Philosophy, politics and economics

Short description: Interdisciplinary academic degree

This page is about the higher education programme. For the journal, see Politics, Philosophy & Economics.

Philosophy, politics and economics, or politics, philosophy and economics (PPE), is an interdisciplinary undergraduate or postgraduate degree which combines study from three disciplines. The first institution to offer degrees in PPE was the University of Oxford in the 1920s. This particular course has produced a significant number of notable graduates such as Aung San Suu Kyi, Burmese politician and former State Counsellor of Myanmar, Nobel Peace Prize winner; Princess Haya bint Hussein, daughter of the late King Hussein of Jordan; Christopher Hitchens, the British–American author and journalist;[1][2] Will Self, British author and journalist;[3][4] Oscar-winning writer and director Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck; Michael Dummett, Gareth Evans, Philippa Foot, Christopher Peacocke, Gilbert Ryle, and Peter Strawson, philosophers; Harold Wilson, Edward Heath, David Cameron, Liz Truss and Rishi Sunak,[5] Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom; Hugh Gaitskell, Michael Foot, William Hague and Ed Miliband, former Leaders of the Opposition; former Prime Ministers of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto and Imran Khan; and Malcolm Fraser, Bob Hawke and Tony Abbott, former Prime Ministers of Australia;[6][7] and Malala Yousafzai, Nobel Peace Prize winner.[8][9]

In the 1980s, the University of York went on to establish its own PPE degree based upon the Oxford model; King's College London, the University of Warwick, the University of Manchester, and other British universities later followed. According to the BBC, the Oxford PPE "dominate[s] public life" in the UK.[10] It is now offered at several other leading colleges and universities around the world. More recently Warwick University and King's College added a new degree under the name of PPL (Politics, Philosophy and Law) with the aim to bring an alternative to the more classical PPE degrees.

In the United States, it is offered by over 50 colleges and universities, including three Ivy League schools and a large number of public universities, including The University of Akron[11].[12][failed verification] Harvard University began offering a similar degree in Social Studies in 1960, combining history, political science, economics, sociology, and anthropology.[13] In 2020, in addition to its undergraduate degree programs in PPE, Virginia Tech joined the Chapman University's Smith Institute as among the first research centers in the world dedicated to interdisciplinary research in PPE.[14][15] Several PPE programs exist in Canada, including the Frank McKenna School of Philosophy, Politics and Economics at Mount Allison University.[16] In Asia, Peking University, Tsinghua University, Waseda University, NUS, Tel-Aviv University and Ashoka University are among those that have PPE or similar programs.[17][18][19][20][21]

In recent years, notably in civil law countries, Politics, Philosophy, Law and Economics (PPLE) has been on the rise as a broader version of PPE.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Course material
* 3 Academic opinions
* 4 List of offering universities
* 4.1 United Kingdom
* 4.1.1 England
* 4.1.2 Scotland
* 4.1.3 Wales
* 4.1.4 Northern Ireland
* 4.2 Canada
* 4.3 United States
* 4.4 South Africa
* 4.5 Nigeria
* 4.6 Australia
* 4.7 New Zealand
* 4.8 Iceland
* 4.9 Sweden
* 4.10 Italy
* 4.11 Spain
* 4.12 Portugal
* 4.13 Turkey
* 4.14 Austria
* 4.15 Belgium
* 4.16 France
* 4.17 Germany
* 4.18 Ireland
* 4.19 Netherlands
* 4.20 Switzerland
* 4.21 Czech Republic
* 4.22 Hungary
* 4.23 Romania
* 4.24 Russia
* 4.25 Ukraine
* 4.26 China
* 4.26.1 Mainland China
* 4.26.2 Hong Kong
* 4.27 South Korea
* 4.28 Japan
* 4.29 Singapore
* 4.30 Thailand
* 4.31 India
* 4.32 Pakistan
* 4.33 Bangladesh
* 4.34 Armenia
* 4.35 Israel
* 4.36 Argentina
* 4.37 Venezuela
* 4.38 Ecuador
* 4.39 Chile
* 4.40 Peru
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 Further reading
* 8 External links

## History

Philosophy, politics and economics was established as a degree course at the University of Oxford in the 1920s,[22] as a modern alternative to classics (known as "literae humaniores" or "greats" at Oxford) for those entering the civil service. It was thus initially known as "modern greats".[10][23] The first PPE students commenced their course in the autumn of 1921.[7] The regulation by which it was established is Statt. Tit. VI. Sect. 1 C; "the subject of the Honour School of Philosophy, Politics, and Economics shall be the study of the structure, and the philosophical and economic principles, of Modern Society."[24] Initially it was compulsory to study all three subjects for all three years of the course, but in 1970 this requirement was relaxed, and since then students have been able to drop one subject after the first year – most do this, but a minority continue with all three.[7]

The philosopher Roy Bhaskar, who studied PPE at Oxford in the 1960s, subsequently described the course content at that time as follows:

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During the 1960s some students started to critique the course from a left-wing perspective, culminating in the publication of a pamphlet, The Poverty of PPE, in 1968, written by Trevor Pateman, who argued that it "gives no training in scholarship, only refining to a high degree of perfection the ability to write short dilettantish essays on the basis of very little knowledge: ideal training for the social engineer". The pamphlet advocated incorporating the study of sociology, anthropology and art, and to take on the aim of "assist(ing) the radicalisation and mobilisation of political opinion outside the university". According to Andy Beckett, in response, some minor changes were made, with influential leftist writers such as Frantz Fanon and Régis Debray being added to politics reading lists, but the core of the programme remained the same.[7][25] However, Bhaskar, another leader of the movement to reform PPE, argued that within a couple of years of the publication of the critique, "...the structure of PPE had been transformed. You could now do sociology, you could do Hegel, you could do Marx, continental philosophy, and these were permanent effects at the Oxford undergraduate level".[26]

Christopher Stray has pointed to the course as one reason for the gradual decline of the study of classics, as classicists in political life began to be edged out by those who had studied the modern greats.[27]

Political theorists Dario Castiglione and Iain Hampsher-Monk have described the course as being fundamental to the development of political thought in the UK since it established a connection between politics and philosophy. Previously at Oxford, and for some time subsequently at Cambridge, politics had been taught only as a branch of modern history.[28]

## Course material

The programme is rooted in the view that to understand social phenomena one must approach them from several complementary disciplinary directions and analytical frameworks. In this regard, the study of philosophy is considered important because it both equips students with meta-tools such as the ability to reason rigorously and logically, and facilitates ethical reflection. The study of politics is considered necessary because it acquaints students with the institutions that govern society and help solve collective action problems. Finally, studying economics is seen as vital in the modern world because political decisions often concern economic matters, and government decisions are often influenced by economic events. The vast majority of students at Oxford drop one of the three subjects for the second and third years of their course. Oxford now has more than 600 undergraduates studying the subject, admitting over 200 each year.[29]

## Academic opinions

Oxford PPE graduate Nick Cohen and former tutor Iain McLean consider the course's breadth important to its appeal, especially "because British society values generalists over specialists". Academic and Labour peer Maurice Glasman noted that "PPE combines the status of an elite university degree – PPE is the ultimate form of being good at school – with the stamp of a vocational course. It is perfect training for cabinet membership, and it gives you a view of life". However, he also noted that it had an orientation towards consensus politics and technocracy.[7] According to Bhaskar, the course "was designed to turn you into a top-class civil servant, able to turn your hand to any brief or service the empire in a variety of roles".[26]

Geoffrey Evans, an Oxford fellow in politics and a senior tutor, critiques that the Oxford course's success and consequent over-demand is a self-perpetuating feature of those in front of and behind the scenes in national administration, in stating "all in all, it's how the class system works". In the current economic system, he bemoans the unavoidable inequalities besetting admissions and thereby enviable recruitment prospects of successful graduates. The argument itself intended as a paternalistic ethical reflection on how governments and peoples can perpetuate social stratification.[10]

Stewart Wood, a former adviser to Ed Miliband who studied PPE at Oxford in the 1980s and taught politics there in the 1990s and 2000s, acknowledged that the programme has been slow to catch up with contemporary political developments, saying that "it does still feel like a course for people who are going to run the Raj in 1936... In the politics part of PPE, you can go three years without discussing a single contemporary public policy issue". He also stated that the structure of the course gave it a centrist bias, due to the range of material covered: "...most students think, mistakenly, that the only way to do it justice is to take a centre position".[7]

## List of offering universities

### United Kingdom

#### England

* Birkbeck, University of London[30]
* Durham University[31]
* Goldsmiths, University of London[32]
* Keele University
* King's College London[33]
* Kingston University[34]
* Lancaster University[35]
* London School of Economics[36]
* The Open University[37]
* Royal Holloway, University of London[38]
* SOAS University of London[39]
* University College London[40]
* University of Buckingham[41]
* New College of the Humanities at Northeastern[42]
* University of East Anglia[43]
* University of Essex[44]
* University of Exeter[45]
* University of Hull[46]
* University of Leeds[47]
* University of Liverpool[48]
* University of Loughborough[49]
* University of Manchester[50]
* University of Nottingham
* University of Oxford[51]
* University of Reading
* University of Sheffield
* University of Southampton[52]
* University of Sussex[53]
* University of Warwick[54]
* University of Winchester[55]
* University of York[56]

#### Scotland

* University of Aberdeen[57]
* University of Edinburgh
* University of the Highlands and Islands
* University of Stirling[58]

#### Wales

* Swansea University[59]

#### Northern Ireland

* Queen's University Belfast[60]

### Canada

* Mount Allison University (within the Frank McKenna School of Philosophy, Politics, & Economics)[61]
* Queen's University[62]
* The King's University[63]
* University of British Columbia (Okanagan Campus)[64]
* University of Regina[65]
* University of Western Ontario[66][67]
* Wilfrid Laurier University[68]

### United States

* Arizona State University (certificate)[69]
* Austin College[70]
* Belmont Abbey College[71]
* Binghamton University[72] (under the designation of "PPL" – replacing economics with law)
* Bowie State University[73]
* Bowling Green State University[74] (under the designation of "PPEL" – with law)
* Boyce College[75]
* Bridgewater State University (minor)[76]
* Calvin University[77]
* Carnegie Mellon University[78] (under the designation "Ethics, History, and Public Policy", abbreviated "EHPP")
* Carroll University[79]
* Claremont McKenna College[80]
* Cornell University[81] (offers academic year abroad at Oxford University to study PPE)
* Criswell College[82]
* Dallas Baptist University[83]
* Dartmouth College[84] (under the modified major of "Politics, Philosophy, and the Economy")
* Denison University[85]
* Drexel University[86]
* Duke University[87] (certificate)
* Eastern Oregon University[88][89]
* Elon University (minor)[90]
* Emory & Henry College[91]
* Florida State University (minor)[92]
* George Mason University[93]
* Georgia State University[citation needed]
* Indiana University of Pennsylvania[94]
* Juniata College[95]
* The King's College[96]
* La Salle University[97]
* Liberty University (online)[98]
* Mercer University[99]
* Minnesota State University, Mankato[100]
* Mount St. Mary's University[101]
* Murphy Institute[102] (Tulane University, under the designation "Political Economy")
* Northeastern University[103]
* Northwest Nazarene University[104]
* Ohio Northern University[105]
* Ohio State University[106]
* Ottawa University[107]
* Palm Beach Atlantic University[108]
* Pomona College[109]
* Rhodes College[110]
* Rutgers University–New Brunswick (certificate)
* Seattle Pacific University[111]
* Siena Heights University (certificate)[112]
* Spring Hill College[113]
* St. John's University (master's degree)[114]
* State University of New York at Oswego[115]
* Suffolk University[116]
* Swarthmore College[117]
* Taylor University[118]
* Texas Tech University (as a concentration of an Honor Sciences and the Humanities degree)[119]
* Transylvania University[120]
* University of Akron[121]
* University of Alabama at Birmingham[122] (as a concentration of an Economics degree)[123]
* University of Arizona[124] (under the designation "PPEL" – with law)
* University at Buffalo[125]
* University of California, Berkeley[126] (minor, under the designation "PPL" – replacing economics with law)
* University of California, Irvine[127]
* The University of Idaho (minor)[128]
* University of Iowa[129] (under the designation "Ethics & Public Policy")
* The University of Louisville (minor)[130]
* University of Maryland
* University of Michigan[131] (honors program)
* University of Minnesota Morris (as a concentration of a Philosophy degree)[132]
* University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (minor)[133]
* University of Notre Dame[134] (minor)
* University of Pennsylvania[135]
* University of Pittsburgh[136]
* University of Richmond[137] (under the designation "PPEL" – with law)[138]
* University of Rochester[139]
* University of San Diego (minor)[140]
* University of Sioux Falls (as "Philosophy, Economics, and Political Theory")[141]
* University of Southern California[142]
* University of Virginia[143] (under the designation "PPL" – replacing economics with law)
* University of Washington Bothell[144] (under the designation "Law, Economics & Public Policy", abbreviated "LEPP")
* University of Washington Tacoma[145]
* University of Wisconsin[146] Political Economy, Politics and Philosophy (certificate program)
* Utah State University (certificate)[147]
* Villanova University (honors program and honors minor)[148]
* Virginia Tech[149] (offers both a major and a minor in PPE)
* Wabash College[150]
* Wesleyan University[151] (under the designation "College of Social Studies")
* Western Washington University[152]
* Wheaton College (certificate)[153]
* Wheeling University[154] (under the designation "political and economic philosophy")
* Xavier University (under the designation "Philosophy, Politics, and the Public", abbreviated "PPP")[155]
* Yale University (under the designation "ethics, politics and economics", abbreviated "EP&E")[156]

### South Africa

* Stellenbosch University[157]
* University of Cape Town[158]
* University of KwaZulu-Natal[159]
* University of South Africa[160]
* University of Johannesburg[161]
* University of Witwatersrand[162]
* University of Pretoria[163]

### Nigeria

* Obafemi Awolowo University[164]
* Afe Babalola University[165]

### Australia

* Australian National University[166]
* Deakin University[167]
* La Trobe University[168]
* University of Adelaide[169]
* University of New South Wales[170]
* University of Sydney[171]
* University of Queensland[172]
* University of Technology, Sydney[173]
* University of Western Australia[174]
* University of Wollongong
* Murdoch University[175] (appears as a unit in Philosophy (BA) or Ethics minor)
* Monash University[176]

### New Zealand

* University of Canterbury[177]
* University of Otago[178]
* Victoria University of Wellington[179]

### Iceland

* Bifröst University, Iceland[180]

### Sweden

* Lund University, Sweden[181]
* Stockholm University, Sweden
* Södertörn University, Sweden[182]

### Italy

* Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Italy (under the designation of "Philosophy, International Studies and Economics" abbreviated "PISE", more recently "Philosophy, International and Economic Studies")
* Free University of Bolzano, Italy
* Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali Guido Carli, Rome (Italy)[183]
* University of Milan, Italy (BA International Politics, Law, and Economics, MA Politics, Philosophy, and Public Affairs )[184][185]
* University of Bari, Italy (University Master Programme, 'Philosophy, Politics and Economics in Med')[186]

### Spain

* Charles III University of Madrid,[187] Autonomous University of Madrid, Autonomous University of Barcelona and Pompeu Fabra University[188] (alliance of four universities), Spain
* Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain[189]
* Comillas Pontifical University, Madrid[190] (joint degree), Spain
* Francisco de Vitoria University, Spain[191]
* University of Navarra, Spain[192]
* University of Deusto, Basque Country, Spain[193]
* IE University, Madrid, Spain[194] (offered together with Law)

### Portugal

* ISCTE – University Institute of Lisbon (Politics, Economy and Society)
* Catholic University of Lisbon – Human Sciences university[195]

### Turkey

* Ankara University, Turkey(Politics and Economics, still abbreviated as PPE)[196]

### Austria

* Central European University, Vienna, Austria
* University of Vienna, Austria (MA Philosophy and Economics, P&E)
* University of Salzburg, Austria
* University of Graz, Austria (under the designation of MA "political, economic and legal philosophy" abbreviated "PELP")[197]

### Belgium

* UCLouvain, Belgium[198]

### France

* American University of Paris, France [199]
* Sciences Po, France
* European School of Political and Social Sciences, France

### Germany

* Witten/Herdecke University (bachelor and master, since 2010 as first university offering PPE in Germany), Germany[200]
* Karlshochschule International University, Germany, offers both a BA in Politics, Philosophy & Economics "PPE" as well as a MA in "Social Transformation: PPE".
* Bard College Berlin, Germany (under the designation of BA "Economics, Politics and Social Thought" abbreviated "EPST")[201]
* Frankfurt School of Finance & Management, Germany (under the designation of B.Sc. "Management, Philosophy & Economics" abbreviated "MPE")[202]
* University of Bayreuth, Germany (Philosophy and Economics, P&E)[203]
* University of Hamburg, Germany (under the designation of M.Sc. "politics, economics and philosophy" abbreviated "PEP")[204]
* Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany (Bachelor since 2018/ Master starting in 2023) [205]
* Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany (non-consecutive master's degree in PPE)[206]

### Ireland

* National University of Ireland, Maynooth[207]
* UCD, National University of Ireland
* Trinity College, The University of Dublin

### Netherlands

* Utrecht University(Honours College)[208]
* Leiden University, Netherlands[209]
* University of Amsterdam, Netherlands under the designation: PPLE, Politics, Psychology, Law and Economics[210]
* VU Amsterdam, Netherlands, Bachelor's Philosophy, Politics and Economics[211] at the John Stuart Mill College[212]
* Erasmus University College, Netherlands, under the designation, Bachelor of Liberal Arts and Science – Major in Philosophy, Politics and Economics (PPE) – and a Research Master in Philosophy and Economics.[213]
* University of Groningen, Netherlands, Master's Philosophy, Politics and Economics [214]

### Switzerland

* University of Zurich, Switzerland (under the designation of MA "economic and political philosophy")[215]
* University of Bern, Switzerland (under the designation of MA "political, legal and economic philosophy" abbreviated "PLEP")[216]
* University of Lucerne, Switzerland[217]

### Czech Republic

* CEVRO Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
* Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic, BA & MA programs[218]

### Hungary

* Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
* University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary

### Romania

* University of Bucharest, Romania (Master's degree in Philosophy, Politics and Economics)

### Russia

* National Research University – Higher School of Economics, (Masters in Politics, Economics, Philosophy), Moscow, Russia

### Ukraine

* Ukrainian Catholic University, Lviv, Ukraine (under the designation "Ethics. Politics. Economics", abbreviated "EPE")

### China

#### Mainland China

* Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
* Peking University,[219] Beijing, China
* Renmin University of China,[220] Beijing, China
* Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
* Fudan University, Shanghai, China
* Nankai University, Tianjin, China
* Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
* Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China
* Shandong University, Jinan, China
* Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China

#### Hong Kong

* Hang Seng University of Hong Kong

### South Korea

* Seoul National University, South Korea
* Korea University, South Korea
* Kyungpook National University, South Korea[221]
* Sungkyunkwan University, South Korea[222]
* Sogang University, South Korea
* Hanyang University[223] (under the designation "PPEL" – with law), South Korea
* Yonsei University, South Korea

### Japan

* Keio University, Japan[224]
* University of Kyoto, Japan[225]
* University of Tokyo, Japan[226]
* Waseda University, Japan[227]

### Singapore

* Yale-NUS, Singapore[228]
* National University of Singapore, Singapore[229]
* Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

### Thailand

* Rangsit University, Thailand
* Thammasat University, Thailand

### India

* Lucknow University, Lucknow, India
* O.P. Jindal Global University, India[230]
* Amity University, Noida, India[231]
* Bangalore University, Bangalore, India
* Birla Institute of Technology and Science, India
* Azim Premji University, Bangalore, India
* Ashoka University, India

### Pakistan

* Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan

### Bangladesh

* Asian University for Women, Bangladesh

### Armenia

* American University of Armenia, (Minor in Philosophy, Politics, & Economics, abbreviated as PPE), Yerevan, Armenia

### Israel

* Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
* Tel Aviv University (under the designation "PPEL" – with law), Israel
* Open University of Israel, Israel

### Argentina

* Universidad Torcuato Di Tella (under the designation "Ciencia Sociales, Orientación en Política y Economía"), Argentina

### Venezuela

* Universidad Metropolitana (under the designation "Estudios Liberales"), Venezuela

### Ecuador

* Universidad de las Americas (under the designation "Filosofia, Politica, y Economia"), Ecuador

### Chile

* Universidad del Desarrollo (under the Master Program "Filosofia, Politica, y Economia PPE"), Chile

### Peru

* Universidad del Pacífico (under the designation "Política, Filosofía y Economia"), Peru

## See also

* Literae Humaniores
* Philosophy and economics
* List of University of Oxford people with PPE degrees

## References

1. ↑ 'Hitchens, Christopher Eric', Who's Who; 2012, A & C Black, 2012; online edn, Oxford University Press, December 2012; online edn, January 2012 accessed 5 December 2014
2. ↑ "Christopher Hitchens – On C-SPAN discussing his book 'For the Sake of Argument'[1993"]. C-SPAN. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bsvq4PYdt40&t=23m55s.
3. ↑ Self, Will (31 July 2022). "PPE has produced a Pernicious Political Ethics – and me". The Times. https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/will-self-ppe-oxford-pernicious-political-elite-comment-gcdcq2chr.
4. ↑ Self, Will (1 November 2009). "My other life: Will Self". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/nov/01/my-other-life-will-self.
5. ↑ Roy, Amit (25 October 2022). "Murthy son-in-law gets Hague's seat". The Telegraph. https://www.telegraphindia.com/world/murthy-son-in-law-gets-hagues-seat/cid/1586703.
6. ↑ Kenny, Mark (25 November 2013). "Tony Abbott's Oxford transcript released". Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/tony-abbotts-oxford-transcript-released-20131125-2y6a1.html.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Beckett, Andy (23 February 2017). "PPE: the Oxford degree that runs Britain". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/education/2017/feb/23/ppe-oxford-university-degree-that-rules-britain.
8. ↑ "A level results: Malala Yousafzai gets a place at Oxford". BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-40959543.
9. ↑ "Malala Yousafzai gets into Oxford to study PPE after collecting A Level results". Daily Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/2017/08/17/malala-yousafzai-gets-oxford-study-ppe/.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Kelly, Jon (2010-08-31). "Why does PPE rule Britain?". BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-11136511.
11. ↑ "Social Sciences, Divisional PPE Track, BA < University of Akron". https://bulletin.uakron.edu/undergraduate/colleges-programs/arts-sciences/interdisciplinary-programs/social-science-divisional-ppe-track-ba/.
12. ↑ "Major/Minor" (in en). 2014-03-07. https://govt.dartmouth.edu/undergraduate/majorminor.
13. ↑ "About Us" (in en). https://socialstudies.fas.harvard.edu/about-us.
14. ↑ "Virginia Tech Announces Center for PPE". 7 October 2020. https://ppesociety.org/2020/10/07/virginia-tech-announces-center-for-ppe/.
15. ↑ "New center for philosophy, politics, and economics named for Virginia Tech alumnus" (in en). https://www.vtnews.vt.edu/content/vtnews_vt_edu/en/articles/2020/10/kellogg-center-launch.html.
16. ↑ "The Frank McKenna School of Philosophy, Politics, and Economics announced at Mount Allison University | Mount Allison" (in en). http://mta.ca/about/news/frank-mckenna-school-philosophy-politics-and-economics-announced-mount-allison.
17. ↑ "跨学科交叉专业-新雅书院". https://www.xyc.tsinghua.edu.cn/rcpy/kxkjczy.htm.
18. ↑ "Degrees" (in en). https://www.waseda.jp/fpse/pse/en/about/degrees.
19. ↑ "Discover PPE – NUS Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences". https://fass.nus.edu.sg/ppe/discoverppe/.
20. ↑ "הרציונל של התכנית". https://humanities.tau.ac.il/pakam/candidates-info/info.
21. ↑ "Politics, Philosophy and Economics Programme". https://www.ashoka.edu.in/economics/ppe.
22. ↑ [1] "Balliol was the birthplace of the modern degree of PPE in the 1920s. A. D. Lindsay, who subsequently became the master of the college, played a key role in the establishment of the degree and Balliol has long remained a major college for the study of PPE, and PPE has long been a major subject within Balliol."
23. ↑ "History of Philosophy at Oxford – Faculty of Philosophy". Philosophy.ox.ac.uk. 2009-11-19. http://www.philosophy.ox.ac.uk/the_faculty/history_of_philosophy.
24. ↑ University of Oxford (1926) The Examination Statutes. together with the regulations of the boards of studies and boards of faculties for the academical year 1926–1927. Oxford: Clarendon Press; pp. 149=54
25. ↑ Pateman, Trevor (1968). The Poverty of PPE. http://virtualstoa.net/2008/03/03/the-poverty-of-ppe-episode-one/. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `bhaskar`
27. ↑ Christopher Stray, Classics Transformed: Schools, Universities, and Society in England, 1830–1960. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998. Pp. xiv, 336. ISBN 0-19-815013-X.
28. ↑ Dario Castiglione and Iain Hampsher-Monk, The History of Political Thought in National Context. Cambridge University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-521-78234-1
29. ↑ "Why Study PPE at Oxford?". ox.ac.uk. http://www.ppe.ox.ac.uk/index.php/why-study-ppe-at-oxford.
30. ↑ "MSc. Politics, Philosophy and Economics – Birkbeck, University of London". Bbk.ac.uk. 2021-04-21. https://www.bbk.ac.uk/study/2021/postgraduate/programmes/TMSPOPHE_C/.
31. ↑ "Philosophy, Politics and Economics – Durham University". Dur.ac.uk. 2012-12-11. https://www.dur.ac.uk/ppe/.
32. ↑ "BA (Hons) Politics, Philosophy & Economics, Goldsmiths, University of London". gold.ac.uk. http://www.gold.ac.uk/ug/ba-politics-philosophy-economics/.
33. ↑ "King's College London – Upcoming Programmes 2015/16". kcl.ac.uk. http://www.kcl.ac.uk/sspp/departments/politicaleconomy/study/ug/Upcoming-Programmes-201516.aspx.
34. ↑ "Philosophy, Politics, Economics MA". kingston.ac.uk. http://www.kingston.ac.uk/postgraduate-course/philosophy-politics-economics-ma/.
35. ↑ "Philosophy, Politics and Economics BA Hons". Lancaster University. http://www.lancs.ac.uk/study/undergraduate/courses/philosophy-politics-and-economics-ba-hons-l0v0/.
36. ↑ "BSc Philosophy, Politics and Economics (Four Year Programme)". lse.ac.uk. http://www.lse.ac.uk/study/undergraduate/degreeProgrammes2015/philosophyLogicAndScientificMethod/L0V0_BSc_PPE.aspx.
37. ↑ Q45 – BA (Honours) Politics, Philosophy and Economics – Open University Degree. .open.ac.uk (2012-10-16). Retrieved on 2013-08-12.
38. ↑ "BA/BSc Politics, Philosophy and Economics (PPE)". Rhul.ac.uk. http://www.rhul.ac.uk/politicsandir/prospectivestudents/undergraduate/babscpolitics,philosophyandeconomics(ppe).aspx.
39. ↑ "Philosophy, Politics and Economics BSc at SOAS University of London". soas.ac.uk. September 2022. https://www.soas.ac.uk/study/find-course/bsc-politics-philosophy-and-economics/.
40. ↑ "Philosophy, Politics and Economics BSc". ucl.ac.uk. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/spp/teaching/undergraduate/ppe.
41. ↑ "BA in Philosophy, Politics and Economics PPE". https://www.buckingham.ac.uk/humanities/ba/ppe-3year.
42. ↑ "Philosophy, Politics & Economics BA (Hons) (Politics major)". https://www.nchlondon.ac.uk/degrees/undergraduate/ppe/philosophy-politics-economics-ba-ppe-with-a-politics-major/.
43. ↑ "Course: Philosophy, Politics and Economics (U1L0V0301)". Uea.ac.uk. http://www.uea.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.115499.1242810648!L0V0 Course Guide (2009-0).pdf.
44. ↑ "University of Essex :: Course Finder :: BA Philosophy, Politics and Economics". Essex.ac.uk. 2010-05-14. http://www.essex.ac.uk/coursefinder/CourseDetails.aspx?course=BA++L0V0.
45. ↑ "BA Politics, Philosophy and Economics". exeter.ac.uk. http://www.exeter.ac.uk/undergraduate/degrees/politics/ppe/.
46. ↑ "BA (Hons) Politics, Philosophy and Economics (PPE)". University of Hull. http://www2.hull.ac.uk/FASS/politics_homepage/undergraduate_study/programmes/politics,_philosophy_and_econo.aspx.
47. ↑ "Politics, Philosophy and Economics (3 Years) [BA"]. leeds.ac.uk. http://www.leeds.ac.uk/arts/coursefinder/21404/Philosophy,_Politics_and_Economics?from=20042&categoryID=/.
48. ↑ "Politics, Philosophy and Economics (3 Years) [BA"]. liverpool.ac.uk. https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/study/undergraduate/courses/philosophy-politics-economics-ba/overview/.
49. ↑ "Politics, Philosophy and Economics (3 Years) [BA"]. Loughborough.ac.uk. https://www.lboro.ac.uk/study/undergraduate/courses/a-z/politics-philosophy-and-economics/.
50. ↑ "Politics, Philosophy and Economics (3 Years) [BA"]. Manchester.ac.uk. http://www.socialsciences.manchester.ac.uk/undergraduate-courses/course-profile/?code=00154.
51. ↑ "Philosophy, Politics and Economics – University of Oxford". Ox.ac.uk. http://www.ox.ac.uk/admissions/undergraduate_courses/courses/philosophy_politics_and_economics/philosophy_politic_4.html.
52. ↑ "University of Southampton – BA Philosophy, Politics and Economics with Year Abroad (4 years)". https://www.southampton.ac.uk/humanities/undergraduate/courses/philosophy/v5l2-ba-philosophy-politics-and-economics-with-year-abroad.page.
53. ↑ "Sussex PPE". sussex.ac.uk. http://www.sussex.ac.uk/study/ug/2013/1668/28757#tabs-2.
54. ↑ "Philosophy, Politics and Economics (Full-Time)". www2.warwick.ac.uk. http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/study/undergraduate/courses/lv00/.
55. ↑ Winchester, University of. "BA (Hons) Philosophy, Politics and Economics – University of Winchester". http://www.winchester.ac.uk/Studyhere/Pages/ba-hons-philosophy-politics-and-economics.aspx.
56. ↑ "The PEP School at York". York.ac.uk. http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/pep/.
57. ↑ "Philosophy, Politics and Economics, MA". abdn.ac.uk. https://www.abdn.ac.uk/study/undergraduate/degree-programmes/1101/VL51/philosophy-politics-and-economics/.
58. ↑ "Study Politics, Philosophy and Economics: PPE BA Degree at University- Undergraduate Courses – Politics, Philosophy and Economics: PPE – University of Stirling". stir.ac.uk. http://www.stir.ac.uk/undergraduate-study/course-information/courses-a-to-z/school-of-arts-and-humanities/politics,-philosophy-and-economics-ppe/.
59. ↑ [2]
60. ↑ "Queen's University Belfast | BA Politics, Philosophy and Economics (PPE)". Qub.ac.uk. 2010-03-03. http://www.qub.ac.uk/schools/SchoolofPoliticsInternationalStudiesandPhilosophy/ProspectiveStudents/UndergraduateDegrees/BAPoliticsPhilosophyandEconomicsPPE/.
61. ↑ "Mount Allison University – Philosophy, Politics, and Economics". www.mta.ca. https://mta.ca/current-students/frank-mckenna-school-philosophy-politics-and-economics.
62. ↑ "PHILOSOPHY, POLITICS & ECONOMICS SPECIALIZATION – Faculty of Arts & Science". queensu.ca. http://www.queensu.ca/artsci/programs-and-degrees/interdisciplinary/philosophy-politics-and-economics-specialization.
63. ↑ "Politics – History – Economics". https://www.kingsu.ca/programs/bachelor/politics-history-economics.
64. ↑ "Philosophy, Politics, and Economics (PPE) – Bachelor of Arts Programs – Faculty of Arts and Sciences – Faculties, Schools, and Colleges – Okanagan Calendar 2010/11 – UBC Student Services". Okanagan.students.ubc.ca. http://okanagan.students.ubc.ca/calendar/index.cfm?tree=18,282,857,1255.
65. ↑ "Philosophy, Politics and Economics Program (PPE) – Faculty of Arts – University of Regina". www.uregina.ca. https://www.uregina.ca/arts/economics/programs/undergrad/ppe.html.
66. ↑ "HONORS SPECIALIZATION IN POLITICS, PHILOSOPHY AND ECONOMICS – POLITICS AND PHILOSOPHY (PPE-P)". Westerncalendar.uwo.ca. http://www.westerncalendar.uwo.ca/Modules.cfm?ModuleID=21022.
67. ↑ "HONORS SPECIALIZATION IN POLITICS, PHILOSOPHY AND ECONOMICS – ECONOMICS (PPE-E)". Westerncalendar.uwo.ca. http://www.westerncalendar.uwo.ca/Modules.cfm?ModuleID=21003.
68. ↑ "Wilfrid Laurier University – Student Recruitment Office – Academic Programs – Faculty of Arts – Politics, Philosophy and Economics (PPE)". Wlu.ca. http://www.wlu.ca/page.php?grp_id=65&p=1372.
69. ↑ "Philosophy, Politics and Economics – Certificate | Degree Details | ASU Degree Search". https://degrees.apps.asu.edu/minors/major/ASU00/LAPHPECERT/philosophy-politics-and-economics?init=false&nopassive=true.
70. ↑ "Philosophy, Politics, and Economics – Austin College". 25 June 2018. https://www.austincollege.edu/academics/majors-and-minors/philosophy-politics-and-economics/.
71. ↑ "B.A. In Philosophy, Politics & Economics – Undergraduate". https://belmontabbeycollege.edu/academics/majors-degrees/philosophy-politics-economics/.
72. ↑ "Binghamton University :: Philosophy, Politics, and Law :: at Binghamton University". www.binghamton.edu. https://www.binghamton.edu/philosophy-politics-and-law/index.html.
73. ↑ "Program: Philosophy, Politics, and Economics, BA/BS – Bowie State University – Acalog ACMS™". https://catalog.bowiestate.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=17&poid=1678.
74. ↑ "Bowling Green State University :: Philosophy, Politics, Economics, and Law :: The Program". bgsu.edu. https://www.bgsu.edu/arts-and-sciences/philosophy-politics-economics-and-law.html.
75. ↑ "Bachelor of Science in Philosophy, Politics, & Economics—Boyce College". boycecollege.com. https://boycecollege.com/academics/programs-of-study/bachelor-science-philosophy-politics-economics/.
76. ↑ "Program: Philosophy, Politics and Economics Minor – Bridgewater State University – Acalog ACMS™". https://catalog.bridgew.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=17&poid=6395&returnto=2071.
77. ↑ "POLITICS, PHILOSOPHY, AND ECONOMICS MAJOR – Calvin University". calvin.edu. https://calvin.edu/academics/departments-programs/politics/academics/politics-philosophy-and-economics-major.
78. ↑ "Welcome to EHPP – Ethics, History, & Public Policy – Carnegie Mellon University". cmu.edu. http://www.cmu.edu/hss/ehpp/welcome.html.
79. ↑ "Carroll University :: Philosophy, Politics and Economics :: The Program". Carrollu.edu. http://www.carrollu.edu/programs/philpoleco/default.asp.
80. ↑ "Ppe At Cmc". Claremontmckenna.edu. http://www.claremontmckenna.edu/ppe/.
81. ↑ "University of Oxford | Find Your Opportunity". https://experience.cornell.edu/opportunities/university-oxford.
82. ↑ "Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics—Criswell College". criswell.edu. http://www.criswell.edu/academics/undergraduate-degrees/bachelor-of-arts-in-philosophy-politics-economics/.
83. ↑ "Politics, Philosophy, and Economics Major (BA/BS) | Undergraduate Programs | Dallas Baptist University". https://www.dbu.edu/undergraduate-programs/ba-bs-politics-philosophy-economics/.
84. ↑ "Major/Minor". 7 March 2014. https://govt.dartmouth.edu/undergraduate/majorminor.
85. ↑ "About Philosophy, Politics and Economics – Denison University". Denison.edu. 2008-06-09. http://www.denison.edu/academics/departments/about_ppe.html.
86. ↑ "CoAS to Offer New Interdisciplinary Major in Philosophy, Politics & Economics". drexel.edu. 2019-04-29. https://drexel.edu/coas/news-events/news/2019/April/new-interdisciplinary-major-in-philosophy-politics-economics/.
87. ↑ "Political Science: PPE Certificate". Polisci.duke.edu. http://polisci.duke.edu/undergraduate/ppe-certificate.
88. ↑ "EOU's General Catalog". Eou.edu. http://www.eou.edu/catalog/catalog_02/philpolecon.html.
89. ↑ "Eastern Oregon University". Eou.edu. http://www.eou.edu/~jjohnson/ppehomejeff.htm.
90. ↑ "Philosophy, Politics, and Economics". https://www.elon.edu/u/academics/arts-and-sciences/ppe/.
91. ↑ "Welcome to one of the best small, private liberal arts colleges :: Emory & Henry College". ehc.edu. http://www.ehc.edu/.
92. ↑ "Philosophy, Politics, and Economics". https://cosspp.fsu.edu/philosophy-politics-and-economics/.
93. ↑ "Philosophy, Politics, and Economics". gmu.edu. http://ppe.gmu.edu/.
94. ↑ "Program: Philosophy/Philosophy, Politics, and Economics (PPE), BA – Indiana University of Pennsylvania – Acalog ACMS™". https://catalog.iup.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=6&poid=2676&returnto=843.
95. ↑ "Juniata College Catalog". Juniata.edu. http://www.juniata.edu/services/catalog/section.html?courses+ppe.
96. ↑ "The King's College – Politics, Philosophy and Economics". http://www.tkc.edu/academics/ppe.
97. ↑ "Political Science, Philosophy, and Economics – La Salle University | Philadelphia, Pa.". www.lasalle.edu. https://www.lasalle.edu/political-science-philosophy-economics/.
98. ↑ "BS in Philosophy, Politics, & Economics | Liberty University". 13 October 2023. https://www.liberty.edu/online/arts-and-sciences/bachelors/philosophy-politics-and-economics/.
99. ↑ "College of Liberal Arts: Philosophy, Politics and Economics". Mercer University. http://cla.mercer.edu/majors-minors/ppe/.
100. ↑ "Department of Philosophy – Minnesota State University, Mankato". Mnsu.edu. 2006-10-11. http://www.mnsu.edu/philosophy/ppe.html.
101. ↑ "Philosophy, Politics, and Economics (PPE)". msmary.edu. 2018-01-19. http://msmary.edu/College_of_liberal_arts/Undergraduate-Programs/philosophy-politics-economics/index.html.
102. ↑ "Undergraduate Program in Political Economy | The Murphy Institute". https://murphy.tulane.edu/undergraduate.
103. ↑ "Politics, Philosophy, and Economics". Northeastern University College of Social Sciences and Humanities. http://www.northeastern.edu/cssh/ppe/.
104. ↑ "Politics, Philosophy and Economics". https://nnu.edu/degrees/undergraduate/bachelor-of-arts/politics-philosophy-and-economics.
105. ↑ "Philosophy, Politics and Economics". 21 May 2019. https://www.onu.edu/academics/philosophy-politics-and-economics.
106. ↑ "Philosophy, Politics and Economics – The Ohio State University". http://undergrad.osu.edu/majors-and-academics/majors/detail/342.
107. ↑ "| Undergraduate Degree Program | Ottawa University". https://www.ottawa.edu/academics/degree-programs/undergraduate/ppe.
108. ↑ "Philosophy, Politics & Economics, B.A. | Palm Beach Atlantic University". https://www.pba.edu/academics/programs/philosophy-politics-economics.html.
109. ↑ "Philosophy, Politics and Economics Program | Pomona College in Claremont, California – Pomona College". 22 May 2015. Archived from the original on 27 August 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090827085557/http://ppe.pomona.edu/curriculum/.
110. ↑ "Philosophy, Politics and Economics | Rhodes College". https://www.rhodes.edu/academics/majors-minors/philosophy-politics-economics.
111. ↑ "Politics, Philosophy, & Economics Major | Seattle Pacific University". https://spu.edu/academics/school-of-business-and-economics/undergraduate-programs/majors/PPE.
112. ↑ "Program: Philosophy, Politics and Economics Certificate – Siena Heights University – Acalog ACMS™". https://catalog.sienaheights.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=9&poid=2134&returnto=556.
113. ↑ "Philosophy, Politics & Economics Bachelor Degree | Spring Hill College". https://www.shc.edu/academics/by-subject/humanities-degrees/bs-in-philosophy-politics-and-economics/.
114. ↑ "Philosophy, Politics, and Economics, Master of Arts". https://www.stjohns.edu/academics/programs/philosophy-politics-and-economics-master-arts.
115. ↑ "Philosophy, Politics, and Economics BA | SUNY Oswego Academic Programs". https://www.oswego.edu/programs/undergraduate/philosophy-politics-and-economics-ba.
116. ↑ "Politics, Philosophy & Economics Major – Suffolk University". https://www.suffolk.edu/cas/degrees-programs/interdisciplinary-programs/undergraduate/politics-philosophy-economics-major.
117. ↑ "Philosophy, Philosophy & Economics (PPE) Special Major – Swarthmore College". 21 June 2021. https://www.swarthmore.edu/philosophy/ppe-special-major.
118. ↑ "PPE Degree – Taylor University". taylor.edu. https://www.taylor.edu/majors/political-science-philosophy-economics.
119. ↑ "Undergraduate Majors Recommended Course Sequence | Majors & Colleges | TTU". https://www.ttu.edu/majors-and-colleges/undergraduate-majors/.
120. ↑ "Transylvania University – Program Overview". Transy.edu. http://www.transy.edu/academics/programs/philosophy-politics-economics.
121. ↑ "Philosophy, Political Science, Economy Curriculum". Academic Advising Center, University of Akron. http://www.uakron.edu/advising/docs/3904.pdf.
122. ↑ "The PPE Concentration". Dept. of Philosophy, University of Alabama at Birmingham. http://www.uab.edu/philosophy/philosophy-and-political-economy.
123. ↑ "https://www.uab.edu/business/home/undergraduate/economics-major"
124. ↑ "Philosophy, Politics, Economics, and Law". U.arizona.edu. http://www.u.arizona.edu/~ggaus/index.html.
125. ↑ "Philosophy, Politics and Economics". buffalo.edu. https://arts-sciences.buffalo.edu/philosophy-politics-economics.
126. ↑ "Politics, Philosophy, and Law". berkeley.edu. https://guide.berkeley.edu/undergraduate/degree-programs/politics-philosophy-law/.
127. ↑ "Philosophy, Politics and Economics (4+1 M.A.)". uci.edu. https://www.ppe.socsci.uci.edu.
128. ↑ "Philosophy, Politics and Economics Minor < University of Idaho". https://catalog.uidaho.edu/colleges-related-units/letters-arts-social-sciences/politics-philosophy/philosophy-politics-and-economics-minor/.
129. ↑ "Ethics & Public Policy: Path to Your Future | Ethics & Public Policy". uiowa.edu. http://clas.uiowa.edu/ethics.
130. ↑ "Philosophy, Politics, and Economics (Minor) < University of Louisville". https://catalog.louisville.edu/undergraduate/minors/ppe-minor/.
131. ↑ "College of Literature, Science, and the Arts: Students :: PPE Concentration". lsa.umich.edu. http://www.lsa.umich.edu/bulletin/chapter6/ppe/conc.
132. ↑ "UMN Morris Catalog". https://umm.catalog.prod.coursedog.com/programs/065220227.
133. ↑ Philosophy, Politics & Economics. Ppe.unc.edu. Retrieved on 2013-08-12.
134. ↑ "Department of Philosophy // University of Notre Dame". Philosophy.nd.edu. http://philosophy.nd.edu/undergraduate-program/minor/#politics.
135. ↑ "PPE at The University of Pennsylvania". Sas.upenn.edu. http://www.sas.upenn.edu/ppe/index.html.
136. ↑ "Politics and Philosophy Major". honorscollege.pitt.edu. http://www.honorscollege.pitt.edu/courses/politics-philos.html.
137. ↑ "Philosophy, Politics, Economics, and Law – University of Richmond School of Arts & Sciences". richmond.edu. 4 March 2015. http://ppel.richmond.edu.
138. ↑ "https://ppel.richmond.edu/"
139. ↑ "Major in Politics, Philosophy, and Economics (BA)". rochester.edu. 12 November 2021. http://www.sas.rochester.edu/psc/undergraduate/major-ppe.html.
140. ↑ "Philosophy, Politics and Economics Curriculum – College of Arts and Sciences – University of San Diego". https://www.sandiego.edu/cas/philosophy-politics-economics/curriculum/.
141. ↑ "Philosophy, Economics and Political Theory". https://www.usiouxfalls.edu/academics/philosophy-economics-and-political-theory.
142. ↑ "Philosophy, Politics, and Economics (BA)". 7 September 2022. https://catalogue.usc.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=14&poid=17669&returnto=5303.
143. ↑ "Political Philosophy, Policy, and Law – University of Virginia". virginia.edu. http://ppl.virginia.edu/.
144. ↑ "Law, Economics & Public Policy (LEPP) – UW Bothell". uwb.edu. https://www.uwb.edu/laweconpubpolicy#page=page-1.
145. ↑ [3]
146. ↑ "Political Economy, Philosophy, and Politics, Certificate < University of Wisconsin-Madison". https://guide.wisc.edu/undergraduate/letters-science/political-science/political-economy-philosophy-politics-certificate/#text/.
147. ↑ "Philosophy, Politics, and Economics – CP". https://www.usu.edu/degrees-majors/philosophy-politics-and-economics_cp.
148. ↑ "Philosophy, Politics and Economics | Villanova University". https://www1.villanova.edu/university/academic-enterprise/honors/prospective/learning-cohorts/ppe.html.
149. ↑ "Kellogg Center for Philosophy, Politics, and Economics". Kellogg Center. https://ppe.liberalarts.vt.edu/.
150. ↑ "Wabash College: Philosophy, Politics, and Economics Crawfordsville, Indiana". wabash.edu. https://www.wabash.edu/academics/ppe.
151. ↑ "Wesleyan University – College of Social Studies". Wesleyan.edu. http://www.wesleyan.edu/css/about.html.
152. ↑ "Politics/Philosophy/Economics, BA". Wwu.edu. http://www.wwu.edu/majors/politicsphilosophyeconomics-ba.
153. ↑ "Politics, Philosophy, and Economics Certificate < Wheaton College, IL". https://catalog.wheaton.edu/undergraduate/arts-sciences/politics-international-relations/politics-philosophy-economics-certificate/.
154. ↑ "Political & Economic Philosophy Major – Wheeling Jesuit University". Wju.edu. http://wju.edu/academics/bus/iscm/pepmajor.asp.
155. ↑ "Philosophy, Politics, and the Public; Xavier University". xavier.edu. http://www.xavier.edu/philosophy-politics-and-the-public/.
156. ↑ "Program in Ethics, Politics and Economics | Yale University". Yale.edu. http://www.yale.edu/epe/.
157. ↑ "Error". sun.ac.za. http://sun025.sun.ac.za/portal/page/portal/Maties/English/Undergraduate Prospectus/Arts/Specialised Programmes/BA_PPE.
158. ↑ "Philosophy, Politics & Economics (PPE) Programme". School of Economics, University of Cape Town. http://www.commerce.uct.ac.za/Economics/Programmes/undergraduate_programmes/ppe.asp.
159. ↑ "University of KwaZulu-Natal – Faculties – Humanities, Development and Social Sciences". Ukzn.ac.za. http://www.ukzn.ac.za/faculty/hdss.asp.
160. ↑ Qualification stream: Philosophy, Politics and Economics, unisa.ac.za. Accessed 2014-06-19.
161. ↑ "uj.ac.za. Accessed 2015-09-12.". http://www.uj.ac.za/EN/Faculties/humanities/departments/politicsandinternationalrelations/programmes/Undergraduate/Pages/home.aspx,.
162. ↑ "Accessed 2015-11-10". http://www.wits.ac.za/academic/humanities/socialsciences/philosophy/8640/ppe_degree.html.
163. ↑ "Higher Education – University of Pretoria". http://www.up.ac.za/.
164. ↑ "Department of Political Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife". Oauife.edu.ng. http://www.oauife.edu.ng/faculties/soc_sciences/pol_sci/index.htm.
165. ↑ abuad.edu.ng. "Department of Political Science, Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti". abuad.edu.ng. http://www.abuad.edu.ng/College/soc_sciences/pol_sci/index.htm.
166. ↑ "ANU – STUDY 2012 – Bachelor of Philosophy, Politics and Economics". ANU. http://studyat.anu.edu.au/programs/3133XBPPE;overview.html.
167. ↑ "Bachelor of Politics, Philosophy and Economics". Deakin University. https://www.deakin.edu.au/course/bachelor-politics-philosophy-and-economics.
168. ↑ "Bachelor of Politics, Philosophy and Economics – La Trobe University". La Trobe University. 2010-05-06. http://www.latrobe.edu.au/handbook/2013/undergraduate/fbel/courses/lppe.htm.
169. ↑ "Bachelor of Philosophy, Politics and Economics". https://www.adelaide.edu.au/degree-finder/2018/bppe_bphilpolec.html.
170. ↑ "Bachelor of Philosophy, Politics and Economics". https://www.arts.unsw.edu.au/future-students/undergraduate/degrees/politics-philosophy-and-economics/.
171. ↑ "Bachelor of Philosophy, Politics and Economics". https://www.sydney.edu.au/courses/courses/uc/bachelor-of-politics-philosophy-and-economics.html.
172. ↑ "Bachelor of Politics, Philosophy and Economics (Honours) – Future Students – University of Queensland". https://future-students.uq.edu.au/study/program/Bachelor-of-Politics-Philosophy-and-Economics-Honours-2412.
173. ↑ Sydney, University of Technology. "University of Technology, Sydney" (in en). http://handbook.uts.edu.au/subjects/23580.html.
174. ↑ "Philosophy, Politics & Economics". https://study.uwa.edu.au/Courses/Philosophy-Politics--Economics.
175. ↑ "Murdoch University: Handbook | Unit Details | PHL204 Philosophy, Politics, Economics". https://handbook.murdoch.edu.au/units/details?unit=PHL204&year=2019.
176. ↑ "Politics, Philosophy and Economics – A2010". https://www.monash.edu/study/courses/find-a-course/2020/politics,-philosophy-and-economics-a2010.
177. ↑ "Philosophy, Politics and Economics | University of Canterbury". 7 October 2023. https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/study/academic-study/subjects/philosophy-politics-and-economics.
178. ↑ "Philosophy, Politics and Economics programme Home". http://www.otago.ac.nz/ppe.
179. ↑ "Victoria University of Wellington" (in en). https://www.victoria.ac.nz/explore/postgraduate-programmes/master-of-philosophy-politics-and-economics/overview.
180. ↑ "Háskólinn á Bifröst – BA in PPE". Bifrost.is. http://www.bifrost.is/english/academics/faculty-of-social-sciences/ba-in-ppe/.
181. ↑ "Kandidatprogram". lu.se. http://www.fil.lu.se/en/education/kandidatprogram-ppe/.
182. ↑ "Filosofi, politik och ekonomi". https://www.sh.se/program--kurser/program/grund/filosofi-politik-och-ekonomi.
183. ↑ "Il nostro mondo ti piacerà". LUISS Guido Carli. http://www.luiss.it/.
184. ↑ "IPLE". www.unimi.it. 2020-04-21. https://www.unimi.it/it/corsi/corsi-di-laurea/international-politics-law-and-economics-iple.
185. ↑ "PPPA". www.unimi.it. 2020-04-21. https://www.unimi.it/it/corsi/corsi-di-laurea/politics-philosophy-and-public-affairs-pppa.
186. ↑ "Master in Philosophy, Politics and Economics in Med (PPE)". https://www.uniba.it/it/master-universitari/ppe/1.
187. ↑ "Bachelor's Degree in Philosophy, Politics and Economics". Charles III University of Madrid. https://www.uc3m.es/ss/Satellite/Grado/en/Detalle/Estudio_C/1371212503255/1371212987094/Bachelor_s_Degree_in_Philosophy,_Politics_and_Economics.
188. ↑ "Bachelor's degree in Philosophy, Politics and Economics". Pompeu Fabra University. https://www.uc3m.es/ss/Satellite/Grado/en/Detalle/Estudio_C/1371212503255/1371212987094/Bachelor_s_Degree_in_Philosophy,_Politics_and_Economics.
189. ↑ "Bachelor's degree in Philosophy, Politics and Economics". Ramon Llull University. http://www.filosofia.url.edu/estudis/grau-filosofia-política-i-economia/presentació.
190. ↑ "Bachelor's degree in Philosophy, Politics and Economics". Comillas Pontifical University. http://www.comillas.edu/es/grados/grado-en-filosofia-politica-y-economia-online-interuniversitario-comillas-y-deusto.
191. ↑ "Grado Filosofía, Política y Economía. Estudiar Carrera en Madrid. Triple Grado FPE.UFV". https://www.ufv.es/estudiar-grado-filosofia-politica-y-economia-madrid/.
192. ↑ "Grado en Filosofía, Política y Economía". https://www.unav.edu/web/grado-en-filosofia-politica-y-economia.
193. ↑ "BA in Philosophy, Politics and Economics". University of Deusto. https://www.deusto.es/cs/Satellite/deusto/en/undergraduate-new-students/studies-undergraduates/ba-in-philosophy-politics-and-economy-/programa.
194. ↑ "Bachelor in Philosophy, Politics, Law and Economics". IE University. https://www.ie.edu/university/studies/academic-programs/bachelor-philosophy-politics-law-economics-pple/.
195. ↑ "Licenciatura em Filosofia, Política e Economia (PPE)". 9 November 2020. https://fch.lisboa.ucp.pt/pt-pt/licenciaturas/programas/licenciatura-em-filosofia-politica-e-economia-ppe.
196. ↑ "Department of Politics and Economics – Faculty of Political Sciences (Mülkiye), Ankara University". 28 July 2022. http://ppe.ankara.edu.tr/.
197. ↑ "Master Political, Economic and Legal Philosophy (PELP)". Department of Philosophy, University of Graz. http://political-economic-legal-philosophy.uni-graz.at/.
198. ↑ "Bachelier en sciences philosophique, politique et économique – PPE". uclouvain.be. https://uclouvain.be/fr/facultes/espo/bachelor-in-philosophy-politics-economics.html.
199. ↑ "Philosophy, Politics & Economics". 11 November 2016. https://www.aup.edu/academics/undergraduate/majors/philosophy-politics-economics.
200. ↑ Witten/Herdecke, Uni (11 December 2017). "PPÖ – Philosophie, Politik und Ökonomik (B.A.)". http://www.uni-wh.de/wirtschaft/philosophie-politik-und-oekonomik-ba/.
201. ↑ "Economics, Politics and Social Thought (EPST)". Bard College Berlin. https://berlin.bard.edu/academics/economics-politics-and-social-thought/.
202. ↑ "Management, Philosophy & Economics (MPE)". Frankfurt School of Finance & Management. https://www.frankfurt-school.de/en/home/programmes/bachelor/bachelor-science/bsc-managementphilosophyeconomics//.
203. ↑ "Philosophy & Economics – Bachelor and Master programmes". Faculty of Law, Business Administration and Economics, University of Bayreuth. http://translate.google.de/translate?js=n&prev=_t&hl=de&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&sl=de&tl=en&u=http://pe.uni-bayreuth.de/&act=url.
204. ↑ "Master Program Politics, Economics and Philosophy (M.Sc.)". University of Hamburg. http://www.wiso.uni-hamburg.de/fachbereiche/vwl/studium/pep-msc/program-description/.
205. ↑ "Philosophy, Politics and Economics". https://www.ppe.hhu.de/.
206. ↑ "Executive-Masterstudiengang Philosophie, Politik, Wirtschaft". lmu.de. http://www.ppw.philosophie.lmu.de/index.html.
207. ↑ "Philosophy, Politics, and Economics". Philosophy NUIM. http://philosophy.nuim.ie/student-information/undergraduates/ppe.
208. ↑ "Utrecht University". https://www.uu.nl/en/bachelors/philosophy-politics-and-economics.
209. ↑ "MA programme in Philosophy, specialisation Philosophy, Politics and Economics". Leiden University, Faculty of Humanities. http://en.mastersinleiden.nl/programmes/philosophy-politics-and-economics/en/introduction.
210. ↑ Universiteit van Amsterdam. "PPLE (in English)". uva.nl. http://www.uva.nl/en/education/bachelor-s/bachelor-s-programmes/content/politics-psychology-law-and-economics/politics-psychology-law-and-economics.html.
211. ↑ "Bachelor Philosophy, Politics and Economics". https://vu.nl/en/education/bachelor/philosophy-politics-and-economics.
212. ↑ "John Stuart Mill College". https://vu.nl/en/about-vu/faculties/faculty-of-humanities/departments/john-stuart-mill-college.
213. ↑ "Philosophy, Politics and Economics Major". 8 September 2023. https://www.eur.nl/en/euc/education/curriculum/majors#philosophy-politics-economics.
214. ↑ "Philosophy, Politics and Economics". 22 November 2016. https://www.rug.nl/masters/philosophy-politics-and-economics/?lang=en.
215. ↑ "Politische Ökonomie und Philosophie". Faculty of Philosophy, University of Zurich. http://www.ipz.uzh.ch/studium/MA/tracks/ppe.html.
216. ↑ "Master Political, Legal and Economic Philosophy (PLEP)". Faculty of Philosophy, University of Bern. http://www.philosophie.unibe.ch/plep.
217. ↑ "Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy, Politics and Economics". University of Lucerne. http://www.unilu.ch/eng/studiengang-ppe_998334.html.
218. ↑ "MA in IEPS and BA in PPE". Charles University, Faculty of Social Sciences. https://fsv.cuni.cz/en/ieps.
219. ↑ 北京大学元培学院 . Yuanpei.pku.edu.cn (2009-11-10). Retrieved on 2013-08-12.
220. ↑ 中国人民大学PPE. Ppe.ruc.edu.cn Retrieved on 2016-08-18.
221. ↑ [4]. https://philosophy.knu.ac.kr. Retrieved on 2022-05-11.
222. ↑ [5]. https://gld.skku.edu. Retrieved on 2024-09-20.
223. ↑ Hanyang University. Hanyang.ac.kr. Retrieved on 2016-02-01.
224. ↑ "Faculty of Law, Keio University". https://www.law.keio.ac.jp/.
225. ↑ "Faculty of Law, The University of Kyoto". https://law.kyoto-u.ac.jp/about/koza/.
226. ↑ "Graduate Schools for Law and Politics, Faculty of Law, The University of Tokyo". https://www.j.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/.
227. ↑ "School of Political Science and Economics | WASEDA University". Waseda.jp. http://www.waseda.jp/seikei/seikei/english/index-e.html.
228. ↑ [6]
229. ↑ [7]"National University of Singapore". https://www.fas.nus.edu.sg/ppe.
230. ↑ "BA (Hons.) in Philosophy, Politics and Economics – JSGP". https://jgu.edu.in/jsgp/admissions/bahons-in-philosophy-politics-economics.
231. ↑ "AMITY SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS". http://www.amity.edu/asoe.

## Further reading

* Anomaly, Jonathan; Brennan, Geoffrey; Munger, Michael; Sayre-McCord, Geoff (2016). Philosophy, Politics, and Economics: An Anthology. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
* Gaus, Jerry; Thrasher, John (2021). Philosophy, Politics, and Economics: An Introduction. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
* John, K (2023). Foundations of Real-World Economics (3rd ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-84789-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=eResEAAAQBAJ.
* Hayek, F.A. (1967). Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Economics. Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 978-0-7100-2987-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=06y5O2w73UwC&q=Philosophy, Politics, and Economics google books.

## External links

* PPE, Oxford University – Official Website
* 100 years of PPE at Oxford University
* International PPE Conference
* Anomaly, Jonny (29 January 2016). "Why PPE?". American Philosophical Association.
* Beckett, Andy (23 February 2017). "PPE: the Oxford degree that runs Britain". The Guardian.

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