold to Irish Permanent
* Irish National Petroleum Corporation – all assets sold to ConocoPhillips, still exists in law
* Irish Steel – acquired by affiliates of Ispat Steel
* Irish Sugar – floated on stock market as Greencore; state retains one share for veto purposes
* Nítrigin Éireann – sold to its other shareholder in Irish Fertiliser Industries, Richardsons, final firm called IFI, no longer exists
* Telecom Éireann – floated on the stock market
* TSB Bank – bought by Irish Life and Permanent from the Government of Ireland in 2001

## Israel

* Bezeq
* El Al
* Bank Hapoalim
* Bank Leumi (partial)
* Israel Chemicals
* Israel Discount Bank (partial)
* RAFAEL Armament Development Authority (partial)
* Zim Integrated Shipping Services

## Italy

* INA Assitalia
* ITA Airways acquired by Lufthansa Group
* Enel S.p.A. (1999 32% €16.6 billion, 2003 6.6% €2.2 billion, 2004 20% €7.5 billion)[30]
* Eni
* IRI (among which are Autostrade s.p.a., Credito Italiano)
* Telecom Italia
* Terna (Enel sold 43.5% for €1.48 billion in June 2004)[31]

## Japan

* Japan Airlines
* Japan Highway Public Corporation (only converted into three regional joint-stock companies which are all remaining wholly state-owned)
* Japan Post (half-privatized; the state must by law own one-third)
* Japan Railways Group (formerly Japanese National Railways)
* Japan Tobacco (the state must by law own one-third)
* New Tokyo International Airport Authority (Narita Airport) (only converted into joint-stock company which remains wholly state-owned)
* Nippon Express
* Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (the state must by law own one-third)

## Jordan

* Aramex International (Q1 2005, 75% for $150–200 million)
* Jordan Telecom
* Queen Alia International Airport

## South Korea

* Korea Electric Power (KEPCO; half-privatized)
* Korea Telecom
* KOGAS
* KT&G (Korea Tobacco & Ginseng)
* POSCO (Pohang Iron & Steel)

## Kuwait

* Kuwait Finance House (November 2004, 25% of the company for $1 billion)

## Malaysia

* Johor Water Corporation
* Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad – national railway company
* Malaysia Airlines
* Malaysia Airports Holdings
* Pasir Gudang Local Authority
* Pos Malaysia – national postal services
* Senai International Airport
* Telekom Malaysia
* Tenaga National Berhad – national electricity-generation and distribution

## Mexico

1,150 public companies, including banks, railroads, the telephone company, mines, roads, TV stations, ports, airports, airlines, sugar mills, and retirement funds.

## Morocco

## Netherlands

* PTT, the mail and telecom company

## New Zealand

* Air New Zealand – privatized in 1989, subsequently rescued by the Government of New Zealand in 2001
* Auckland Airport
* Bank of New Zealand – semi-privatized in 1987; rescued by the Crown in 1990; sold off in 1992
* Electricity Corporation of New Zealand (ECNZ) – part of which became privatized as Contact Energy in the period 1995–1998
* Government Print
* Ministry of Works and Development
* Natural Gas Corporation (NGC), ultimately absorbed into Vector Limited
* New Zealand Steel – privatized from 1987, now part of BlueScope
* The Post Office Savings Bank (POSB) – bought by the ANZ Bank in 1989
* Telecom New Zealand – privatized in 1990
* New Zealand Rail Limited – privatized in 1993, became Tranz Rail Limited in 1995; the government subsequently repurchased the track lease
* various council-controlled organisations formerly owned by territorial authorities: see also Local Authority Trading Enterprises (LATEs)

## Norway

* Arcus (sold to Sucra in 2001)
* Christiania Bank og Kreditkasse (sold to Nordea in 2000)
* DnB NOR (floated on the stock market in 1995, government retains 34%)
* Finnmark Fylkesrederi og Ruteselskap (sold to Veolia Transport Norge in 2003)
* Fredrikstad Energi (49% sold to Fortum)
* Kongsberg Gruppen (floated on the stock market in 1993, government retains 50%)
* Norsk Medisinaldepot (sold to Celesio in 2001)
* NSB Gods (now CargoNet, partially sold to Green Cargo in 2002, NSB retains 55%)
* Oslo Energi (parts merged with Hafslund)
* Postbanken (merged with DnB NOR in 1999)
* Statkorn (floated on the stock market as Cermaq in 2000, government retains 44%)
* Statoil (floated on the stock market in 2001, government retains 71%)
* Telenor (floated on the stock market in 2000, government retains 54%)
* TrønderBilene (66% sold to Fosen Trafikklag in 1999)
* Østfold Energi (parts sold to Fortum in 2001)
* Årdal og Sunndal Verk (merged with Norsk Hydro in 1986)

## Pakistan

* National Refinery Limited (acquired by Attock Group of Companies in July 2005)
* Pakistan Telecom sold out to Eitisalat in 2006.

## Peru

* AeroPeru – Peruvian Air Transport Enterprise (sold to Aeroméxico in 1993, closed in 1999)
* ENATRU – National Urban Transport Enterprise (sold to the employees)
* Empresa Regional de Servicio Público de Electricidad del Sur Medio – ELECTRODUNAS (Sold to HICA)
* SIDERPERU (Sold to Sider Corporation S.A)
* PESCAPERU – Fishing National Enterprise
* MINEROPERU – Peruvian National Mining Company
* Tintaya (sold to Magma Copper Corporation)
* Ilo Mining (sold to Southern Peru Copper Corporation, and since 2018 is part of Grupo Mexico)
* Centromin – Mining of Central Peru
* Hierro Peru (Sold to Shougang Group)
* National Company of Gas – SOL GAS (sold to Repsol)
* EDEGEL (sold to Endesa in 1996, since 2016 is part of Enel)
* ENAFER (Parts of Peru Rail, Fetransa and FCCA)
* CPT – ENTEL (Sold to Telefónica in 1994)
* EDELNOR (sold to Endesa in 1994, since 2016 is part of Enel)
* EDELSUR (sold to Sempra Energy in 1994, since 2019 is part of CTG)
* Banco Continental del Peru (Sold to BBV and since 1999 part of BBVA)
* Inter bank (Part of Banco Internacional del Peru)

## Philippines

* Manila Hotel – was acquired by the Insular Government through the Manila Railroad Company in 1919, re-privatized in 1995.[32]
* Metro Manila Transit Corporation – split into four private companies in the 1990s.[33]
* National Sugar Trading Corporation (NASUTRA) – Former state monopoly, split in 1986 into its various predecessors.[34]
* Philippine National Bank – 1989–2005[35]
* Radio Philippines Network – 80% privatized since 2014.[36]

## Poland

* Telekomunikacja Polska S.A.

## Portugal

* ANA – Aeroportos de Portugal (Portuguese airports)
* CIMPOR
* CTT – Portuguese post
* EDP – Energia de Portugal
* Fidelidade – the insurance part of the CGD public bank
* Galp Energia – national petroleum company
* Portugal Telecom – national telecommunications company
* REN – Rede Eléctrica Nacional
* TAP – airline

## Qatar

* Qatargas (now QatarEnergy LNG) – liquefied natural gas company (Q1 2005, 50% for $600 million)

## Romania

* Rompetrol – petroleum company (1993 & 1998)
* Ursus Breweries – beer brewer and distributor (1996)
* Romcim (now Lafarge Romania) – industrial materials company (1997)
* Casial Hunedoara (now HeidelbergCement Romania) – industrial materials company (1997)
* Romtelecom (now Telekom Romania) – telecommunications company (1998 & 2003)
* BRD – Groupe Société Générale – bank (1999)
* Automobile Dacia – car manufacturer (1999)
* Astra Rail Industries – rail vehicle manufacturer (1999 & 2000)
* Petromidia Refinery – oil refinery (2000)
* Sidex (now ArcelorMittal Galați) – steelworks (2001)
* Alro – aluminium company (2002)
* Petrom – petroleum company (2004)
* Banca Comercială Română – bank (2003 & 2006)
* Electrica – electricity distributor (2006, 2008 & 2014)
* Automobile Craiova (now Ford Romania) – car manufacturer (2007)

## Russia

A wide-scale privatization program was launched in 1992–1994, using a voucher privatization scheme; from 1995, a monetary scheme was used.

* Gazprom (1994)
* LUKoil (1995)
* Mechel (1995)
* MMC Norilsk Nickel (1995)
* Novolipetsk Steel (1995)
* Surgutneftegaz (1995)
* YUKOS (1995)

## Saudi Arabia

* Al-Bilad Bank (2008, 50%)
* Bank Al-Inma (2008, 70%)
* Government Hotels (2005, 100% of King Abdullah International Convention Centre in Jeddah and Ritz Carlton in Riyadh)
* Maaden (2008, 50%)
* National Commercial Bank (2014, 25%)
* Riyad Bank (2008, 58%)
* SABIC (1984, 30%)
* Saudi Arabian Airlines (2006, split into 10 business units, 5 of which were privatized)
* Saudi Electric Company (2000, 26%)
* Saudi Ports (1997, 27 management contracts were given out to various ports around the Kingdom)
* Saudi Real Estate Company (2003, 50%)
* Saudi Telecom Company (2002, 30%)

## Singapore

* Port of Singapore Authority (1997)
* Post Office Savings Bank (bought by DBS Bank in 1998 and rebranded as POSBank)
* Singapore Broadcasting Corporation (1994, as the Television Corporation of Singapore; later renamed MediaCorp in 2001) – owned by the government through government-owned investment firms
* Singapore Post – owned by the government through government-owned investment firms
* Singapore Power – owned by the government through government-owned investment firms
* Singapore Telecommunications (1992) – owned by the government through government-owned investment firms

## Slovakia

## South Africa

* Iscor – Now known as ArcelorMittal South Africa, the company was privatised in 1989.
* Telkom – Gradually privatised starting with the IPO in 2003. The government currently holds 39%, and is planning on selling its entire stake.

## Spain

* Aceralia
* Argentaria
* ENDESA (1988–1998)
* Gas Natural
* Iberia Airlines (2001)
* Indra
* Red Electrica de España
* Repsol (1989–1997)
* Retevision
* SEAT (1986)
* Tabacalera

## Sweden

### 1980s

* ASEA-ATOM (1981) -
* Luxor AB (1984)
* SSAB (1986–1994)
* UV Shipping (1988)

### 1990s

* AssiDomän
* Celsius
* Cementa
* Enator
* Företagskapital
* Industrikredit AB
* Lantbrukskredit AB
* Nordbanken (partial)
* OK Petroleum
* Pharmacia
* Pharmacia & Upjohn
* SAKAB
* SAQ Kontrol
* SBL Vaccin
* SEMKO
* SSAB (wholly privatised in 1994)
* Stadshypotek AB
* Svalöf Weibull AB
* Svensk Fastighetsvärdering
* Svenska Statens Språkresor AB
* Swedish Real Estate Valuation Corp
* VPC AB

### 2000s

* Celsius AB
* Grängesbergs Gruvor
* Kurortsverksamhet
* Nordbanken
* OMX – stock exchange – shares sold to Borse Dubai for 2.1 billion SEK.[37]
* SAKAB
* SGAB
* Svenska Lagerhus
* Svenska
* Vin & Sprit – sold to Pernod Ricard for 5.626 billion euro[38]

### 2010s

* Nordea (19.5% owned by Swedish government)[39]

### Planned privatisations

* Apoteket (partial, 2009)[40]
* SBAB
* SAS (50% owned by Swedish, Danish, Norwegian governments)[41]
* Telia Sonera[42] (37.3% owned by the Swedish government)

[43]

## Tanzania

## Turkey

(Listing Scope >US $10 M.)[44]

### 1980s

* Ankara Çimento
* Ansan-Meda
* Balikesi̇r Çimento
* Pinarhi̇sar Çimento
* Söke Çimento

### 1990s

* Adiyaman Çimento
* Anadolubank
* Aşkale Çimento
* Bartin Çimento
* Bozüyük Seramik
* Çİnkur
* Çorum Çimento
* Denİzbank
* Denİzlİ Çimento
* Elaziğ Çimento
* Erganİ Çimento
* Etİbank
* Fİlyos
* Gazİantep Çimento
* Güneş Sigorta Spor Kulübü
* Havaş
* Ipragaz
* İskenderun Çimento
* Kars Çimento
* Konya Krom Man.A.Ş.
* Kümaş
* Kurtalan Çimento
* Ladİk Çimento
* Lalapaşa Çimento
* Metaş
* Petlas
* Ray Sigorta
* Şanliurfa Çimento
* Sİvas Çimento
* Sümerbank
* Trabzon Çimento
* Türk Kablo
* Tofaş S.K.
* Van Çimento Sanayii
* Yarimca Porselen T.A.Ş.

### 2000s

* Adapazarı Sugar Fac.
* Asİl Çelİk
* Ataköy Hotel
* Ataköy Marina
* Ataköy Tourism
* Başak Insurance
* Başak Retirement Fund
* Bet Kütahya Şeker
* Bursagaz
* Çayelİ Bakir İşl.A.Ş.
* Cyprus Turkish Airlines
* Denİz Naklİyati T.A.Ş.
* Esgaz
* Eti Aluminium
* Etİ Bakir
* Etİ Elektrometalurji
* Etİ Gümüş A.Ş.
* Etİ Krom A.Ş.
* Güven Sİgorta
* Dİv-Han
* Taksan
* Türk Telekom

## Ukraine

* Kryvorizhstal

## United Arab Emirates

* Damas Jewelry (November 2004, 55% of the company for $224 million)

## United Kingdom

### 1970s

* British Petroleum (1977, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1987)
* British Sugar (1977, 1982)
* Cambridge Instrument Company (1979)
* International Computers Limited (1979)
* Lunn Poly (1971)
* Rolls-Royce Motors (1973)
* Sinclair Radionics (1979)
* State Management Scheme (1973)
* Thomas Cook (1972)

### 1980s

* Alfred Herbert (1980)
* Amersham International (1982)
* Associated British Ports (1983, 1984)
* British Aerospace (1981, 1985)
* British Airports Authority (1987)
* British Airways (1987)
* British Airways Helicopters (1986)
* British Gas (1986)
* British Leyland
* Alvis (1981)
* Coventry Climax (1982)
* Danish Automobile Building (1987)
* ISTEL (1987)
* Jaguar (1984)
* Leyland Bus (1987)
* Leyland Tractors (1982)
* Leyland Trucks (1987)
* Rover Group (1988)
* Unipart (1987)
* British Rail Engineering Limited (1989)
* British Shipbuilders (1985–1989, shipbuilder companies sold individually)
* British Steel (1988)
* British Telecom (1984, 1991, 1993)
* British Transport Hotels (1983)
* Britoil (1982, 1985)
* Cable & Wireless (1981, 1983, 1985)
* Council houses (1980–present, over two million sold to their tenants) – see main article Right to buy scheme
* Crown post offices (1989–2025, branches sold individually as franchises)
* Enterprise Oil (1984)
* Fairey (1980)
* Ferranti (1982)
* Harland & Wolff (1989)
* Inmos (1984)
* Johnson Matthey Bankers (1986)
* Municipal bus companies (1988–present, bus companies sold individually) – see main article Bus deregulation in Great Britain
* National Bus Company (1986–1988, bus companies sold individually)
* National Express (1988)
* National Freight Corporation (1982)
* Passenger transport executive bus companies (1988–1994, bus companies sold individually)
* Rolls-Royce (1987)
* Royal Ordnance (1987)
* Sealink (1984)
* Short Brothers (1989)
* Travellers Fare (1988)
* Trustee Savings Bank (1985)
* Vale of Rheidol Railway (1989)
* Water companies – see main article Water privatisation in England and Wales
* Anglian Water (1989)
* North West Water (1989)
* Northumbrian Water (1989)
* Severn Trent (1989)
* South West Water (1989)
* Southern Water (1989)
* Thames Water (1989)
* Welsh Water (1989)
* Wessex Water (1989)
* Yorkshire Water (1989)

### 1990s

* AEA Technology (1996)
* Agricultural Development and Advisory Service (1997)
* Belfast International Airport (1994)
* Birmingham Airport (1993 – 51%)
* Bournemouth Airport (1995)
* Bristol Airport (1997, 2001)
* British Coal (1994)
* British Energy (1996, 2007, 2009)
* British Rail – see main article Privatisation of British Rail
* 3 rolling stock companies:
* Angel Trains (1996)
* Eversholt Leasing (1996)
* Porterbrook (1996)
* 6 design office units (1995–1997, sold individually)
* 6 freight operating companies
* Freightliner (1995)
* Loadhaul (1996)
* Mainline Freight (1996)
* Rail Express Systems (1996)
* Railfreight Distribution (1997)
* Transrail Freight (1996)
* 6 track renewal units (1995–1997, sold individually)
* 7 infrastructure maintenance units (1995–1997, sold individually)
* 25 train operating companies (1996, operations contracted out as franchises)
* British Rail Research (1996)
* British Rail Telecommunications (1995)
* European Passenger Services (1996)
* Railtrack (1996) (18 October 2002 went into voluntary liquidation), now in public ownership as Network Rail
* Red Star Parcels (1995)
* Union Railways (1996)
* British Technology Group (1992)
* Building Research Establishment (1997)
* Cardiff Airport (1995)
* Central Electricity Generating Board
* National Grid (1990)
* National Power (1991, 1995)
* Powergen (1991, 1995)
* Chessington Computer Centre (1996)
* Civil Aviation Authority (1996, Flight Calibration Services business)
* Crown Agents (1997)
* Dairy Crest (1996)
* East Midlands Airport (1993)
* Export Credits Guarantee Department (1991, short term credit business)
* Girobank (1990)
* Humberside Airport (1999 – 82%)
* Kingston Communications (1999, 2007)
* Laboratory of the Government Chemist (1996)
* Liverpool Airport (1990, 2001)
* London Buses (1994, bus companies sold individually) – see main article Privatisation of London bus services
* London Luton Airport (1997)
* London Southend Airport (1993)
* Mersey Docks and Harbour Company (1998)
* Military houses (1996)
* National Engineering Laboratory (1995)
* National Savings Bank (1999, back office functions contracted out)
* National Transcommunications Limited (1990)
* Natural Resources Institute (1996)
* Northern Ireland Electricity (1993)
* Ballylumford power station (1992)
* Belfast West power station (1992)
* Coolkeeragh power station (1992)
* Kilroot power station (1992)
* Property Services Agency (1994)
* Regional electricity companies
* East Midlands Electricity (1990)
* Eastern Electricity (1990)
* London Electricity (1990)
* MANWEB (1990)
* Midlands Electricity (1990)
* Northern Electric (1990)
* NORWEB (1990)
* SEEBOARD (1990)
* Southern Electric (1990)
* SWALEC (1990)
* SWEB Energy (1990)
* Yorkshire Electricity (1990)
* Royal Dockyards
* Devonport Dockyard (1993)
* Portsmouth Dockyard (1998)
* Rosyth Dockyard (1997)
* Scottish Bus Group (1991, bus companies sold individually)
* Scottish Hydro-Electric (1991)
* Scottish Power (1991)
* Severn Bridge (1992)
* The Stationery Office (1996)
* Student Loans (1998, 1999, 2013, mortgage–style loans)
* Transport Research Laboratory (1996)
* Trust Ports
* Clyde (1992)
* Dundee (1995)
* Forth (1992)
* Ipswich (1997)
* Medway (1992)
* Tees and Hartlepool (1992)
* Tilbury (1992)

### 2000s

* Actis (2004, 2012)
* BBC Books (2006 – 85%)
* BBC Broadcast (2005)
* BBC Costumes and Wigs (2008)
* BBC Outside Broadcasts (2008)
* BBC Technology (2004)
* British Nuclear Fuels Limited
* AWE Management Limited (2008)
* BNG America (2007)
* BNG Project Services (2008)
* Reactor Sites Management Company (2007)
* Westinghouse Electric Company (2006)
* East Thames Buses (2009)
* Leeds Bradford Airport (2007)
* London Underground (2003, sale of concession to maintain infrastructure for 30 years)
* National Air Traffic Services (2001 – 51%)
* Newcastle Airport (2001 – 49%)
* Partnerships UK (2000, 2011)
* Qinetiq (2002, 2006, 2008)
* South Eastern Trains (2006)
* Teesside International Airport (2003 – 75%)
* UKAEA Limited (2009)

### 2010s

* BBC Audiobooks (2010, 2014)
* BBC Magazines (2011)
* Behavioural Insights Team (2014, 2021)
* Bio Products Laboratory (2013, 2016)
* British Waterways (2012)
* Constructionline (2015)
* Defence Support Group (2015)
* Dr Foster Intelligence (2015)
* East Coast Trains (2015)
* Eurostar International Limited (2015 – 40%)
* Fire Service College (2013)
* Food and Environment Research Agency (2015 – 75%)
* Government Pipelines and Storage System (2015)
* High Speed 1 (2010; sale of concession to operate for 30 years)
* Lloyds Banking Group (2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017)
* Manchester Airports Group (2013 – 35%)
* Marchwood Military Port (2016; sale of concession to operate for 35 years)
* NEC Group (2015)
* Network Rail (2019, commercial property business)
* Northern Rock (2012)
* Northern Rock (Asset Management) (2016)
* Remploy (2012, 2013, 2015, factory businesses sold individually)
* Royal Bank of Scotland Group (2015, 2018)
* Royal Mail (2013, 2015)
* Student Loans (2017, 2018, income–contingent loans)
* The Tote (2011)
* UK Green Investment Bank (2017)
* Working Links (2016)

### 2020s

* Bradford & Bingley (2021)
* NatWest Group (2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025)
* NRAM Limited (2021)
* Wave Hub (2021)

Privatisations by share offer, 1981–91 From Nigel Lawson, The View from No. 11 (Bantam, 1992).  Date | Company | % of equity initially sold | Proceeds £m

|
|
|

Feb 1981 | British Aerospace | 51.6 | 150
Oct 1981 | Cable & Wireless | 50 | 224
Feb 1982 | Amersham International | 100 | 71
Nov 1982 | Britoil | 51 | 549
Feb 1983 | Associated British Ports | 51.5 | 22
June 1984 | Enterprise Oil | 100 | 392
July 1984 | Jaguar | 99 | 294
Nov 1984 | British Telecom | 50.2 | 3,916
Dec 1986 | British Gas | 97 | 5,434
Feb 1987 | British Airways | 100 | 900
May 1987 | Rolls-Royce | 100 | 1,363
July 1987 | British Airports Authority | 100 | 1,281
Dec 1988 | British Steel | 100 | 2,500
Dec 1989 | Regional Water Companies | 100 | 5,110
Dec 1990 | Electricity Distribution Companies | 100 | 5,092
Mar 1991 | National Power and PowerGen | 60 | 2,230
May 1991 | Scottish Power and Scottish Hydro Electric | 100 | 2,880

## United States

* Conrail
* Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae)
* Railway Express Agency
* Student Loan Marketing Association (SLM Corporation) (Sallie Mae)

## See also

* Nationalization
* List of nationalizations by country
* Privatization

## References

1. ↑ "Die Geschichte der ÖIAG" (in de). 2015-01-12. https://newsv2.orf.at/stories/2260950/2260960/.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Weber, Fritz (2011). "Verstaatlichung und Privatisierung in Österreich 1946-1986". Zeitschrift für Öffentliche und Gemeinwirtschaftliche Unternehmen 34 (2): 126–147. doi:10.5771/0344-9777-2011-2-126. https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/10.5771/0344-9777-2011-2-126.pdf?download_full_pdf=1&utm_source=chatgpt.com.
3. ↑ "Geschichte". https://www.lenzing.com/de/ueber-uns/geschichte/.
4. ↑ "Schritt für Schritt an ein ungeahntes Ziel: Seit der Privatisierung 1988 wuchs die Berndorf AG auf zwanzigfache Größe" (in de). https://www.ots.at/presseaussendung/OTS_20180924_OTS0070/schritt-fuer-schritt-an-ein-ungeahntes-ziel-seit-der-privatisierung-1988-wuchs-die-berndorf-ag-auf-zwanzigfache-groesse.
5. ↑ "VERBUND-Aktie: Aktueller Kurs und relevanten Informationen" (in de). https://www.verbund.com/de/konzern/investor-relations/aktienkurs-und-information.
6. ↑ "VAE South Africa - History". http://www.voestalpine.com/vaesa/en/company/history.html.
7. ↑ AlejTech.sk. "Historie" (in de). https://www.fcc-group.eu/osterreich/unternehmen/historie.
8. ↑ "UNTERNEHMENS INVEST AG Unternehmensprofil auf wienerborse.at". https://www.wienerborse.at/marktdaten/aktien-sonstige/unternehmensprofil/?ISIN=AT0000816301&ID_NOTATION=92568&c2093[file]=GhnF9zvVk9bpunqwUvNKsw&cHash=a5a5dfc28dcf2106ed8fe617ae56eb6c.
9. ↑ "Über uns" (in de). https://www.oebv.at/ueber-uns.
10. ↑ "Ernst Klett-Verlagsgruppe beteiligt sich am Österreichischen Bundesverlag (ÖBV)" (in de). 2002-12-20. https://www.presseportal.ch/de/pm/100003846/100458961.
11. ↑ kid.moechel (2013-10-24). "Burgenland muss Beihilfe zurückfordern" (in de). https://kurier.at/wirtschaft/burgenland-muss-beihilfe-zurueckfordern/32.399.958.
12. ↑ "ORF-Funkhaus geht an Baugruppe Rhomberg". 14 June 2016. https://wien.orf.at/v2/news/stories/2780125/.
13. ↑ "A1 Telekom Austria's radio towers division debuts below reference price - MarketScreener". 22 September 2023. https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/TELEKOM-AUSTRIA-AG-6492023/news/A1-Telekom-Austria-s-radio-towers-division-debuts-below-reference-price-44903108/.
14. ↑ "ÖBAG und B&C-Gruppe verkaufen Anteile an Vamed AG an Fresenius". 4 June 2024. https://industriemagazin.at/news/oebag-und-b-c-gruppe-verkaufen-anteile-an-vamed-ag-an-fresenius/.
15. ↑ "Wiener Stadtwerke divests freight transport division Wiener Lokalbahnen Cargo" (in en). 2025-05-07. https://aviation.direct/en/Vienna-public-utilities-divest-freight-transport-division-Vienna-Local-Railways-Cargo.
16. ↑ STIA Home, company website. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
17. ↑ [1]
18. ↑ [2]
19. ↑ "Air France - KLM : Capital structure and equity threshold declarations – Shares". http://www.airfranceklm-finance.com/en/Shares/Capital-structure-and-equity-threshold-declarations.
20. ↑ "European Commission launches investigation into FDJ monopoly". 27 July 2021. https://igamingbusiness.com/legal-compliance/legal/european-commission-launches-investigation-into-fdj-remuneration/.
21. ↑ "France gambles on privatization drive with lottery stake sale". Reuters. 7 November 2019. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-privatisation-fdj-idUSKBN1XH1WL.
22. ↑ "1960: Bundestag beschließt die Privatisierung von VW" (in de). 2009-05-25. https://www.bild.de/news/topics/bundestag-beschliesst-privatisierung-von-vw-7910062.bild.html.
23. ↑ "Shareholder Structure" (in en). https://www.volkswagen-group.com/en/shareholder-structure-15951.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 [3]
25. ↑ [4]
26. ↑ "Deutsche Post DHL Group | Aktionärsstruktur" (in de). http://www.dpdhl.com/de/investoren/aktie/aktionaersstruktur.html.
27. ↑ AG, Deutsche Telekom. "Staat verkauft Telekom-Aktien - Geld soll in Bahn fließen" (in de). https://www.tagesschau.de/wirtschaft/unternehmen/telekom-aktien-bund-100.html.
28. ↑ "Greece completes privatization of gambling monopoly OPAP". Reuters. 12 August 2013. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-greece-opap-idUSBRE97B0BF20130812.
29. ↑ "Winners and losers of HZL privatisation". The Times of India. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-02-20/india-business/27263364_1_public-sector-privatisation-labour-unions.
30. ↑ http://pepei.pennnet.com/News/Display_News_Story.cfm?Section=WireNews&Category=HOME&NewsID=109120 ]
31. ↑ "Enel Raises Eu1.48 Billion". http://investmentsmagazine.com/ManageArticle.asp?C=20&A=7578.
32. ↑ "Unpaid Manila Hotel loans soar to P17B". Philippine Daily Inquirer. 2009-05-06. http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20090506-203379/Unpaid-Manila-Hotel-loans-soar-to-P17B.
33. ↑ Transportation History Of The Philippines (Thesis). Retrieved March 7, 2022.
34. ↑ "Sugar Industry History". Sugar Regulatory Administration. http://www.sra.gov.ph/about-us/history/.
35. ↑ "POST-REHAB INCOME SURGES; ASSET QUALITY FORTIFIED". PNB Press Release. https://www.pnb.com.ph/wp-content/uploads/docs/2007-PR-2ndQuarter.pdf.
36. ↑ "Cabangon-Chua group set to take over RPN-9". August 21, 2014. https://business.inquirer.net/177106/cabangon-chua-group-set-to-take-over-rpn-9.
37. ↑ "Regeringen har sålt hela OMX-innehavet". Dagens Industri. 15 February 2008. http://di.se/Nyheter/?page=/Avdelningar/Artikel.aspx?O=RSS&ArticleId;=2008%5c02%5c15%5c270677.
38. ↑ "Pernod wins auction for Vin & Sprit". The Local. 31 March 2008. http://www.thelocal.se/10800/20080331/.
39. ↑ "Sweden sells remaining stake in Nordea for $3.4 billion". reuters. 25 September 2013. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nordea-sale/sweden-sells-remaining-stake-in-nordea-for-3-4-billion-idUSBRE98O06C20130925.
40. ↑ Regeringen överens om att sälja apotek
41. ↑ Scandinavian Airlines
42. ↑ Privata Affärer – Staten fick 18 miljarder för aktierna i Teliasonera
43. ↑ Munkhammar, J. "Försäljning av statliga bolag under tre decennier", Timbro, 2007, "Archived copy". http://www.timbro.se/bokhandel/pdf/000022.pdf.
44. ↑ Privatization in Turkey, Republic Of Turkey Prime Ministry Privatization Administration, 2010, http://www.oib.gov.tr/program/uygulamalar/privatization_in_turkey.htm

## Further reading

* Parker, David (2009). The Official History of Privatisation Vol. I: The Formative Years, 1970–1987. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-46916-6.
* Parker, David (2012). The Official History of Privatisation, Vol. II: Popular Capitalism, 1987–97. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-69221-2.
* Kim, Kunmin; Panchanatham, N. (16 December 2019) (in en) (PDF). ﻿Reform and Privatization of State-Owned Enterprises in India﻿ (Working paper). Asian Development Bank. https://www.adb.org/publications/reform-and-privatization-state-owned-enterprises-india. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
* Suyi, Kim (21 April 2021). "India is making the right moves with its mega privatization plan" (in en). mint. https://www.livemint.com/opinion/columns/india-is-making-the-right-moves-with-its-mega-privatization-plan-11619028273985.html.

## External links

* Sample Firms Privatized Through Public Share Offerings, 1961-August 2000 – Appendix to Juliet D'Souza, William L. Megginson (1999), "The Financial and Operating Performance of Privatized Firms during the 1990s", Journal of Finance August 1999
* Institute of Mergers, Acquisitions and Alliances (IMAA) M&A – Academic research institute on mergers & acquisitions, including privatization

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