Special economic zone

Short description: Geographical region in which business and trade laws are different from the rest of the country

A special economic zone (SEZ) is an area in which the business and trade laws are different from the rest of the country. SEZs are located within a country's national borders, and their aims include increasing trade balance, employment, increased investment, job creation and effective administration. To encourage businesses to set up in the zone, financial policies are introduced. These policies typically encompass investing, taxation, trading, quotas, customs and labour regulations. Additionally, companies may be offered tax holidays, where upon establishing themselves in a zone, they are granted a period of lower taxation.

The creation of special economic zones by the host country may be motivated by the desire to attract foreign direct investment (FDI).[1][2] The benefits a company gains by being in a special economic zone may mean that it can produce and trade goods at a lower price, aimed at being globally competitive.[1][3] In some countries, the zones have been criticized for being little more than labor camps, with workers denied fundamental labor rights.[4]

## Contents

* 1 Definition
* 2 History
* 3 Types
* 4 Challenges
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 Further reading
* 8 External links

## Definition

The definition of an SEZ is determined individually by each country. According to the World Bank in 2008, the modern-day special economic zone typically includes a "geographically limited area, usually physically secured (fenced-in); single management or administration; eligibility for benefits based upon physical location within the zone; separate customs area (duty-free benefits) and streamlined procedures."[5]

## History

Modern SEZs appeared from the late-1950s in industrial countries. The first was in Shannon Airport in County Clare, Ireland.[6] Some tax-free jurisdictions such as the Cayman Islands offer technology companies a way to keep their IP offshore in a Special Economic Zone (see Cayman Enterprise City).

From the 1970s onward, zones providing labour-intensive manufacturing have been established, starting in Latin America and East Asia. The first in China following the opening of China in 1979 by Deng Xiaoping was the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, which encouraged foreign investment and simultaneously accelerated industrialization in this region.[7](pp50-51) These zones attracted investment from multinational corporations[1] and allowed export-oriented Chinese businesses to respond quickly to demand in foreign markets.[7](p50) China continues to maintain Special Economic Zones and certain open coastal areas. Most of China's SEZs are located in former treaty ports and therefore have symbolic significance in demonstrating a "reversal of fortunes" in China's dealings with foreigners since the century of humiliation.[7](p51) Researcher Zongyuan Zoe Liu writes that "[t]he success of these cities as 'red' treaty ports represented another step in China's overall reform and opening-up plan while legitimizing the leadership of the CPC over the Chinese state and people."[7](p51)

Numerous African countries have set up SEZs in connection with China,[2] including over the period 1990 to 2018 establishing SEZs in Nigeria (two), Zambia, Djibouti, Kenya, Mauritius, Mauritania, Egypt, and Algeria.[8] Generally, the Chinese government takes a hands-off approach, leaving it to Chinese enterprises to work to establish such zones (although it does provide support in the form of grants, loans, and subsidies, including support via the China Africa Development Fund).[8] The Forum on China-Africa Cooperation promotes these SEZs heavily.[8]

## Types

The term special economic zone[9][10] can include:[1][11]

* Free-trade zones (FTZ)
* Export processing zones (EPZ)
* Free economic zones (FZ/ FEZ)
* Industrial parks / estates (IE)
* Free ports
* Bonded logistics parks (BLP)
* Urban enterprise zones

World Bank special economic zone types[5] Type  | Objective  | Size  | Typical Location  | Typical Activities  | Markets

|
|
|
|
|

FTZ  | Support trade  | <50 hectares (120 acres)  | Port of entry  | Entrepôts and trade related  | Domestic, re-export
EPZ (traditional)  | Export manufacturing  | <100 hectares (250 acres)  | None  | Manufacturing, processing  | Mostly export
EPZ (single Unit/free enterprise)  | Export manufacturing  | No minimum  | Countrywide  | Manufacturing, processing  | Mostly export
EPZ (hybrid)  | Export manufacturing  | <100 hectares (250 acres)  | None  | Manufacturing, processing  | Export, domestic
Free port/SEZ  | Integrated development  | >1,000 hectares (2,500 acres)  | None  | Multi-use  | Internal, domestic, export
Urban enterprise zone  | Urban revitalization  | <50 hectares (120 acres)  | Urban/rural  | Multi-use  | Domestic

## Challenges

SEZs do not differ from other facilities in industrializing economies. As with any technique administered used by a globalized economy there are oversights by actors that are not domestic. Transnational criminal organizations and terrorist groups have taken advantage of Special Economic Zones and their lack of regulations.[12]

## See also

* List of special economic zones by country
* Exclusive economic zone
* Urban enterprise zone
* Four Asian Tigers
* Free economic zone
* Open Balkan
* Craiovia Group
* CEFTA

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Special Economic Zones Progress, Emerging Challenges, and Future Directions". Washington DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. 2011. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/2341/638440PUB0Exto00Box0361527B0PUBLIC0.pdf.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Woolfrey, Sean (2013). "Special economic zones and regional integration in Africa". Trade Law Center. http://www.tralac.org/files/2013/07/S13WP102013-Woolfrey-Special-economic-zones-regional-integration-in-Africa-20130710-fin.pdf.
3. ↑ "Goldman Sachs says reforms to create 110 mn jobs for economy in 10 yrs". 29 March 2014. http://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/goldman-sachs-says-reforms-to-create-110-mn-jobs-for-economy-in-10-yrs/story/204721.html.
4. ↑ Watson, Peggy (23 July 2012). "Sackings expose the harsh reality of Poland's junk jobs". The Guardian .
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Zone Definition", Special Economic Zone: Performance, Lessons Learned, and Implication for Zone Development, Washington DC: World Bank, 2008, pp. 9–11, http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/343901468330977533/Special-economic-zone-performance-lessons-learned-and-implication-for-zone-development
6. ↑ "Political priority, economic gamble". The Economist. 4 April 2015
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Liu, Zongyuan Zoe (2023). Sovereign Funds: How the Communist Party of China Finances its Global Ambitions. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. doi:10.2307/jj.2915805. ISBN 9780674271913.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Murphy, Dawn C. (2022). China's rise in the Global South : the Middle East, Africa, and Beijing's alternative world order. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 177. ISBN 978-1-5036-3060-4. OCLC 1249712936. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1249712936.
9. ↑ УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ОСОБЫМИ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИМИ ЗОНАМИ СУБЪЕКТА РФ Масаев С.Н. В сборнике: XIII Всероссийское совещание по проблемам управления ВСПУ-2019 Труды. Под общей редакцией Д.А. Новикова. 2019. С. 1773–1778.
10. ↑ Masaev S. Destruction of the Resident Enterprise in the Special Economic Zone with Sanctions. Publisher: IEEE. 2019
11. ↑ Economic Zones in the ASEAN, United Nations Industrial Development Organization, 2015, p. 26, https://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media_upgrade/Resources/Publications/UCO_Viet_Nam_Study_FINAL.pdf, retrieved 16 September 2016
12. ↑ (in en) ﻿Latin American Special Economic Zones and Their Impacts on Regional Security﻿ (Report). https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA547924.

## Further reading

* Chee Kian Leong, (2007) A Tale of Two Countries: Openness and Growth in China and India, Dynamics, Economic Growth, and International Trade, DEGIT Conference Paper pdf
* Chee Kian Leong, (forthcoming) Special economic zones and growth in China and India: an empirical investigation, International Economics and Economic Policy. link
* Thomas Farole, (2011) Special Economic Zones in Africa: Comparing Performance and Learning from Global Experiences, Washington, DC, World Bank
* Jarosław M. Nazarczuk, Stanisław Umiński, (2019) Foreign Trade in Special Economic Zones in Poland, UWM w Olsztynie, Olsztyn link pdf

## External links

* Шмонов Н.Н. «Историческое исследование проблем развития особых экономических зон»
* Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority BEPZA
* South Kazakhstan "Ontustyk" special economic zone
* Indian Special Economic Zones
* Export Processing Zones Authority Pakistan
* PEZA Philippines website
* India Special Economic zones map
* Open Joint Stock Company "Special Economic Zones" (Russia)
* U.S.S.R. Special Economic Zones [1]
* India: Citizens group demand moratorium on SEZs OneWorld South Asia

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