Outline of finance

Short description: Overview of finance and finance-related topics

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Assets

* Bond
* Commodity
* Derivatives
* Foreign exchange
* Money
* Over-the-counter
* Private equity
* Real estate
* Spot
* Stock

Participants

* Investor
* institutional
* Retail
* Speculator

Locations

* Financial centres
* Offshore financial centres
* Conduit and Sink OFCs

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* Bond
* Cash
* Collateralised debt obligation
* Credit default swap
* Time deposit (certificate of deposit)
* Credit line
* Deposit
* Derivative
* Futures contract
* Indemnity
* Insurance
* Letter of credit
* Loan
* Mortgage

* Option (call
* exotic
* put)}}
* performance bonds
* Repurchase agreement
* Stock
* Security
* Syndicated loan
* Synthetic CDO

The following outline provides an overview and topical guide to finance:

Finance – the field concerned with how individuals, businesses, and organizations raise, allocate, and manage monetary resources over time, while accounting for the risks associated with their activities and investments.

## Contents

* 1 Overview
* 2 Fundamental financial concepts
* 3 History
* 4 Finance terms by field
* 4.1 Accounting (financial record keeping)
* 4.2 Banking
* 4.3 Corporate finance
* 4.4 Investment management
* 4.5 Personal finance
* 4.6 Public finance
* 4.7 Risk management
* 4.8 Constraint finance
* 5 Insurance
* 6 Economics and finance
* 6.1 Finance-related areas of economics
* 6.2 Corporate finance theory
* 6.3 Asset pricing theory
* 6.3.1 Asset pricing models
* 7 Mathematics and finance
* 7.1 Time value of money
* 7.2 Financial mathematics
* 7.2.1 Mathematical tools
* 7.2.2 Derivatives pricing
* 7.2.3 Portfolio mathematics
* 8 Financial markets
* 8.1 Market and instruments
* 8.2 Equity market
* 8.2.1 Equity valuation
* 8.2.2 Investment theory
* 8.3 Bond market
* 8.4 Money market
* 8.5 Commodity market
* 8.6 Derivatives market
* 8.6.1 Forward markets and contracts
* 8.6.2 Futures markets and contracts
* 8.6.3 Option markets and contracts
* 8.6.4 Swap markets and contracts
* 8.6.5 Derivative markets by underlyings
* 8.6.5.1 Equity derivatives
* 8.6.5.2 Interest rate derivatives
* 8.6.5.3 Credit derivatives
* 8.6.5.4 Foreign exchange derivative
* 9 Financial regulation
* 9.1 Designations and accreditation
* 9.2 Litigation
* 9.3 Fraud
* 9.4 Industry bodies
* 9.5 Regulatory and supervisory bodies
* 9.5.1 International
* 9.5.2 European Union
* 9.5.3 Regulatory bodies by country
* 9.5.3.1 United Kingdom
* 9.5.3.2 United States
* 9.6 United States legislation
* 10 Actuarial topics
* 11 Valuation
* 11.1 Underlying theory
* 11.2 Context
* 11.3 Considerations
* 11.4 Discounted cash flow valuation
* 11.5 Relative valuation
* 11.6 Contingent claim valuation
* 11.7 Other approaches
* 11.8 Financial modeling
* 12 Portfolio theory
* 12.1 General concepts
* 12.2 Modern portfolio theory
* 12.3 Post-modern portfolio theory
* 12.4 Performance measurement
* 12.5 Mathematical techniques
* 13 Quantitative investing
* 14 Financial software tools
* 15 Financial modeling applications
* 15.1 Corporate Finance
* 15.2 Quantitative finance
* 16 Financial institutions
* 17 Education
* 18 See also
* 19 Related lists
* 20 References
* 21 External links

## Overview

The term finance may incorporate any of the following:

* The study of money and other assets
* The management and control of those assets
* Profiling and managing related risks

## Fundamental financial concepts

* Finance
* Arbitrage - Capitalisation of risk-free opportunities in financial markets
* Capital (economics)
* Capital asset pricing model
* Cash flow
* Cash flow matching
* Debt
* Default
* Consumer debt
* Debt consolidation
* Debt settlement
* Credit counseling
* Bankruptcy
* Debt diet
* Debt-snowball method
* Debt of developing countries
* Financial ethics
* Asset types
* Real estate
* Securities
* Commodities
* Futures
* Cash
* Discounted cash flow
* Financial capital
* Funding
* Entrepreneur
* Entrepreneurship
* Fixed income analysis
* Gap financing
* Global financial system
* Hedge
* Basis risk
* Interest rate
* Risk-free interest rate
* Term structure of interest rates
* Short-rate model
* Vasicek model
* Cox–Ingersoll–Ross model - Stochastic model for the evolution of financial interest rates
* Hull–White model
* Chen model
* Black–Derman–Toy model
* Interest
* Effective interest rate
* Nominal interest rate
* Interest rate basis
* Fisher equation
* Crowding out
* Annual percentage rate
* Interest coverage ratio, also known as Times interest earned
* Investment
* Foreign direct investment
* Gold as an investment
* Over-investing
* Leverage
* Long (finance)
* Liquidity
* Market liquidity
* Accounting liquidity
* Funding liquidity
* Margin (finance)
* Mark to market
* Market impact
* Medium of exchange
* Microcredit
* Money
* Money creation
* Currency
* Coin
* Banknote
* Counterfeit
* History of money
* Monetary reform
* Portfolio
* Modern portfolio theory
* Mutual fund separation theorem
* Post-modern portfolio theory
* Reference rate
* Return
* Absolute return
* Investment performance
* Relative return
* Risk
* Financial risk
* Risk management - Identification, evaluation and control of risks
* Financial risk management
* Uncompensated risk
* Risk measure - Concept in financial mathematics
* Coherent risk measure - Concept in financial economics
* Deviation risk measure
* Distortion risk measure
* Spectral risk measure
* Value at risk - Estimated potential loss for an investment under a given set of conditions
* Expected shortfall - Measure of financial risk
* Entropic value at risk
* Scenario analysis
* Short (finance)
* Speculation
* Day trading
* Position trader
* Spread trade
* Standard of deferred payment
* Store of value
* Time horizon, also known as planning horizon
* Time value of money - Better to receive money now than later
* Discounting - When a creditor delays payments from a debtor in exchange for a fee
* Present value, also known as Present Discounted Value (PDV)
* Future value
* Net present value
* Internal rate of return
* Modified internal rate of return
* Annuity
* Perpetuity
* Trade
* Free trade
* Free market
* Fair trade
* Unit of account
* Volatility
* Yield
* Yield curve
* Equated monthly installment
* Down payment
* Financial Technology

## History

* History of finance
* History of banking
* History of insurance
* Stock market bubble
* Tulip mania
* South Sea Bubble
* Mississippi Company
* Railway Mania
* Dot-com bubble
* United States housing bubble
* Vix pervenit 1745, on usury and other dishonest profit
* Panic of 1837
* Erie War
* Long Depression
* Post-World War I hyperinflation; see
* Hyperinflation
* Inflation in the Weimar Republic
* Wall Street Crash of 1929
* Great Depression
* Bretton Woods Accord
* 1973 oil crisis
* 1979 energy crisis
* Savings and Loan Crisis
* Black Monday
* 1997 Asian financial crisis
* Stock market downturn of 2002
* 2008 financial crisis
* Great Recession

## Finance terms by field

### Accounting (financial record keeping)

* Auditing
* Accounting software
* Book keeping
* FASB
* Financial accountancy
* Financial statements
* Balance sheet
* Cash flow statement
* Income statement
* Management accounting
* Philosophy of Accounting
* Hedge accounting
* IFRS 9
* Fair value accounting

### Banking

* See articles listed under: Bank § See also

### Corporate finance

Main article: Finance:Corporate finance

See also: Finance:Financial management

* Below § Corporate finance theory
* Introduction to business: The most widely used and accessible textbook for Introduction to Business courses globally is "Introduction to Business" by OpenStax. Other popular standard textbooks include "Introduction to Business" by Jeff Madura and "Introduction to Business" by Neck, Neck, and Murray.
* Balance sheet analysis
* Financial ratio
* Business plan
*       * Investment committee
* Business valuation
* Stock valuation
* Fundamental analysis
* Real option
* Valuation topics
* Fisher separation theorem
* Sources of financing
* Securities
* Debt
* Initial public offering
* Capital structure
* Cost of capital
* Weighted average cost of capital
* Modigliani–Miller theorem
* Hamada's equation
* Dividend policy
* Dividend
* Dividend tax
* Dividend yield
* Modigliani–Miller theorem
* Corporate action
* (Strategic) Financial management
* Capital management
* Capital budgeting
* Working capital
* Current assets
* Current liabilities
* Managerial finance
* Management accounting
* Mergers and acquisitions
* Leveraged buyout
* Takeover
* Corporate raid
* Contingent value rights
* Real option
* Return on investment
* Return on capital
* Return on assets
* Return on equity
* Loan covenant
* Cash conversion cycle
* Cash management
* Strategic financial management § Cash management
* Inventory optimization
* Supply chain management
* Just In Time
* Economic order quantity, also known as Optimum Batch Quantity
* Economic production quantity
* Economic batch quantity
* Credit (finance)
* Credit scoring
* Default risk
* Discounts and allowances
* Factoring (trade)
* Supply chain finance, also known as supplier finance or reverse factoring
* Corporate budget

### Investment management

Main article: Social:Investment management

* Active management
* Efficient market hypothesis
* Portfolio
* Modern portfolio theory
* Capital asset pricing model
* Arbitrage pricing theory
* Passive management
* Index fund
* Activist shareholder
* Mutual fund
* Open-end fund
* Closed-end fund
* Financial engineering
* Long-Term Capital Management
* Hedge fund
* Hedge
* Quantitative investing

### Personal finance

Main article: Finance:Personal finance

* 529 plan
* ABLE account
* Asset allocation - Investment strategy
* Asset location
* Budget
* Coverdell Education Savings Account
* Credit and debt
* Credit card
* Debt consolidation
* Mortgage loan
* Continuous-repayment mortgage
* Debit card - Card used for financial transactions
* Direct deposit
* Employment contract
* Commission
* Employee stock option
* Employee or fringe benefit
* Health insurance
* Paycheck
* Salary
* Wage
* Financial literacy
* Insurance
* Predatory lending
* Retirement plan
* Superannuation in Australia
* Canada
* Registered retirement savings plan
* Tax-free savings account
* Nippon individual savings account
* KiwiSaver
* United Kingdom
* Individual savings account
* Self-invested personal pension
* United States
* 401(a)
* 401(k)
* 403(b)
* 457 plan
* Keogh plan
* Individual retirement account
* Roth IRA
* Traditional IRA
* SEP IRA
* SIMPLE IRA
* Pension
* Simple living
* Social security
* Tax advantage
* Wealth
* Comparison of accounting software
* Personal financial management
* Investment club
* Collective investment scheme

### Public finance

* Central bank
* Federal Reserve
* Fractional-reserve banking
* Deposit creation multiplier
* Tax
* Capital gains tax
* Estate tax
* inheritance tax
* Gift tax
* Income tax
* Inheritance tax
* Payroll tax
* Property tax
* land value tax
* Sales tax
* value added tax
* excise tax
* use tax
* Transfer tax
* stamp duty
* Tax advantage
* Tax, tariff and trade
* Tax amortization benefit
* Crowding out
* Industrial policy
* Agricultural policy
* Currency union
* Monetary reform

### Risk management

Main article: Finance:Financial risk management

* Asset and liability management
* Asset–liability mismatch
* Capital Requirements Regulation 2013
* Credit Institutions Directive 2013
* Capital Requirements Directives
* Cash flow hedge
* Cash management
* Corporate governance
* Climate-related asset stranding - Former physical asset, now a liability
* Credit risk - Type of financial risk
* Default (finance)
* Discounted maximum loss - Measure of worst-case loss discounted to present value
* Downside risk & Upside risk
* Duration gap
* Enterprise risk management - Business methods and processes
* Financial engineering
* Financial risk
* Financial risk management
* Foreign exchange hedge
* Fuel price risk management
* Gordon–Loeb model - Method for optimizing information security investments
* Interest rate risk
* Interest rate risk in the banking book
* Insurance
* Investment risk
* Irrational exuberance
* Kelly criterion - Bet sizing formula for long-term growth
* Liquidity risk
* Market risk - Risks arising from movements in market variables
* Operational risk
* Risk accounting
* Risk adjusted return on capital
* Risk aversion - Economics theory
* Risk-based internal audit
* Risk measure - Concept in financial mathematics
* Coherent risk measure - Concept in financial economics
* Deviation risk measure
* Distortion risk measure
* Spectral risk measure
* Risk modeling
* Risk of ruin - Concept in gambling, insurance, and finance
* Risk pool
* Risk register - Document used as risk management tool, acting as a repository for all identified risks
* Risk return ratio
* Risk–return spectrum
* Security management - Computer security procedure
* Settlement risk
* Shadow banking system
* Specific risk
* St. Petersburg paradox - Paradox involving a game with repeated coin flipping
* Systematic risk
* Three lines of defence
* Treasury management
* Uncompensated risk
* Valuation risk
* Value at risk - Estimated potential loss for an investment under a given set of conditions
* Computation
* Historical simulation (finance)
* Monte Carlo
* variance-covariance - Estimated potential loss for an investment under a given set of conditions
* Greeks (finance)
* Alternate measures
* Entropic value at risk
* Expected shortfall, also known as Conditional value-at-risk - Measure of financial risk
* Tail value at risk, also known as Tail Conditional Expectation - Risk measure
* Extensions
* Profit at risk - Risk management quantity used in electricity
* Margin at risk - Measure estimating potential margin shortfalls under adverse market moves
* Liquidity at risk - Measure of potential liquidity shortfall in a financial portfolio
* Earnings at risk, also known as Cash flow at risk - Estimate of the potential impact of market movements on a firm's earnings
* Liquidity-adjusted VaR
* Volatility risk
* Volume risk
* Wrong way risk - Concept in risk management

### Constraint finance

* Environmental finance
* Feminist economics
* Green economics
* Islamic economics
* Uneconomic growth
* Value of Earth
* Value of life

## Insurance

Main article: Finance:Insurance

* Actuarial science - Statistics applied to risk in insurance and other financial products
* Annuities
* Catastrophe modeling - Computer-assisted risk analysis
* Earthquake loss
* Extended coverage
* Financial risk management § Insurance
* Insurable interest
* Insurable risk
* Insurance
* Health insurance
* Disability insurance
* Accident insurance
* Flexible spending account
* Health savings account
* Long term care insurance
* Medical savings account
* Life insurance
* Life insurance tax shelter
* Term life insurance
* Universal life insurance
* Variable universal life insurance
* Whole life insurance
* Property insurance
* Auto insurance
* Boiler insurance
* Business interruption insurance
* Earthquake insurance
* Home insurance, also known as Condo insurance
* Title insurance
* Pet insurance
* Renters' insurance
* Casualty insurance
* Fidelity bond
* Liability insurance
* Political risk insurance
* War risk insurance
* Surety bond
* Terrorism insurance
* Credit insurance
* Trade credit insurance
* Payment protection insurance
* Credit derivative
* Mid-term adjustment
* Reinsurance
* Self insurance
* Travel insurance
* Niche insurance
* Insurance contract
* Loss payee clause
* Risk Retention Group

## Economics and finance

Main articles: Finance:Financial economics and Asset pricing

### Finance-related areas of economics

* Financial economics
* Financial econometrics
* Monetary economics
* Mathematical economics - Branch of applied mathematics
* Managerial economics
* Economic growth
* Decision theory - Branch of applied probability theory
* Game theory - Mathematical models of strategic interactions
* Experimental economics
* Experimental finance
* Behavioral economics
* Behavioral finance

### Corporate finance theory

* Fisher separation theorem
* Modigliani–Miller theorem
* Theory of the firm
* The Theory of Investment Value
* Agency theory
* Agency costs
* Contract theory - Economic analysis of contracts
* Managerial finance
* Capital structure
* Corporate finance § Capitalization structure
* Capital structure substitution theory
* Pecking order theory
* Market timing hypothesis
* Trade-off theory of capital structure
* Merton model
* Tax shield
* Dividend policy
* Corporate finance § Dividend policy
* Walter model
* Gordon model
* Lintner model
* Residuals theory
* Signaling hypothesis
* Clientele effect
* Dividend puzzle
* Treasury stock § Buying back shares
* Dividend tax
* Capital budgeting
* Corporate finance § Investment and project valuation
* Clean surplus accounting
* Residual income valuation
* Economic value added
* Market value added
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### Asset pricing theory

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* Brownian model of financial markets - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
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#### Asset pricing models

* Equilibrium pricing
* Equities; foreign exchange and commodities
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* Single-index model - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* Multiple factor models - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
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* Arbitrage pricing theory - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* Bonds; other interest rate instruments
* Vasicek - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* Rendleman–Bartter - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* Cox–Ingersoll–Ross - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* Risk neutral pricing
* Equities; foreign exchange and commodities; interest rates
* Black–Scholes - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
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* SABR - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* Bonds; other interest rate instruments
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* Black–Karasinski - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
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* Longstaff–Schwartz - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
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* Rendleman–Bartter - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
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* Cheyette - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* Brace–Gatarek–Musiela - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* LIBOR market model - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

## Mathematics and finance

### Time value of money

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* Present value
* Future value
* Discounting
* Net present value
* Internal rate of return
* Annuity
* Perpetuity

### Financial mathematics

#### Mathematical tools

* Probability
* Probability distribution
* Binomial distribution
* Log-normal distribution
* Poisson distribution
* Stochastic calculus
* Brownian motion
* Geometric Brownian motion
* Cameron–Martin theorem
* Feynman-Kac formula
* Girsanov's theorem
* Itô's lemma
* Martingale representation theorem
* Radon–Nikodym derivative
* Stochastic differential equations
* Stochastic process
* Jump process
* Lévy process
* Markov process
* Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process
* Wiener process
* Monte Carlo methods
* Low-discrepancy sequence
* Monte Carlo integration
* Quasi-Monte Carlo method
* Random number generation
* Partial differential equations
* Finite difference method
* Heat equation
* Numerical partial differential equations
* Crank–Nicolson method
* Volatility
* ARCH model
* GARCH model
* Stochastic volatility
* Stochastic volatility jump

#### Derivatives pricing

* Underlying logic (see also #Economics and finance above)
* Rational pricing
* Risk-neutral measure
* Arbitrage-free pricing
* Brownian model of financial markets
* Martingale pricing
* Forward contract
* Forward contract pricing
* Futures
* Futures contract pricing
* Options (incl. Real options and ESOs)
* Valuation of options
* Black–Scholes formula
* Approximations for American options
* Barone-Adesi and Whaley
* Bjerksund and Stensland
* Black's approximation
* Optimal stopping
* Roll–Geske–Whaley
* Black model
* Binomial options model
* Finite difference methods for option pricing
* Garman–Kohlhagen model
* The Greeks
* Lattice model
* Margrabe's formula
* Monte Carlo methods for option pricing
* Monte Carlo methods in finance
* Quasi-Monte Carlo methods in finance
* Least Square Monte Carlo for American options
* Trinomial tree
* Volatility
* Implied volatility
* Historical volatility
* Volatility smile (& Volatility surface)
* Stochastic volatility
* Constant elasticity of variance model
* Heston model
* SABR volatility model
* Local volatility
* Implied binomial tree
* Implied trinomial tree
* Edgeworth binomial tree
* Johnson binomial tree
* Swaps
* Swap valuation
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* Multi-curve framework
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* Interest rate derivatives (bond options, swaptions, caps and floors, and others)
* Black model
* caps and floors
* swaptions
* Bond options
* Short-rate models (generally applied via lattice based- and specialized simulation-models, although "Black like" formulae exist in some cases.)
* Rendleman–Bartter model
* Vasicek model
* Ho–Lee model
* Hull–White model
* Cox–Ingersoll–Ross model
* Black–Karasinski model
* Black–Derman–Toy model
* Kalotay–Williams–Fabozzi model
* Longstaff–Schwartz model
* Chen model
* Forward rate / Forward curve -based models (Application as per short-rate models)
* LIBOR market model (also called: Brace–Gatarek–Musiela Model, BGM)
* Heath–Jarrow–Morton Model (HJM)
* Cheyette model
* Valuation adjustments
* Credit valuation adjustment
* XVA
* Yield curve modelling
* Multi-curve framework
* Bootstrapping
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* Nelson-Siegel
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#### Portfolio mathematics

*     1. Mathematical techniques below
2. Quantitative investing below
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* Portfolio optimization
* § Optimization methods
* § Mathematical tools
* Merton's portfolio problem
* Kelly criterion
* Roy's safety-first criterion
* Specific applications:
* Black–Litterman model
* Universal portfolio algorithm
* Markowitz model
* Treynor–Black model

## Financial markets

### Market and instruments

* Capital markets
* Securities
* Financial markets
* Primary market
* Initial public offering
* Aftermarket
* Free market
* Bull market
* Bear market
* Bear market rally
* Market maker
* Dow Jones Industrial Average
* Nasdaq
* List of stock exchanges
* List of stock market indices
* List of corporations by market capitalization
* Value Line Composite Index

### Equity market

* Stock market
* Stock
* Common stock
* Preferred stock
* Treasury stock
* Equity investment
* Index investing
* Private Equity
* Financial reports and statements
* Fundamental analysis
* Dividend
* Dividend yield
* Stock split

#### Equity valuation

* Dow theory
* Elliott wave principle
* Economic value added
* Fibonacci retracement
* Gordon model
* Growth stock
* PEG ratio
* PVGO
* Mergers and acquisitions
* Leveraged buyout
* Takeover
* Corporate raid
* PE ratio
* Market capitalization
* Income per share
* Stock valuation
* Technical analysis
* Chart patterns
* V-trend
* Paper valuation

#### Investment theory

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* Behavioral finance
* Dead cat bounce
* Efficient market hypothesis
* Market microstructure
* Stock market crash
* Stock market bubble
* January effect
* Mark Twain effect
* Quantitative behavioral finance
* Quantitative analysis
* Statistical arbitrage

### Bond market

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* Bond
* Zero-coupon bond
* Junk bonds
* Convertible bond
* Accrual bond
* Municipal bond
* Sovereign bond
* Bond valuation
* Yield to maturity
* Bond duration
* Bond convexity
* Fixed income

### Money market

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* Repurchase agreement
* International Money Market
* Currency
* Exchange rate
* International currency codes
* Table of historical exchange rates

### Commodity market

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* Commodity
* Asset
* Commodity Futures Trading Commission
* Commodity trade
* Drawdowns
* Forfaiting
* Fundamental analysis
* Futures contract
* Fungibility
* Gold as an investment
* Hedging
* Jesse Lauriston Livermore
* List of traded commodities
* Ownership equity
* Position trader
* Risk (Futures)
* Seasonal traders
* Seasonal spread trading
* Slippage
* Speculation
* Spread trade
* Technical analysis
* Breakout
* Bear market
* Bottom (technical analysis)
* Bull market
* MACD
* Moving average
* Open Interest
* Parabolic SAR
* Point and figure charts
* Resistance
* RSI
* Stochastic oscillator
* Stop loss
* Support
* Top (technical analysis)
* Trade
* Trend

### Derivatives market

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* Derivative
* (see also Financial mathematics topics; Derivatives pricing)
* Underlying instrument

#### Forward markets and contracts

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* Forward contract

#### Futures markets and contracts

* Backwardation
* Contango
* Futures contract
* Financial future
* Currency future
* Interest rate future
* Single-stock futures
* Stock market index future
* Futures exchange

#### Option markets and contracts

* Options
* Stock option
* Box spread
* Call option
* Put option
* Strike price
* Put–call parity
* The Greeks
* Black–Scholes formula
* Black model
* Binomial options model
* Implied volatility
* Option time value
* Moneyness
* At-the-money
* In-the-money
* Out-of-the-money
* Straddle
* Option style
* Vanilla option
* Exotic option
* Binary option
* European option
* Interest rate floor
* Interest rate cap
* Bermudan option
* American option
* Quanto option
* Asian option
* Employee stock option
* Warrants
* Foreign exchange option
* Interest rate options
* Bond options
* Real options
* Options on futures

#### Swap markets and contracts

* Swap
* Interest rate swap
* Basis swap
* Asset swap
* Forex swap
* Stock swap
* Equity swap
* Currency swap
* Variance swap

#### Derivative markets by underlyings

##### Equity derivatives

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* Contract for difference (CFD)
* Exchange-traded fund (ETF)
* Closed-end fund
* Inverse exchange-traded fund
* Equity options
* Equity swap
* Real estate investment trust (REIT)
* Warrants
* Covered warrant

##### Interest rate derivatives

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* LIBOR
* Forward rate agreement
* Interest rate swap
* Interest rate cap
* Exotic interest rate option
* Bond option
* Interest rate future
* Money market instruments
* Range accrual Swaps/Notes/Bonds
* In-arrears Swap
* Constant maturity swap (CMS) or Constant Treasury Swap (CTS) derivatives (swaps, caps, floors)
* Interest rate Swaption
* Bermudan swaptions
* Cross currency swaptions
* Power Reverse Dual Currency note (PRDC or Turbo)
* Target redemption note (TARN)
* CMS steepener
* Snowball
* Inverse floater
* Strips of Collateralized mortgage obligation
* Interest only (IO)
* Principal only (PO)
* Ratchet caps and floors

##### Credit derivatives

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* Credit default swap
* Collateralized debt obligation
* Credit default option
* Total return swap
* Securitization
* Strip financing

##### Foreign exchange derivative

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* Basis swap
* Currency future
* Currency swap
* Foreign exchange binary option
* Foreign exchange forward
* Foreign exchange option
* Forward exchange rate
* Foreign exchange swap
* Foreign exchange hedge
* Non-deliverable forward
* Power reverse dual-currency note

## Financial regulation

* Corporate governance
* Financial regulation
* Bank regulation
* Banking license
* License

### Designations and accreditation

* Certified Financial Planner
* Chartered Financial Analyst
* CFA Institute
* Chartered Alternative Investment Analyst
* Professional risk manager
* Chartered Financial Consultant
* Canadian Securities Institute
* Independent financial adviser
* Chartered Insurance Institute
* Financial Risk Manager
* Chartered Market Technician
* Certified Financial Technician

### Litigation

* Liabilities Subject to Compromise

### Fraud

* Forex scam
* Insider trading
* Legal origins theory
* Petition mill
* Ponzi scheme

### Industry bodies

* International Swaps and Derivatives Association
* National Association of Securities Dealers

### Regulatory and supervisory bodies

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#### International

* Bank for International Settlements
* International Organization of Securities Commissions
* Security Commission
* Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
* Basel Accords – Basel I, Basel II, Basel III
* International Association of Insurance Supervisors
* International Accounting Standards Board

#### European Union

* European Securities Committee (EU)
* Committee of European Securities Regulators (EU)

#### Regulatory bodies by country

##### United Kingdom

* Financial Conduct Authority
* Prudential Regulation Authority (United Kingdom)

##### United States

* Commodity Futures Trading Commission
* Federal Reserve
* Federal Trade Commission
* Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board
* Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
* Securities and Exchange Commission

### United States legislation

* Glass–Steagall Act (US)
* Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act (US)
* Sarbanes–Oxley Act (US)
* Securities Act of 1933 (US)
* Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (US)
* Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (US)
* USA PATRIOT Act

## Actuarial topics

* Actuarial topics

## Valuation

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### Underlying theory

* Value (economics)
* Valuation and specifically § Valuation overview
* "The Theory of Investment Value"
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* Valuation risk
* Real versus nominal value (economics)
* Real prices and ideal prices
* Fair value
* Fair value accounting
* Intrinsic value
* Market price
* Value in use
* Fairness opinion
* Asset pricing (see also #Asset pricing theory above)
* Equilibrium price
* market efficiency
* economic equilibrium
* rational expectations
* Arbitrage-free price
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### Context

* (Corporate) Bonds
* Bond valuation
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* Equity valuation
* #Equity valuation above
* Fundamental analysis
* Stock valuation
* Capital Markets
* Business valuation
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* Capital budgeting and Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* The Theory of Investment Value
* Real estate valuation
* Real estate appraisal
* Real estate economics

### Considerations

* Bonds
* covenants and indentures
* secured / unsecured debt
* senior / subordinated debt
* embedded options
* Equity
* Minimum acceptable rate of return
* Margin of safety (financial)
* Enterprise value
* Sum-of-the-parts analysis
* Conglomerate discount
* Minority discount
* Control premium
* Accretion/dilution analysis
* Certainty equivalent
* Haircut
* Paper valuation

### Discounted cash flow valuation

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* Bond valuation
* Modeling
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* embedded options:
* Pull to par
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* Results
* Clean price
* Dirty price
* Yield to maturity
* Coupon yield
* Current yield
* Duration
* Convexity
* embedded options:
* Option-adjusted spread
* effective duration
* effective convexity
* Cash flows
* Principal
* Coupon (bond)
* Fixed rate bond
* Floating rate note
* Zero-coupon bond
* Accrual bond
* sinking fund provisions
* Real estate valuation
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* Income approach
* Net Operating Income
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* German income approach
* Equity valuation
* Results
* Net present value
* Adjusted present value
* Equivalent Annual Cost
* Payback period
* Discounted payback period
* Internal rate of return
* Modified Internal Rate of Return
* Return on investment
* Profitability index
* Specific models and approaches
* Dividend discount model
* Gordon growth model
* Market value added / Economic value added
* Residual income valuation
* First Chicago Method
* rNPV
* Fed model
* Sum of perpetuities method
* Benjamin Graham formula
* LBO valuation model
* Goldman Sachs asset management factor model
* Cash flows
* Cash flow forecasting
* EBIDTA
* NOPAT
* Free cash flow
* Free cash flow to firm
* Free cash flow to equity
* Dividends
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### Relative valuation

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* Bonds
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* Yield spread
* I-spread
* Option-adjusted spread
* Z-spread
* Asset swap spread
* Credit spread (bond)
* Bond credit rating
* Altman Z-score
* Ohlson O-score
* Book value
* Debt-to-equity ratio
* Debt-to-capital ratio
* Current ratio
* Quick ratio
* Debt ratio
* Real estate
* Capitalization rate
* Gross rent multiplier
* Sales comparison approach
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* Cash on cash return
* Equity
* Financial ratio
* Market-based valuation
* Valuation using multiples
* Comparable company analysis
* Dividend yield
* Yield gap
* Return on equity
* DuPont analysis
* PE ratio
* PEG ratio
* Cyclically adjusted price-to-earnings ratio
* PVGO
* P/B ratio
* Price to cash based earnings
* Price to Sales
* EV/EBITDA
* EV/Sales
* Stock image
* Valuation using the Market Penetration Model
* Graham number
* Tobin's q

### Contingent claim valuation

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* Valuation techniques
* general
* Valuation of options
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1. Derivatives pricing above
* as typically employed
* Real options valuation
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* Monte Carlo methods in finance
* Applications
* Corporate investments and projects
* Real options
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* Contingent value rights
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* structured finance investments (funding dependent)
* special purpose entities (funding dependent)
* Balance sheet assets and liabilities
* warrants and other convertible securities
* securities with embedded options such as callable bonds
* employee stock options

### Other approaches

* "Fundamentals"-based (relying on accounting information)
* T-model
* Residual income valuation
* Clean surplus accounting
* Net asset value method
* Excess earnings method
* Historical earnings valuation
* Future maintainable earnings valuation
* Graham number

### Financial modeling

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* Cash flow
* Cash flow forecasting
* Cash flow statement
* Operating cash flow
* EBIDTA
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* NOPAT
* Free cash flow
* Free cash flow to firm
* Free cash flow to equity
* Dividends
* Cash is king
* Mid-year adjustment
* Owner earnings
* Required return (i.e. discount rate)
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* Cost of capital
* Weighted average cost of capital
* Cost of equity
* Cost of debt
* Capital asset pricing model
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* Hamada's equation
* Pure play method
* Arbitrage pricing theory
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* Total Beta
* T-model
* cash-flow T-model
* Terminal value
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* Forecast period
* long term growth rate
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* Forecasted financial statements
* Financial forecast
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* Revenue
* Revenue model
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* Net sales
* Costs
* Profit margin
* Gross margin
* Net margin
* Cost of goods sold
* Operating expenses
* Operating ratio
* Cost driver
* Fixed cost
* Variable cost
* Overhead cost
* Value chain
* activity based costing
* common-size analysis
* Profit model
* Capital
* Capital structure
* common-size analysis
* Equity
* Shareholders' equity
* Book value
* Retained earnings
* Financial capital
* Long term asset / Fixed asset
* Fixed-asset turnover
* Long-term liabilities
* Debt-to-equity ratio
* Debt-to-capital ratio
* Working capital
* Current asset
* Current liability
* Inventory turnover / Days in inventory
* Cost of goods sold
* Debtor & Creditor days
* Days sales outstanding
* Days payable outstanding

## Portfolio theory

### General concepts

* Portfolio
* Portfolio manager
* Investment management
* Active management
* Passive management (Buy and hold)
* Index fund
* Core & Satellite
* Smart beta
* Expense ratio
* Investment style
* Value investing
* Contrarian investing
* Growth investing
* CAN SLIM
* Index investing
* Magic formula investing
* Momentum investing
* Quality investing
* Style investing
* Factor investing
* Investment strategy
* Benchmark-driven investment strategy
* Liability-driven investment strategy
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* Investor profile
* Rate of return on a portfolio / Investment performance
* Risk return ratio
* Risk–return spectrum
* Risk factor
* Portfolio optimization
* Diversification
* Asset classes
* Exter's Pyramid
* Asset allocation
* Tactical asset allocation
* Global tactical asset allocation
* Cyclical tactical asset allocation
* Strategic asset allocation
* Dynamic asset allocation
* Sector rotation
* Correlation & covariance
* Covariance matrix
* Correlation matrix
* Risk-free interest rate
* Leverage
* Utility function
* Intertemporal portfolio choice
* Portfolio insurance
* Constant proportion portfolio insurance
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* Quantitative investment / Quantitative fund (see below)
* Uncompensated risk

### Modern portfolio theory

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* Portfolio optimization
* Risk return ratio
* Risk–return spectrum
* Economic efficiency
* Efficient-market hypothesis
* Random walk hypothesis
* Utility maximization problem
* Markowitz model
* Merton's portfolio problem
* Kelly criterion
* Roy's safety-first criterion
* Theory and results (derivation of the CAPM)
* Equilibrium price
* Market price
* Systematic risk
* Risk factor
* Idiosyncratic risk / Specific risk
* Mean-variance analysis (Two-moment decision model)
* Efficient frontier (Mean variance efficiency)
* Feasible set
* Mutual fund separation theorem
* Separation property
* Tangent portfolio
* Market portfolio
* Beta
* Fama–MacBeth regression
* Hamada's equation
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* Capital allocation line
* Capital market line
* Security characteristic line
* Capital asset pricing model
* Single-index model
* Security market line
* Roll's critique
* Related measures
* Alpha
* Sharpe ratio
* Treynor ratio
* Jensen's alpha
* Optimization models
* Markowitz model
* Treynor–Black model

* Equilibrium pricing models (CAPM and extensions)
* Capital asset pricing model (CAPM)
* Consumption-based capital asset pricing model (CCAPM)
* Intertemporal CAPM (ICAPM)
* Single-index model
* Multiple factor models (see Risk factor)
* Fama–French three-factor model
* Carhart four-factor model
* Arbitrage pricing theory (APT)

### Post-modern portfolio theory

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* Approaches
* Behavioral portfolio theory
* Stochastic portfolio theory
* Chance-constrained portfolio selection
* Maslowian portfolio theory
* Dedicated portfolio theory (fixed income specific)
* Risk parity
* Tail risk parity
* Optimization considerations
* Pareto efficiency
* Bayesian efficiency
* Multiple-criteria decision analysis
* Multi-objective optimization
* Stochastic dominance
* Second-order Stochastic dominance
* Marginal conditional stochastic dominance
* Downside risk
* Volatility skewness
* Semivariance
* Expected shortfall (ES; also called conditional value at risk (CVaR), average value at risk (AVaR), expected tail loss (ETL))
* Tail value at risk
* Statistical dispersion
* Discounted maximum loss
* Indifference price
* Measures
* Dual-beta
* Downside beta
* Upside beta
* Upside potential ratio
* Upside risk
* Downside risk
* Sortino ratio
* Omega ratio
* Bias ratio
* Information ratio
* Active return
* Active risk
* Deviation risk measure
* Distortion risk measure
* Spectral risk measure
* Optimization models
* Black–Litterman model
* Universal portfolio algorithm
* Resampled efficient frontier

### Performance measurement

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* Alpha
* Beta
* Performance attribution
* Market timing
* Stock selection
* Fixed-income attribution
* Benchmark
* Lipper average
* Returns-based style analysis
* Rate of return on a portfolio
* Holding period return
* Tracking error
* Attribution analysis
* Style drift
* Returns-based style analysis
* Simple Dietz method
* Modified Dietz method
* Modigliani risk-adjusted performance
* Upside potential ratio
* Maximum Downside Exposure
* Maximum drawdown
* Sterling ratio
* Sharpe ratio
* Treynor ratio
* Jensen's alpha
* Bias ratio
* V2 ratio
* Calmar ratio (hedge fund specific)

### Mathematical techniques

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* Quadratic programming
* Critical line method
* Nonlinear programming
* Mixed integer programming
* Stochastic programming (§ Multistage portfolio optimization)
* Copula (probability theory) (§ Quantitative finance)
* Principal component analysis (§ Quantitative finance)
* Deterministic global optimization
* Extended Mathematical Programming (§ EMP for stochastic programming)
* Genetic algorithm (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".)
* Artificial intelligence:
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* Machine learning (§ Applications)
* Artificial neural network (§ Finance)

## Quantitative investing

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* Quantitative investing
* Quantitative fund
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* Trading:
* Automated trading
* High-frequency trading
* Algorithmic trading
* Program trading
* Systematic trading
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* Trading strategy
* Mirror trading
* Copy trading
* Social trading
* VWAP
* TWAP
* Electronic trading platform
* Statistical arbitrage
* Portfolio optimization:
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* Black–Litterman model
* Universal portfolio algorithm
* Markowitz model
* Treynor–Black model
* other models
* Factor investing
* low-volatility investing
* value investing
* momentum investing
* Alpha generation platform
* Kelly criterion
* Roy's safety-first criterion
* Online portfolio selection
* Risks:
* Best execution
* Implementation shortfall
* Trading curb
* Market impact
* Market depth
* Slippage
* Transaction costs
* Discussion:
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* 2010 flash crash
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* Leading companies (see Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".):
* Prediction Company
* Renaissance Technologies
* D. E. Shaw & Co
* AQR Capital
* Barclays Investment Bank
* Cantab Capital Partners
* Robeco
* Jane Street Capital

## Financial software tools

* Financial software
* Financial management systems
* Financial data vendor
* Accounting software
* Straight-through processing
* Banking software
* Treasury management system
* Strategic planning software
* Technical Analysis Software
* Algorithmic trading
* Electronic trading platform

## Financial modeling applications

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### Corporate Finance

* Business valuation / stock valuation – especially via discounted cash flow, but including other valuation approaches
* Scenario planning and management decision making ("what is"; "what if"; "what has to be done"[1])
* Capital budgeting, including cost of capital (i.e. WACC) calculations
* Financial statement analysis / ratio analysis (including of operating- and finance leases, and R&D)
* Revenue related: forecasting, analysis
* Project finance modeling
* Cash flow forecasting
* Credit decisioning: Credit analysis, Consumer credit risk; impairment- and provision-modeling
* Working capital- and treasury management; asset and liability management
* Management accounting: Activity-based costing, Profitability analysis, Cost analysis, Whole-life cost

### Quantitative finance

* Option pricing and calculation of their "Greeks"
* Other derivatives, especially interest rate derivatives, credit derivatives and exotic derivatives
* Modeling the term structure of interest rates (bootstrapping / multi-curves, short-rate models, HJM framework) and credit spreads
* Credit valuation adjustment, CVA, as well as the various XVA
* Credit risk, counterparty credit risk, and regulatory capital: EAD, PD, LGD, PFE
* Structured product design and manufacture
* Portfolio optimization[2] and Quantitative investing more generally; see further re optimization methods employed.
* Financial risk modeling: value at risk (parametric- and / or historical, CVaR, EVT), stress testing, "sensitivities" analysis

## Financial institutions

Financial institutions

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* List of banks - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* List of banks in the Arab World - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* List of banks in Africa - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* List of banks in the Americas - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* List of banks in Asia - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* List of banks in Europe - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* List of banks in Oceania - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* List of international banking institutions - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* Advising bank - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* Central bank - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* List of central banks - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* Commercial bank - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* Community development bank - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* Cooperative bank - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* Custodian bank - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
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* Investment bank - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* Islamic banking - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* Merchant bank - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* Microcredit - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* Mutual savings bank - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* Offshore bank - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* Private bank - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* Savings bank - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* Swiss bank - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* Bank holding company - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* Building society - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* Broker - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* Broker-dealer - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
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* Commodity broker - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
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* Prime brokerage - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* Retail brokerage - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
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* Clearing house - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
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* Credit union - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* Diversified financial - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* Export Credit Agencies - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
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* Futures exchange - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
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* Government sponsored enterprise - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
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* Independent financial adviser - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* Industrial loan company - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
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* Investment trust - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
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* Stock exchange - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
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* Trust company - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

## Education

* For the typical finance career path and corresponding education requirements see:
* Financial analyst generally, and esp. § Qualification, discussing various investment, banking, and corporate roles (i.e. financial management, corporate finance, investment banking, securities analysis & valuation, portfolio & investment management, credit analysis, working capital & treasury management; see Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".)
* Quantitative analyst, Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". and Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24"., specifically re roles in quantitative finance (i.e. derivative pricing & hedging, interest rate modeling, financial risk management, financial engineering, computational finance; also, the mathematically intensive variant on the banking roles; see Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".)
* Business education lists undergraduate degrees in business, commerce, accounting and economics; "finance" may be taken as a major in most of these, whereas "quantitative finance" is almost invariably postgraduate, following a math-focused Bachelors; the most common degrees for (entry level) investment, banking, and corporate roles are:
* Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA)
* Bachelor of Commerce (BCom)
* Bachelor of Accountancy (B.Acc)
* Bachelor of Economics (B.Econ)
* Bachelor of Finance – the undergraduate version of the MSF below
* The tagged BS / BA "in Finance", or less common, "in Investment Management" or "in Personal Finance"
* At the postgraduate level, the MBA, MCom and MSM (and recently the Master of Applied Economics) similarly offer training in finance generally; at this level there are also the following specifically focused master's degrees, with MSF the broadest – see Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". for their focus and inter-relation:
* Master of Applied Finance (M.App.Fin)
* Master of Commerce in Finance (MCom)
* Master of Computational Finance
* Master's in Corporate Finance
* Master of Finance (M.Fin, MIF)
* Master's in Financial Analysis
* Master of Financial Economics
* Master of Financial Engineering (MFE)
* Master of Financial Planning
* Master's in Financial Management
* Master of Financial Mathematics
* Master's in Financial Risk Management
* Master's in Investment Management
* Master of Mathematical Finance
* Master of Quantitative Finance (MQF)
* Master of Science in Finance (MSF, MSc Finance)
* MS in Fintech
* Doctoral-training in finance is usually a requirement for academia, but not relevant to industry
* quants often enter the profession with PhDs in disciplines such as physics, mathematics, engineering, and computer science, and learn finance "on the job”
* as an academic field, finance theory is studied and developed within the disciplines of management, (financial) economics, accountancy, and applied / financial mathematics.
* For specialized roles, there are various Professional Certifications in financial services (see #Designations and accreditation above); the best recognized are arguably:
* Association of Corporate Treasurers (MCT / FCT)
* Certificate in Quantitative Finance (CQF)
* Certified Financial Planner (CFP)
* Certified International Investment Analyst (CIIA)
* Certified Treasury Professional (CTP)
* Chartered Alternative Investment Analyst (CAIA)
* Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA)
* Chartered Wealth Manager (CWM)
* CISI Diploma in Capital Markets (MCSI)
* Financial Risk Manager (FRM)
* Professional Risk Manager (PRM)
* Various organizations offer executive education, CPD, or other focused training programs, including:
* Amsterdam Institute of Finance
* Canadian Securities Institute
* Chartered Institute for Securities & Investment
* GARP
* Global Risk Institute
* ICMA Centre
* The London Institute of Banking & Finance
* New York Institute of Finance
* PRMIA
* South African Institute of Financial Markets
* Swiss Finance Institute
* See also qualifications in related fields:
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* Actuarial credentialing and exams
* Business education
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* Economics education
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## See also

* Capitalism
* Financial law

## Related lists

* Index of accounting articles
* Outline of business management
* Outline of marketing
* Outline of economics
* Outline of production
* Index of international trade articles
* Outline of commercial law
* List of business theorists
* Outline of actuarial science

## References

1. ↑ Joel G. Siegel; Jae K. Shim; Stephen Hartman (1 November 1997). Schaum's quick guide to business formulas: 201 decision-making tools for business, finance, and accounting students. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 978-0-07-058031-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=4JpojQPk8YsC. Retrieved 12 November 2011. §39 "Corporate Planning Models". See also, §294 "Simulation Model".
2. ↑ See for example: Low, R.K.Y.; Faff, R.; Aas, K. (2016). "Enhancing mean–variance portfolio selection by modeling distributional asymmetries". Journal of Economics and Business 85: 49–72. doi:10.1016/j.jeconbus.2016.01.003. https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:377912/UQ377912_OA.pdf. ; Low, R.K.Y.; Alcock, J.; Faff, R.; Brailsford, T. (2013). "Canonical vine copulas in the context of modern portfolio management: Are they worth it?". Journal of Banking & Finance 37 (8): 3085–3099. doi:10.1016/j.jbankfin.2013.02.036. https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:297895/EC15UQ297895.pdf.

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## External links

* Prof. Aswath Damodaran – financial theory, with a focus in Corporate Finance, Valuation and Investments. Updated Data, Excel Spreadsheets.
* Web Sites for Discerning Finance Students (Prof. John M. Wachowicz) -Links to finance web sites, grouped by topic
* studyfinance.com – introductory finance web site at the University of Arizona
* SECLaw.com – law of the financial markets

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