World economy

Short description: none

For other uses, see World Economy (disambiguation).

This article's factual accuracy is disputed. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. (May 2025) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

|

World GDP per capita between 1500 and 2003

Template:World economy The world economy or global economy is the economy of all humans in the world, referring to the global economic system, which includes all economic activities conducted both within and between nations, including production, consumption, economic management, work in general, financial transactions and trade of goods and services.[1][2] In some contexts, the two terms are distinct: the "international" or "global economy" is measured separately and distinguished from national economies, while the "world economy" is simply an aggregate of the separate countries' measurements. Beyond the minimum standard concerning value in production, use and exchange, the definitions, representations, models and valuations of the world economy vary widely. It is inseparable from the geography and ecology of planet Earth.

It is common to limit questions of the world economy exclusively to human economic activity, and the world economy is typically judged in monetary terms, even in cases in which there is no efficient market to help valuate certain goods or services, or in cases in which a lack of independent research, genuine data or government cooperation makes calculating figures difficult. Typical examples are illegal drugs and other black market goods, which by any standard are a part of the world economy, but for which there is, by definition, no legal market of any kind.

However, even in cases in which there is a clear and efficient market to establish monetary value, economists do not typically use the current or official exchange rate to translate the monetary units of this market into a single unit for the world economy since exchange rates typically do not closely reflect worldwide value – for example, in cases where the volume or price of transactions is closely regulated by the government.

Rather, market valuations in a local currency are typically translated to a single monetary unit using the idea of purchasing power. This is the method used below, which is used for estimating worldwide economic activity in terms of real United States dollars or euros. However, the world economy can be evaluated and expressed in many more ways. It is unclear, for example, how many of the world's 7.8 billion people (as of March 2020[update])[3][4] have most of their economic activity reflected in these valuations.

Until the middle of the 19th century, global output was dominated by China and India. Waves of the Industrial Revolution in Western Europe and Northern America shifted the shares to the Western Hemisphere. As of 2025, the following 21 countries or collectives have reached an economy of at least US$2 trillion by Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in nominal or Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) terms: Brazil, Canada, China, Egypt, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Poland, South Korea, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, the European Union and the African Union.[5][6]

Between 1820 and 2000, global income inequality increased with almost 50%. However, this change occurred mostly before 1950. Afterwards, the level of inequality remained mostly stable. It is important to differentiate between between-country inequality, which was the driving force for this pattern, and within country inequality, which remained largely constant.[7] Global income inequality peaked approximately in the 1970s, when world income was distributed bimodally into "rich" and "poor" countries with little overlap. Since then, inequality has been rapidly decreasing, and this trend seems to be accelerating. Income distribution is now unimodal, with most people living in middle-income countries.[8]

In the 2000s, a study by the World Institute for Development Economics Research at United Nations University found that the richest 1% of adults owned 40% of global assets, and that the richest 10% of adults accounted for 85% of the world total. The bottom half of the world adult population owned barely 1% of global wealth. Oxfam International reported that the richest 1 percent of people owned 48 percent of global wealth As of 2013[update],[9] and would own more than half of global wealth by 2016.[10] In 2014, Oxfam reported that the 85 wealthiest individuals in the world had a combined wealth equal to that of the bottom half of the world's population, or about 3.5 billion people.[11][12][13][14][15]

Despite high levels of government investment, the global economy decreased by 3.4% in 2020 in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic,[16] an improvement from the World Bank's initial prediction of a 5.2 percent decrease.[17] Cities account for 80% of global GDP, thus they faced the brunt of this decline.[18][19] The world economy increased again in 2021 with an estimated 5.5 percent rebound.[20]

## Contents

* 1 Overview
* 1.1 World economy by country groups
* 1.2 World economy by continent
* 1.3 Current world economic league table of largest economies in the world by GDP and share of global economic growth
* 1.4 Twenty largest economies in the world by nominal GDP
* 1.5 Twenty largest economies in the world by GDP (PPP)
* 2 Statistical indicators
* 2.1 Finance
* 2.2 Employment
* 2.3 Industries
* 2.4 Energy
* 2.5 Cross-border
* 2.6 Gift economy
* 2.7 Communications
* 2.8 Transport
* 2.9 Military
* 2.10 Science, research and development
* 2.11 Resources and environment
* 3 Historical development
* 4 Economic studies
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 External links

## Overview

### World economy by country groups

Country group  | List of country groups by GDP (nominal) in 2025 (or at peaked level)  | List of country groups by GDP (PPP) in 2025 (or at peaked level)  | Number of countries  | Major economies

|
|
|
|

Value
(in millions of US$) | Share of Global GDP | Value
(in millions of US$) | Share of Global GDP
Emerging and developing Asia
(Continents: Asia and Oceania) | 27,671,608  | 24.3%  | 73,068,383  | 35.3%  | 30  |  China
India
Indonesia
Thailand
Vietnam
Bangladesh
Philippines
Malaysia
Major advanced economies (G7)
(Continents: Europe, North America and Asia) | 51,137,118  | 44.9%  | 58,810,255  | 28.4%  | 7  |  United States
Japan
Germany
France
United Kingdom
Italy
Canada
Other advanced economies
(advanced economies excluding the G7)
(Continents: Europe, Asia, Oceania and North America) | 15,731,137  | 13.8%  | 22,625,308  | 10.9%  | 34  |  South Korea
Spain
Australia
Taiwan
Netherlands
Singapore
Switzerland
Belgium
Sweden
Ireland
Emerging and developing Europe
(Continents: Europe and Asia) | 5,735,449  | 5.1%  | 16,029,959  | 7.8%  | 15  |  Russia
Turkey
Poland
Romania
Ukraine
Middle East and Central Asia
(Continents: Asia and Africa) | 4,935,906  | 4.3%  | 14,846,285  | 7.2%  | 32  |  Saudi Arabia
Egypt
Iran
Pakistan
United Arab Emirates
Kazakhstan
Algeria
Latin America and the Caribbean
(Continents: South America and North America) | 6,683,858
(peaked at 6,760,531 in 2024) | 5.9%  | 14,818,811  | 7.2%  | 33  |  Brazil
Mexico
Argentina
Colombia
Sub-Saharan Africa
(Continent: Africa) | 1,900,602
(peaked at 2,037,042 in 2022) | 1.7%  | 6,679,220  | 3.2%  | 45  |  Nigeria
South Africa
World | 113,795,678 | 100.0%  | 206,878,221 | 100.0%  | 196  |

### World economy by continent

GDP sector composition (2019 estimate)[21][22]

| Continent | Agricultural | Industrial | Service

|
|
|

World | 7,908.260 | 38,354.363 | 81,575.461
Asia | 5,105.362 | 20,858.549 | 32,939.397
North America | 292.467 | 5,008.594 | 18,426.200
Europe | 838.199 | 8,175.402 | 20,598.902
South America | 539.510 | 2,014.140 | 5,024.223
Africa | 1,076.690 | 1,941.037 | 3,559.579
Oceania | 56.032 | 356.641 | 1,027.160

### Current world economic league table of largest economies in the world by GDP and share of global economic growth

The 30 largest economies by GDP (nominal), GDP (PPP), the highest peak GDP per capita (nominal) and the highest peak GDP per capita (PPP) as of 2025. Members of the G-20 major economies are in bold.

List of the 30 largest economies
by GDP (nominal) at their peak level as of 2025 in million US$[5] | List of the 30 largest economies
by GDP (PPP) at their peak level as of 2025 in million Int$[5] | List of the 30 economies by highest
GDP (nominal) per capita at their peak level as of 2025 in US$[23] | List of the 30 economies by highest
GDP (PPP) per capita at their peak level as of 2025 in Int$[24]
| Rank | Country | Value | Peak year

|
|
|

— | World[25] | 113,795,678 | 2025
1 |  United States | 30,507,217 | 2025
— |  European Union[25] | 19,991,160 | 2025
2 |  China | 19,231,705 | 2025
3 |  Japan[26] | 6,272,363 | 2012
4 |  Germany | 4,744,804 | 2025
5 |  India | 4,187,017 | 2025
6 |  United Kingdom | 3,839,180 | 2025
7 |  France | 3,211,292 | 2025
— | Template:Country data African Union[27] | 3,003,456 | 2022
8 |  Brazil[28] | 2,616,156 | 2011
9 |  Italy | 2,422,855 | 2025
10 |  Russia | 2,295,527 | 2022
11 |  Canada | 2,241,253 | 2024
12 |  South Korea | 1,942,314 | 2021
13 |  Mexico | 1,852,723 | 2024
14 |  Spain | 1,799,511 | 2025
15 |  Australia | 1,796,805 | 2024
16 |  Turkey | 1,437,406 | 2025
17 |  Indonesia | 1,429,743 | 2025
18 |  Netherlands | 1,272,011 | 2025
19 |  Saudi Arabia[29] | 1,239,075 | 2022
20 |  Poland | 979,960 | 2025
21 |  Switzerland | 947,125 | 2025
22 |  Taiwan | 804,889 | 2025
23 |  Belgium | 684,864 | 2025
24 |  Argentina | 683,533 | 2025
25 |  Iran[30] | 644,036 | 2012
26 |  Sweden | 637,187 | 2021
27 |  Ireland | 598,840 | 2025
28 |  Norway | 596,298 | 2022
29 |  Israel | 583,361 | 2025
30 |  Nigeria | 576,004 | 2014
| Rank | Country | Value | Peak year

|
|
|

— | World[25] | 206,878,221 | 2025
1 |  China | 40,716,448 | 2025
2 |  United States | 30,507,217 | 2025
— |  European Union[25] | 29,176,749 | 2025
3 |  India | 17,647,050 | 2025
— | Template:Country data African Union[31] | 10,826,442 | 2025
4 |  Russia | 7,191,718 | 2025
5 |  Japan | 6,741,192 | 2025
6 |  Germany | 6,161,002 | 2025
7 |  Indonesia | 5,009,483 | 2025
8 |  Brazil | 4,958,122 | 2025
9 |  France | 4,503,783 | 2025
10 |  United Kingdom | 4,447,841 | 2025
11 |  Turkey[32] | 3,767,230 | 2023
12 |  Italy | 3,719,110 | 2025
13 |  Mexico | 3,395,916 | 2025
14 |  South Korea | 3,365,052 | 2025
15 |  Spain | 2,811,948 | 2025
16 |  Canada | 2,730,110 | 2025
17 |  Saudi Arabia[33] | 2,514,913 | 2024
18 |  Egypt | 2,371,530 | 2025
19 |  Poland | 2,017,513 | 2025
20 |  Australia | 1,980,022 | 2025
21 |  Taiwan | 1,965,839 | 2025
22 |  Thailand | 1,851,258 | 2025
23 |  Vietnam | 1,786,203 | 2025
24 |  Bangladesh | 1,783,420 | 2025
25 |  Iran | 1,746,269 | 2025
26 |  Pakistan | 1,671,868 | 2025
27 |  Nigeria | 1,584,958 | 2025
28 |  Netherlands | 1,526,239 | 2025
29 |  Argentina | 1,493,423 | 2025
30 |  Philippines | 1,479,381 | 2025
| Rank | Country | Value | Peak year

|
|
|

1 |  Monaco | 256,581 | 2023
2 |  Liechtenstein | 207,974 | 2023
3 |  Luxembourg | 140,941 | 2025
4 |  Bermuda | 138,935 | 2024
5 |  Norway | 109,270 | 2022
6 |  Ireland | 108,919 | 2025
7 |  Qatar | 108,470 | 2012
8 |  Switzerland | 104,896 | 2025
9 |  Cayman Islands | 97,750 | 2023
10 |  Isle of Man | 94,300 | 2021
11 |  Singapore | 92,932 | 2025
12 |  Macau | 90,874 | 2014
13 |  Iceland | 90,284 | 2025
14 |  United States | 89,105 | 2025
15 |  San Marino | 79,110 | 2008
16 |  Denmark | 74,969 | 2025
17 | Template:Country data Channel Islands Channel Islands | 74,589 | 2023
18 | Template:FRO | 71,774 | 2023
19 |  Netherlands | 70,480 | 2025
20 |  Australia | 68,481 | 2012
21 |  Sweden | 61,175 | 2021
22 |  Greenland | 58,499 | 2023
23 |  Austria | 58,192 | 2025
24 |  Brunei | 58,005 | 1980
25 |  Belgium | 57,772 | 2025
26 |  Israel | 57,760 | 2025
27 |  Canada | 56,358 | 2022
28 |  Hong Kong | 56,031 | 2025
29 |  Germany | 55,911 | 2025
30 |  Kuwait | 55,585 | 2008
| Rank | Country | Value | Peak year

|
|
|

1 |  Qatar | 180,939 | 2012
2 |  Singapore | 156,755 | 2025
3 |  Luxembourg | 152,915 | 2025
4 |  Macau | 149,794 | 2013
5 |  Ireland | 136,104 | 2022
6 |  Norway | 123,150 | 2022
7 |  Monaco[34] | 115,700 | 2015
8 |  Bermuda | 108,811 | 2023
9 |  United Arab Emirates | 104,995 | 2006
10 |  Switzerland | 97,581 | 2025
11 |  Brunei | 95,758 | 2025
12 |  Guyana | 94,258 | 2025
13 |  Kuwait | 91,435 | 2007
14 |  United States | 89,105 | 2025
15 |  Denmark | 88,934 | 2025
16 |  Cayman Islands | 86,689 | 2023
17 |  Isle of Man[35] | 84,600 | 2014
18 |  Netherlands | 84,566 | 2025
19 |  Taiwan | 84,082 | 2025
20 |  San Marino | 83,031 | 2025
21 |  Iceland | 81,215 | 2025
22 |  Greenland | 78,841 | 2023
23 | Template:FRO | 78,165 | 2023
24 |  Hong Kong | 77,942 | 2025
25 |  Malta | 76,705 | 2025
26 |  Belgium | 75,846 | 2025
27 |  Andorra | 74,939 | 2024
28 |  Sweden | 74,902 | 2025
29 |  Austria | 74,372 | 2025
30 |  Germany | 72,599 | 2025

### Twenty largest economies in the world by nominal GDP

The following is a list of the twenty largest economies by nominal GDP at peak value as of the specific year, according to the International Monetary Fund.[5]

Rank | 1980 | 1985 | 1990 | 1995 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2020 | 2025 | 2030
1 |  United States |  United States |  United States |  United States |  United States |  United States |  United States |  United States |  United States |  United States |  United States
2 |  Japan |  Soviet Union |  Japan |  Japan |  Japan |  Japan |  China |  China |  China |  China |  China
3 |  Soviet Union |  Japan |  Soviet Union |  Germany |  Germany |  Germany |  Japan |  Japan |  Japan |  Japan |  India
4 |  West Germany |  West Germany |  West Germany |  France |  United Kingdom |  United Kingdom |  Germany |  Germany |  Germany |  Germany |  Japan
5 |  France |  France |  France |  United Kingdom |  France |  China |  United Kingdom |  United Kingdom |  United Kingdom |  India |  Germany
6 |  United Kingdom |  United Kingdom |  United Kingdom |  Italy |  Italy |  France |  France |  France |  France |  United Kingdom |  United Kingdom
7 |  Italy |  Italy |  Italy |  Brazil |  China |  Italy |  Italy |  Brazil |  India |  France |  France
8 |  China |  Canada |  Canada |  China |  Brazil |  Canada |  Brazil |  Italy |  Brazil |  Brazil |  Canada
9 |  Canada |  China |  Iran |  Spain |  Canada |  Spain |  Russia |  Russia |  Italy |  Italy |  Italy
10 |  Mexico |  Mexico |  Spain |  Canada |  Mexico |  South Korea |  India |  India |  Russia |  Russia |  Brazil
Rank | 1980 | 1985 | 1990 | 1995 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2020 | 2025 | 2030
11 |  Argentina |  Argentina |  China |  South Korea |  Spain |  Mexico |  Spain |  Canada |  Canada |  Canada |  Russia
12 |  Spain |  India |  Brazil |  Iran |  South Korea |  Brazil |  Canada |  Spain |  South Korea |  South Korea |  Spain
13 |  Netherlands |  Spain |  Australia |  Russia |  Iran |  India |  Australia |  Australia |  Spain |  Mexico |  Australia
14 |  India |  Brazil |  Netherlands |  Mexico |  Russia |  Russia |  South Korea |  South Korea |  Australia |  Spain |  Mexico
15 |  Saudi Arabia |  Australia |  India |  Netherlands |  India |  Australia |  Mexico |  Mexico |  Mexico |  Australia |  South Korea
16 |  Australia |  Netherlands |  Mexico |  Australia |  Netherlands |  Netherlands |  Netherlands |  Turkey |  Indonesia |  Turkey |  Indonesia
17 |  Brazil |  Saudi Arabia |  South Korea |  India |  Australia |  Iran |  Turkey |  Netherlands |  Turkey |  Indonesia |  Turkey
18 |  Sweden |  Iran |  Switzerland |  Switzerland |  Switzerland |  Turkey |  Indonesia |  Indonesia |  Netherlands |  Netherlands |  Netherlands
19 |  Belgium |  Nigeria |  Sweden |  Argentina |  Argentina |  Switzerland |  Switzerland |  Saudi Arabia |  Saudi Arabia |  Saudi Arabia |  Saudi Arabia
20 |  Switzerland |  Sweden |  Argentina |  Belgium |  Taiwan |  Sweden |  Iran |  Switzerland |  Switzerland |  Poland |  Poland

### Twenty largest economies in the world by GDP (PPP)

List of twenty largest economies by GDP based on purchasing power parity at peak value as of the specific year according to the International Monetary Fund and the CIA World Factbook.[5][36]

Rank | 1980 | 1985 | 1990 | 1995 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2020 | 2025 | 2030
1 |  United States |  United States |  United States |  United States |  United States |  United States |  United States |  United States |  China |  China |  China
2 |  Soviet Union |  Soviet Union |  Soviet Union |  Japan |  China |  China |  China |  China |  United States |  United States |  United States
3 |  Japan |  Japan |  Japan |  China |  Japan |  Japan |  India |  India |  India |  India |  India
4 |  West Germany |  West Germany |  West Germany |  Germany |  Germany |  India |  Japan |  Japan |  Japan |  Russia |  Russia
5 |  Italy |  Italy |  Italy |  Russia |  India |  Germany |  Germany |  Germany |  Germany |  Japan |  Japan
6 |  France |  France |  France |  India |  Italy |  Russia |  Russia |  Russia |  Russia |  Germany |  Germany
7 |  United Kingdom |  United Kingdom |  China |  Italy |  France |  France |  Brazil |  Brazil |  France |  Indonesia |  Indonesia
8 |  Brazil |  Brazil |  United Kingdom |  France |  United Kingdom |  Italy |  France |  United Kingdom |  Brazil |  Brazil |  Brazil
9 |  Mexico |  Mexico |  India |  Brazil |  Russia |  United Kingdom |  United Kingdom |  France |  United Kingdom |  France |  United Kingdom
10 |  India |  India |  Brazil |  United Kingdom |  Brazil |  Brazil |  Italy |  Indonesia |  Indonesia |  United Kingdom |  France
Rank | 1980 | 1985 | 1990 | 1995 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2020 | 2025 | 2030
11 |  Spain |  China |  Mexico |  Mexico |  Mexico |  Mexico |  Indonesia |  Italy |  Italy |  Turkey |  Turkey
12 |  Saudi Arabia |  Spain |  Spain |  Indonesia |  Indonesia |  Indonesia |  Mexico |  Mexico |  Mexico |  Italy |  Italy
13 |  Canada |  Canada |  Canada |  Spain |  Spain |  Spain |  South Korea |  Turkey |  South Korea |  Mexico |  Mexico
14 |  China |  Saudi Arabia |  Indonesia |  Saudi Arabia |  Canada |  South Korea |  Spain |  South Korea |  Turkey |  South Korea |  South Korea
15 |  Argentina |  Indonesia |  Turkey |  Canada |  South Korea |  Canada |  Saudi Arabia |  Saudi Arabia |  Spain |  Spain |  Spain
16 |  Poland |  Iran |  Saudi Arabia |  South Korea |  Saudi Arabia |  Saudi Arabia |  Iran |  Spain |  Canada |  Canada |  Egypt
17 |  Netherlands |  Turkey |  Iran |  Turkey |  Turkey |  Iran |  Canada |  Canada |  Saudi Arabia |  Saudi Arabia |  Canada
18 |  Iran |  Argentina |  South Korea |  Iran |  Iran |  Turkey |  Turkey |  Iran |  Egypt |  Egypt |  Saudi Arabia
19 |  Indonesia |  Netherlands |  Netherlands |  Ukraine |  Netherlands |  Australia |  Australia |  Thailand |  Iran |  Poland |  Bangladesh
20 |  Turkey |  Australia |  Australia |  Thailand |  Australia |  Thailand |  Thailand |  Australia |  Thailand |  Australia |  Poland

## Statistical indicators

| The factual accuracy of parts of this finance (those related to section) may be compromised due to out-of-date information. Please update this finance to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2020)

|

### Finance

Countries or territories by GDP (PPP) per capita in 2021.

>$60,000

$50,000 – $60,000

$40,000 – $50,000

$30,000 – $40,000

$20,000 – $30,000

$10,000 – $20,000

$5,000 – $10,000

$2,500 – $5,000

$1,000 – $2,500

<$1,000

No data

|
|

Countries by total wealth (trillions USD), Credit Suisse

* GDP (GWP) (gross world product): (purchasing power parity exchange rates) – $110.06 trillion (2024 estimate)[37], $105.69 trillion (2023) . The GWP is the combined gross national income of all the countries in the world. When calculating the GWP, add GDP of all countries. Also, GWP shows that imports and exports are equal. Because imports and exports balance exactly when considering the whole world,[38] this also equals the total global gross domestic product (GDP).
* GDP (GWP) (gross world product):[39] (market exchange rates) – $60.69 trillion (2008). The market exchange rates increased from 1990 to 2008. The reason for this increase is the world's advancement in terms of technology.
* GDP[40] (real growth rate): The following part shows the GDP growth rate and the expected value after one year.
* Developed Economies. A developed country, industrialized country, more developed country (MDC), or more economically developed country (MEDC), is a sovereign state that has a developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations. Most commonly, the criteria for evaluating the degree of economic development are gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), the per capita income, level of industrialization, amount of widespread infrastructure and general standard of living. Which criteria are to be used and which countries can be classified as being developed are subjects of debate. The GDP of the developed countries is predicted to fall from 2.2% in 2017 to 2.0% in 2018 due to the fall in dollar value.
* Developing Countries. A developing country is a country with a less developed industrial base (industries) and a low Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries. However, this definition is not universally agreed upon. There is also no clear agreement on which countries fit this category. A nation's GDP per capita, compared with other nations, can also be a reference point. In general, the United Nations accepts any country's claim of itself being "developing". The GDP of the developing countries is expected to rise from 4.3% in 2017 to 4.6% in 2018 due to political stability in those countries and advancement in technology.
* Least developed countries. The least developed countries (LDCs) is a list of developing countries that, according to the United Nations, exhibit the lowest indicators of socioeconomic development, with the lowest Human Development Index ratings of all countries in the world. The concept of LDCs originated in the late 1960s and the first group of LDCs was listed by the UN in its resolution 2768 (XXVI) of 18 November 1971. This is a group of countries that are expected to improve their GDP from 4.8% in 2017 to 5.4% in 2018. The predicted growth is associated advancement in technology and industrialization of those countries for the past decade.
* GDP – per capita: purchasing power parity – $9,300, €7,500 (2005 est.), $8,200, €6,800 (92) (2003), $7,900, €5,000 (2002)
* World median income: purchasing power parity $1,041, €950 (1993)[41]
* GDP – composition by sector: agriculture: 4%; industry: 32%; services: 64% (2004 est.)
* Inflation rate (consumer prices); In economics, inflation is a general rise in the price level in an economy over a period of time, resulting in a sustained drop in the purchasing power of money. When the general price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services; consequently, inflation reflects a reduction in the purchasing power per unit of money – a loss of real value in the medium of exchange and unit of account within the economy. The opposite of inflation is deflation, a sustained decrease in the general price level of goods and services. The common measure of inflation is the inflation rate, the annualized percentage change in a general price index, usually the consumer price index, over time. national inflation rates vary widely in individual cases, from declining prices in Japan to hyperinflation (In economics, hyperinflation is very high and typically accelerating inflation) in several Third World countries (2003):
* World 2.6% (2017), 2.8% (predicted 2018);[42]
* Developed Economies 1% to 4% typically
* Developing Countries 5% to 60% typically
* Least developed countries 11.4% (2017), 8.3% (predicted 2018)[42]
* Derivatives OTC outstanding notional amount: $601 trillion (Dec 2010) ([1])
* Derivatives exchange traded outstanding notional amount: $82 trillion (June 2011) ([2])
* Global debt issuance: $5.187 trillion, €3 trillion (2004), $4.938 trillion, €3.98 trillion (2003), $3.938 trillion (2002) (Thomson Financial League Tables)
* Global equity issuance: $505 billion, €450 billion (2004), $388 billion. €320 billion (2003), $319 billion, €250 trillion (2002) (Thomson Financial League Tables)

### Employment

World GDP per capita between 1500 and 2000 (log scale) World GDP per capita between 1500 and 2003 GDP increase, 1990–1998 and 1990–2006, in major countries

* Unemployment rate: 8.7% (2009 est.). 30% (2007 est.) combined unemployment and underemployment in many non-industrialized countries; developed countries typically 4%–12% unemployment.

### Industries

* Industrial production growth rate: 3% (2002 est.)

### Energy

Global primary energy consumption, measured in terawatt-hours (TWh) per year

* Yearly electricity – production: 21,080,878 GWh (2011 est.),[43] 15,850,000 GWh (2003 est.), 14,850,000 GWh (2001 est.)
* Yearly electricity – consumption: 14,280,000 GWh (2003 est.), 13,930,000 GWh (2001 est.)
* Oil – production: 79,650,000 bbl/d (12,663,000 m3/d) (2003 est.), 75,460,000 barrels per day (11,997,000 m3/d) (2001)
* Oil – consumption: 80,100,000 bbl/d (12,730,000 m3/d) (2003 est.), 76,210,000 barrels per day (12,116,000 m3/d) (2001)
* Oil – proved reserves: 1.025 trillion barrel (163 km3 (39 cu mi) (2001 est.)
* Natural gas – production: 3,366 km3 (808 cu mi) (2012 est.),[44] 2,569 km3 (616 cu mi) (2001 est.)
* Natural gas – consumption: 2,556 km3 (613 cu mi) (2001 est.)
* Natural gas – proved reserves: 161,200 km3 (38,700 cu mi) (1 January 2002)

### Cross-border

* Yearly exports: $12.4 trillion, €11.05 trillion (2009 est.)
* Exports – commodities: the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services
* Exports – partners: US 12.7%, Germany 7.1%, China 6.2%, France 4.4%, Japan 4.2%, UK 4.1% (2008)
* Yearly imports: $12.29 trillion, €10.95 trillion (2009 est.)
* Imports – commodities: the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services
* Imports – partners: China 10.3%, Germany 8.6%, US 8.1%, Japan 5% (2008)
* Debt – external: $56.9 trillion, €40 trillion (31 December 2009 est.)

### Gift economy

* Annual international aid: Official Development Assistance (ODA) of $204 billion (2022)[45]

### Communications

Telephones – main lines in use: 843,923,500 (2007)
4,263,367,600 (2008)

* Telephones – mobile cellular: 3,300,000,000 (Nov. 2007)[46]
* Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 10,350 (2000 est.)
* Internet users: 3,079,339,857 (31 December 2014 [3]), 360,985,492 (31 December 2000[47])

### Transport

Transportation infrastructure worldwide includes:

* Airports
* Total: 41,821 (2013)[48]
* Roadways
* Total: 32,345,165 km (20,098,354 mi)
* Paved: 19,403,061 km (12,056,503 mi)
* Unpaved: 12,942,104 km (8,041,851 mi) (2002)
* Railways
* Total: 1,122,650 km (697,580 mi) includes about 190,000 to 195,000 km (118,000 to 121,000 mi) of electrified routes of which 147,760 km (91,810 mi) are in Europe, 24,509 km (15,229 mi) in the Far East, 11,050 km (6,870 mi) in Africa, 4,223 km (2,624 mi) in South America, and 4,160 km (2,580 mi) in North America.

### Military

* World military expenditure in 2018: estimated to $1.822 trillion[49]
* Military expenditures – percent of GDP: roughly 2% of gross world product (1999).

Template:Military spending top 25 countries

### Science, research and development

Number of scientific or technical journal article publications per million residents as of 2013.

The Royal Society in a 2011 report stated that in terms of number of papers the share of English-language scientific research papers the United States was first followed by China, the UK, Germany, Japan, France, and Canada.[50] In 2015, research and development constituted an average 2.2% of the global GDP according to the UNESCO Institute for Statistics.[51] Metrics and rankings of innovation include the Bloomberg Innovation Index, the Global Innovation Index and the share of Nobel laureates per capita.

### Resources and environment

See also: Finance:Primary sector of the economy, Sustainable development, Economic impacts of climate change, Environmental resource management § Economics, Planetary management, Agriculture, Overexploitation, Overconsumption, and Ecosystem service

Shown is how the global material footprint and global CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel combustion and industrial processes changed compared with global GDP.[52] The period since 1950 has brought "the most rapid transformation of the human relationship with the natural world in the history of humankind".[53] Through 2018, humans have reduced forest area by ~30% and grasslands/shrubs by ~68%, to make way for livestock grazing and crops for humans.[54]

* Forests (carbon sinks, wood, ecosystem services, ...)
* Estimated number of trees that are net lost annually as of 2021: 10 billion[55][56]
* Global annual deforested land in 2015–2020: 10 million hectares
* Global annual net forest area loss in 2000–2010 : 4.7 million hectares[57]
* Other land degradation and land- and organisms-related ecosystem disturbances
* Soils (carbon sink, ecosystem services, food production, ...)
* Soil erosion by water in 2012: almost 36 billion tons (based on a high resolution global potential soil erosion model developed in 2017)[58]
* Estimated annual loss of agricultural productivity due to soil erosion: 8 billion US dollars (based on the soil erosion data)[59]
* Soil erosion by water in 2015: approximately 43 billion tons (according to a 2020 study)[60]
* Environmental impact of pesticides
* Pesticide use in tonnes of active ingredient in Australia in 2016: ca. 62,500 tonnes[61]
* Oceans (ecosystem services, food production, ...): Blue economy
* Waste and pollution (effects of economic mechanisms, effects on ecosystem services)
* As of 2018, about 380 million tonnes of plastic is produced worldwide each year. From the 1950s up to 2018, an estimated 6.3 billion tonnes of plastic has been produced worldwide, of which an estimated 9% has been recycled and another 12% has been incinerated with the rest reportedly being "dumped in landfills or the natural environment".[62]
* Air pollution
* Number of human deaths caused annually by air pollution worldwide: ca. 7 million[63][64][65]
* Estimated global annual cost of air pollution: $5 trillion[66][67][68]
* Microplastic pollution
* Estimated accumulated number of microplastic particles in the North Atlantic Ocean in 2014: 15 to 51 trillion particles, weighing between 93,000 and 236,000 metric tons[69]
* Estimated accumulated number of microplastic particles in the North Atlantic Ocean in 2020: 3700 microplastics per cubic meter[69]

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

From the scientific perspective, economic activities are embedded in a web of dynamic, interrelated, and interdependent activities that constitute the natural system of Earth. Novel application of cybernetics in decision-making (such as in decision-making related to process- and product-design and related laws) and direction of human activity (such as economic activity) may make it easier to control modern ecological problems.[70]

## Historical development

Shift of the world's economic center of gravity since 1980 and projected until 2050[71] Estimations of world population and GDP from a 2020 research paper[72]

Year  | Population
(million)  | GDP per capita
($1990 in PPP)  | GDP in billion
($1990 in PPP)
1000000 BCE  | 0.125  | 400  | 0.05
300000 BCE  | 1  | 400  | 0.40
25000 BCE  | 3.34  | 400  | 1.34
10000 BCE  | 4  | 400  | 1.60
5000 BCE  | 5  | 404  | 2.02
4000 BCE  | 7  | 409  | 2.87
3000 BCE  | 14  | 421  | 5.90
2000 BCE  | 27  | 433  | 11.7
1000 BCE  | 50  | 444  | 22.2
500 BCE  | 100  | 457  | 45.7
200 BCE  | 150  | 465  | 69.7
1  | 168  | 467  | 78.4
200  | 190  | 463  | 88.0
400  | 190  | 463  | 88.0
500  | 190  | 463  | 88.0
600  | 200  | 462  | 92.3
700  | 210  | 460  | 96.6
800  | 220  | 459  | 101
900  | 240  | 456  | 109
1000  | 265  | 453  | 120
1100  | 320  | 512  | 164
1200  | 360  | 551  | 198
1300  | 360  | 551  | 198
1400  | 350  | 541  | 190
1500  | 438  | 625  | 274
1600  | 556  | 629  | 350
1700  | 603  | 658  | 397
1820  | 1,042  | 712  | 741
1870  | 1,276  | 884  | 1,128
1900  | 1,563  |  |
1913  | 1,793  | 1,543  | 2,767
1920  | 1,863  |  |
1940  | 2,299  | 2,181  | 5,013
1950  | 2,528  | 2,104  | 5,318
1960  | 3,042  | 2,764  | 12,170
1970  | 3,691  | 3,725  | 13,751
1980  | 4,440  | 4,511  | 20,026
1990  | 5,269  | 5,149  | 27,133
2000  | 6,077  | 6,057  | 36,806
2010  | 6,873  | 7,814  | 53,704
2019  | 7,620  | 9,663  | 73,640

Per the MSCI All Country World Index, the breakdown of market sector is as follows:[73]

Sector | 2012 | 2022

|
|

Energy | 10.7 | 4.4
Materials | 8.2 | 5.5
Industrials | 11.5 | 10.6
Consumer Discretionary | 11.2 | 11.7
Consumer Staples | 9.4 | 6.6
Healthcare | 8.8 | 11.6
Financials | 19.5 | 14.4
Information Technology | 13.1 | 21.2
Communication Service | 4.0 | 7.5
Utilities | 3.6 | 2.9
Real Estate |  | 3.6

One example for a comparable metric other than GDP are the OECD Better Life Index rankings for different aggregative domains.

Legend

Explained by: Housing

Explained by: Income

Explained by: Jobs

Explained by: Community

Explained by: Education

Explained by: Environment

Explained by: Civic engagement

Explained by: Health

Explained by: Life Satisfaction

Explained by: Safety

Explained by: Work-Life Balance

OECD Better Life Index rankings for 2016

Overall Rank
[74] | Country  | Housing | Income | Jobs | Community | Education | Environment | Civic engagement | Health | Life Satisfaction | Safety | Work-Life Balance
1  |  Norway  |

2  |  Australia  |

3  |  Denmark  |

4  |  Switzerland  |

5  |  Canada  |

6  |  Sweden  |

7  |  New Zealand  |

8  |  Finland  |

9  |  United States  |

10  |  Iceland  |

11  |  Netherlands  |

12  |  Germany  |

13  |  Luxembourg  |

14  |  Belgium  |

15  |  Austria  |

16  |  United Kingdom  |

17  |  Ireland  |

18  |  France  |

19  |  Spain  |

20  |  Slovenia  |

21  |  Czech Republic  |

22  |  Estonia  |

23  |  Japan  |

24  |  Slovakia  |

25  |  Italy  |

26  |  Israel  |

27  |  Poland  |

28  |  South Korea  |

29  |  Portugal  |

30  |  Latvia  |

31  |  Greece  |

32  |  Hungary  |

33  |  Russia  |

34  |  Chile  |

35  |  Brazil  |

36  |  Turkey  |

37  |  Mexico  |

38  |  South Africa  |

The index includes 11 comparable "dimensions" of well-being:[75]

1. Housing: housing conditions and spendings (e.g. real estate pricing)
2. Income: household income (after taxes and transfers) and net financial wealth
3. Jobs: earnings, job security and unemployment
4. Community: quality of social support network
5. Education: education and what one gets out of it
6. Environment: quality of environment (e.g. environmental health)
7. Governance: involvement in democracy
8. Health
9. Life Satisfaction: level of happiness
10. Safety: murder and assault rates
11. Work-life balance

## Economic studies

To promote exports, many government agencies publish on the web economic studies by sector and country. Among these agencies include the USCS (US DoC) and FAS (USDA) in the United States, the EDC and AAFC in Canada, Ubifrance in France, the UKTI in the United Kingdom, the HKTDC and JETRO in Asia, Austrade and the NZTE in Oceania. Through Partnership Agreements, the Federation of International Trade Associations publishes studies from several of these agencies (USCS, FAS, AAFC, UKTI, and HKTDC) as well as other non-governmental organizations on its website globaltrade.net.

## See also

* Anarchy (international relations)
* Capitalism
* Engineering:Common Wealth: Economics for a Crowded Planet (book)
* Economic bubble
* Economic collapse
* Fourth Industrial Revolution
* Global financial system
* Global workforce
* Globality
* Globalization
* International trade
* Trade route
* Overconsumption
* Petrodollar recycling
* World Trade Report
* World history
* Economic history of the world
* World-systems theory

Regional economies:

* Economy of Africa
* Economy of Asia
* Economy of Europe
* Economy of North America
* Economy of Oceania
* Economy of South America

Events:

* Great Recession
* World oil market chronology from 2003
* 2008 financial crisis
* 2007–2008 world food price crisis
* Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic

Lists:

* List of countries by GDP sector composition
* List of world's largest economies (nominal) – based on current currency market exchange rates
* List of world's largest economies (PPP) – based on purchasing power parity
* Historical list of world's largest economies (PPP) – for the years between 1 and 1998

## References

1. ↑ "THE GLOBAL ECONOMY | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary". https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/global-economy.
2. ↑ "World Economy." – Definition. American English Definition of with Pronunciation by Macmillan Dictionary. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 January 2015.
3. ↑ "World Population: 2020 Overview". https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/world-population-2020-overview.
4. ↑ "2020 World Population Data Sheet". https://interactives.prb.org/2020-wpds/.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 "World Economic Outlook Database April 2025". https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/April.
6. ↑ "More QE From the Bank of England to Support the UK Economy in 2021". Vant Age Point Trading. https://vantagepointtrading.com/news/more-qe-from-the-bank-of-england-to-support-the-uk-economy-in-2021/.
7. ↑ van Zanden, Jan Luiten; Baten, Joerg; Földvari, Peter; van Leeuwen, Bas (2011). "The Changing Shape of Global Inequality 1820–2000: Exploring a new dataset". CGEH Working Paper Series.
8. ↑ "Parametric estimations of the world distribution of income". 22 January 2010. http://www.voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/4508.
9. ↑ Oxfam: Richest 1 percent sees share of global wealth jump
10. ↑ Cohen, Patricia (19 January 2015). "Richest 1% Likely to Control Half of Global Wealth by 2016, Study Finds". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/19/business/richest-1-percent-likely-to-control-half-of-global-wealth-by-2016-study-finds.html.
11. ↑ Rigged rules mean economic growth increasingly "winner takes all" for rich elites all over world. Oxfam. 20 January 2014.
12. ↑ Neuman, Scott (20 January 2014). Oxfam: World's Richest 1 Percent Control Half Of Global Wealth. NPR. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
13. ↑ Stout, David (20 January 2014). "One Stat to Destroy Your Faith in Humanity: The World's 85 Richest People Own as Much as the 3.5 Billion Poorest". Time. http://business.time.com/2014/01/20/worlds-85-wealthiest-people-as-rich-as-3-5-billion-poorest/.
14. ↑ Wearden, Graeme (20 January 2014). "Oxfam: 85 richest people as wealthy as poorest half of the world". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/jan/20/oxfam-85-richest-people-half-of-the-world.
15. ↑ Kristof, Nicholas (22 July 2014). "An Idiot's Guide to Inequality". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/24/opinion/nicholas-kristof-idiots-guide-to-inequality-piketty-capital.html.
16. ↑ OECD (March 2021). "OECD Economic Outlook, Interim Report March 2021". https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/oecd-economic-outlook/volume-2020/issue-2_34bfd999-en.
17. ↑ "The Global Economic Outlook During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Changed World" (in en). https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/06/08/the-global-economic-outlook-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-a-changed-world.
18. ↑ "Cities are the hub of the global green recovery" (in en). https://blogs.worldbank.org/sustainablecities/cities-are-hub-global-green-recovery.
19. ↑ "Mayor of Lima sees COVID-19 as spark for an urban hub to the green recovery" (in en). https://www.eib.org/en/stories/urban-impact-of-covid-19.
20. ↑ Lucia Quaglietti, Collette Wheeler (11 January 2022). "The Global Economic Outlook in five charts". World Bank. https://blogs.worldbank.org/voices/global-economic-outlook-five-charts-1.
21. ↑ "The World Factbook - GDP (purchasing power parity)". https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/fields/208.html.
22. ↑ "The World Factbook - GDP - composition, by sector of origin". https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/fields/214.html.
23. ↑ GDP per capita data for Monaco, Liechtenstein, Bermuda, Qatar, the Cayman Islands, the Isle of Man, the Channel Islands, the Faroe Islands, Sweden, Brunei, Greenland and Kuwait by World Bank
24. ↑ GDP per capita (PPP) data for Qatar, Macau, Ireland, Norway, Bermuda, the UAE, Kuwait, the Cayman Islands, Greenland, the Faroe Islands and Andorra by World Bank
25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 IMF GDP for the World and the European Union
26. ↑ World Bank's GDP (Nominal) Data for Japan
27. ↑ IMF GDP (nominal) for Africa (Region)
28. ↑ World Bank's GDP (Nominal) Data for Brazil
29. ↑ World Bank's GDP (Nominal) Data for Saudi Arabia
30. ↑ World Bank's GDP (Nominal) Data for Iran
31. ↑ IMF GDP (PPP) for Africa (Region)
32. ↑ "Peak GDP (PPP) by the World Bank for Turkey". https://datacatalogfiles.worldbank.org/ddh-published/0038129/DR0046438/GDP_PPP.pdf?versionId=2024-07-01T12:42:31.4736462Z.
33. ↑ World Bank's GDP (PPP) Data for Saudi Arabia
34. ↑ GDP (PPP) per capita for Monaco
35. ↑ GDP (PPP) per capita for the Isle of Man
36. ↑ "GDP (PURCHASING POWER PARITY)". 2014. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2001.html.
37. ↑ "World GDP 2024 - StatisticsTimes.com". https://statisticstimes.com/economy/world-gdp.php.
38. ↑ "World Bank GWP Growth Rate, 2020". WorldBank.org. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG.
39. ↑ "IMF World Economic Outlook, Crisis and Recovery, April 2009". Imf.org. 16 April 2009. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/01/index.htm.
40. ↑ World Economic Situation and Prospects 2018. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Development Policy and Analysis Division. Table A.3. 23 January 2018. ISBN 978-92-1-109177-9. https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/publication/world-economic-situation-and-prospects-2018/. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
41. ↑ B. Milanovic (January 2002). "True World Income Distribution, 1988 and 1993: First Calculation Based on Household Surveys Alone". http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTDECINEQ/Resources/trueworld.pdf.
42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 World Economic Situation and Prospects 2018. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Development Policy and Analysis Division. Table I.2. 23 January 2018. p. 11. ISBN 978-92-1-109177-9. https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/publication/world-economic-situation-and-prospects-2018/. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
43. ↑ "International Energy Statistics". http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/IEDIndex3.cfm?tid=2&pid=2&aid=12.
44. ↑ "International Energy Statistics". http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/iedindex3.cfm?tid=3&pid=3&aid=1&cid=regions&syid=2008&eyid=2012&unit=BCF.
45. ↑ "ODA Levels in 2022 – preliminary data". OECD. 2023-04-12. https://www.oecd.org/dac/financing-sustainable-development/ODA-2022-summary.pdf.
46. ↑ global cellphone penetration reaches 50 percent
47. ↑ "World Internet Usage Statistics News and World Population Stats". Internetworldstats.com. http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm.
48. ↑ "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2053.html.
49. ↑ "3. Military expenditure - SIPRI". https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2019/world-military-expenditure-grows-18-trillion-2018.
50. ↑ China poised to overhaul US as biggest publisher of scientific papers , Alok Jha, Monday 28 March 2011, The Guardian
51. ↑ "Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) | Data" (in en-us). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS.
52. ↑ Thomas Wiedmann; Manfred Lenzen; Lorenz T. Keyßer; Julia Steinberger (19 June 2020). "Scientists' warning on affluence". Nature Communications 11 (1): 3107. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16941-y. PMID 32561753. Bibcode: 2020NatCo..11.3107W. 50px Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License .
53. ↑ Steffen, Will; Sanderson, Angelina; Tyson, Peter; Jäger, Jill; Matson, Pamela; Moore III, Berrien; Oldfield, Frank; Richardson, Katherine et al. (2004). "Global Change and the Climate System / A Planet Under Pressure". International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP). p. 133. http://www.igbp.net/download/18.56b5e28e137d8d8c09380001694/1376383141875/SpringerIGBPSynthesisSteffenetal2004_web.pdf. "Fig. 3.67(j): loss of tropical rainforest and woodland, as estimated for tropical Africa, Latin America and South and Southeast Asia."
54. ↑ Ritchie, Hannah (4 February 2021). "Deforestation and Forest Loss / Humanity destroyed one third of the world's forests by expanding agricultural land". Our World in Data. Our World in Data (OWID). https://ourworldindata.org/deforestation. "Data: Historical data on forests from Williams (2003) - Deforesting the Earth. Historical data on agriculture from The History Database of Global Environment (HYDE). Modern data from the FAO"
55. ↑ "Earth has 3 trillion trees but they're falling at alarming rate" (in en). Reuters. 2 September 2015. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-science-trees-idUSKCN0R21Z620150902.
56. ↑ Carrington, Damian (4 July 2019). "Tree planting 'has mind-blowing potential' to tackle climate crisis". https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jul/04/planting-billions-trees-best-tackle-climate-crisis-scientists-canopy-emissions.
57. ↑ Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020: "Global Forest Resource Assessment 2020" (in en). http://www.fao.org/forest-resources-assessment/2020/en/.
58. ↑ Borrelli, Pasquale; Robinson, David A.; Fleischer, Larissa R.; Lugato, Emanuele; Ballabio, Cristiano; Alewell, Christine; Meusburger, Katrin; Modugno, Sirio et al. (8 December 2017). "An assessment of the global impact of 21st century land use change on soil erosion" (in En). Nature Communications 8 (1): 2013. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02142-7. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 29222506. Bibcode: 2017NatCo...8.2013B.
59. ↑ Sartori, Martina; Philippidis, George; Ferrari, Emanuele; Borrelli, Pasquale; Lugato, Emanuele; Montanarella, Luca; Panagos, Panos (July 2019). "A linkage between the biophysical and the economic: Assessing the global market impacts of soil erosion" (in en). Land Use Policy 86: 299–312. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.05.014. Bibcode: 2019LUPol..86..299S. 50px Text and images are available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License .
60. ↑ Borrelli, Pasquale; Robinson, David A.; Panagos, Panos; Lugato, Emanuele; Yang, Jae E.; Alewell, Christine; Wuepper, David; Montanarella, Luca et al. (24 August 2020). "Land use and climate change impacts on global soil erosion by water (2015-2070)" (in en). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117 (36): 21994–22001. doi:10.1073/pnas.2001403117. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 32839306. Bibcode: 2020PNAS..11721994B.
61. ↑ Roser, Max (13 October 2019). "Pesticides". https://ourworldindata.org/pesticides.
62. ↑ "The known unknowns of plastic pollution". The Economist. 3 March 2018. https://www.economist.com/news/international/21737498-so-far-it-seems-less-bad-other-kinds-pollution-about-which-less-fuss-made.
63. ↑ "7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution". WHO. 25 March 2014. https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/air-pollution/en/.
64. ↑ "Energy and Air Pollution". http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/WorldEnergyOutlookSpecialReport2016EnergyandAirPollution.pdf.
65. ↑ "Study Links 6.5 Million Deaths Each Year to Air Pollution". The New York Times. 26 June 2016. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/27/business/energy-environment/study-links-6-5-million-deaths-each-year-to-air-pollution.html.
66. ↑ Study by the World Bank and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) at the University of Washington: World Bank; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation at University of Washington – Seattle (2016). The Cost of Air Pollution: Strengthening the Economic Case for Action. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. p. xii. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/781521473177013155/pdf/108141-REVISED-Cost-of-PollutionWebCORRECTEDfile.pdf. Retrieved 2020-09-21.
67. ↑ McCauley, Lauren (8 September 2016). "Making Case for Clean Air, World Bank Says Pollution Cost Global Economy $5 Trillion". Common Dreams. https://www.commondreams.org/news/2016/09/08/making-case-clean-air-world-bank-says-pollution-cost-global-economy-5-trillion.
68. ↑ "The Rising Cost of Smog". Fortune: 15. 1 February 2018. ISSN 0015-8259.
69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 Lindeque, Penelope K.; Cole, Matthew; Coppock, Rachel L.; Lewis, Ceri N.; Miller, Rachael Z.; Watts, Andrew J.R.; Wilson-Mcneal, Alice; Wright, Stephanie L. et al. (1 October 2020). "Are we underestimating microplastic abundance in the marine environment? A comparison of microplastic capture with nets of different mesh-size" (in en). Environmental Pollution 265 (Pt A). doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114721. ISSN 0269-7491. PMID 32806407. Bibcode: 2020EPoll.26514721L.
70. ↑ Božičnik, Stane; Mulej, Matjaž (1 January 2011). "A new – 4th order cybernetics and sustainable future". Kybernetes 40 (5/6): 670–684. doi:10.1108/03684921111142232. ISSN 0368-492X. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/03684921111142232/full/html. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
71. ↑ Quah, Danny (2011). "The Global Economy's Shifting Centre of Gravity". Global Policy (Wiley) 2 (1): 3–9. doi:10.1111/j.1758-5899.2010.00066.x. ISSN 1758-5880.
72. ↑ Roodman, David (2020). "Modelling the Human Trajectory". https://www.openphilanthropy.org/sites/default/files/Modeling-the-human-trajectory.pdf.
73. ↑ "The Regional Breakdown of Market Sectors over Time". https://www.msci.com/research-and-insights/visualizing-investment-data/regional-breakdown-of-market-sectors-over-time.
74. ↑ John F. Helliwell, Richard Layard and Jeffrey D. Sachs. "2018 World Happiness Report". https://s3.amazonaws.com/happiness-report/2018/WHR_web.pdf.
75. ↑ Marber, Peter. "Brave New Math". World Policy Journal (Spring 2012). http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/spring2012/brave-new-math. Retrieved 2020-09-19.

## External links

* OECD – Economic Outlook
* IMF – World Economic Outlook
* World Bank – Global Economic Prospects
* UN DESA – World Economic Situation and Prospects 2025
* CIA – The World Factbook – World
* Guardian Special Report – Global Economy
* World Bank Summary – Trade Statistics for World

* v
* t
* e

Globalization

* Journals
* Outline
* Studies

Aspects|

* Alter-globalization
* Anti-globalization
* Counter-hegemonic globalization
* Cultural globalization
* Deglobalization
* Democratic globalization
* Economic globalization
* Environmental globalization
* Financial globalization
* Global citizenship
* education
* Global governance
* Global health
* History of
* archaic
* early modern
* Military globalization
* Political globalization
* Trade globalization
* Workforce globalization

Issues|

| Global|

* Disease
* Digital divide
* Labor arbitrage
* Population
* Tax avoidance
* Warming
* Water crisis

|

Other|

* Base erosion and profit shifting
* Brain drain
* reverse
* Climate change
* Climate justice
* Development aid
* Economic inequality
* Endangered languages
* Fair trade
* Forced migration
* Human rights
* Illicit financial flows
* Invasive species
* Investor-state disputes
* New international division of labour
* North–South divide
* Offshoring
* Race to the bottom
* pollution havens
* Transnational crime
* McDonaldization
* Westernization
* American imperialism
* British Empire
* World war

Theories|

* Capital accumulation
* Dependency
* Development
* Earth system
* Fiscal localism
* Modernization
* ecological
* history of
* Primitive accumulation
* Social change
* World history
* World-systems

Notable
scholars|

* Samir Amin
* Arjun Appadurai
* K. Anthony Appiah
* Daniele Archibugi
* Giovanni Arrighi
* Ravi Batra
* Jean Baudrillard
* Zygmunt Bauman
* Ulrich Beck
* Walden Bello
* Jagdish Bhagwati
* Robert Brenner
* Manuel Castells
* Noam Chomsky
* Alfred Crosby
* Christopher Chase-Dunn
* Andre G. Frank
* Thomas Friedman
* Anthony Giddens
* Peter Gowan
* Michael Hardt
* David Harvey
* David Held
* Paul Hirst
* Michael Hudson
* Paul James
* Ibn Khaldun
* Naomi Klein
* Antonio Negri
* Kevin O'Rourke
* Ronen Palan
* Thomas Piketty
* George Ritzer
* Dani Rodrik
* Jeffrey Sachs
* Saskia Sassen
* John R. Saul
* Vandana Shiva
* Joseph Stiglitz
* John Urry
* Immanuel Wallerstein
* Gabriel Zucman

* Category

‹ The template below (Earth) is being considered for merging. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›

* v
* t
* e

Earth-related topics

History|

* Age
* Solar System formation and evolution
* Early Earth
* Cool early Earth
* Evolutionary history of life
* timeline
* Faint young Sun paradox
* Future
* Geological history
* time scale

Geography
and geology|

* Clairaut's theorem
* Continents
* Earthquake
* Equatorial bulge
* Extremes on Earth
* Geology of solar terrestrial planets
* Geophysics
* Plate tectonics
* Structure
* Time zones

Ecology|

* Earth Day
* Global warming
* Human impact on the environment

Arts, culture,
and society|

* In culture
* In science fiction
* Etymology of the word "Earth"
* World history
* List of countries
* World economy

Related|

* Biosphere
* Moon
* Claimed moons
* Earliest known life forms
* Location in the Universe
* Orbit
* Earth phase
* Earth trojan
* Earthling
* The ecliptic
* Flag
* Gravity
* Kordylewski cloud
* Life timeline
* Location of Earth in the Universe
* Magnetic field
* Nature timeline
* Solar System
* Theia
* 2006 RH120
* Earthrise (photograph)
* The Blue Marble (photograph)
* Pale Blue Dot (photograph)
* The Day the Earth Smiled

0.00

(0 votes)

Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World economy. Read more

|

Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Finance:World_economy&oldid=4113605"
*[Housing]: Explained by: Housing
*[Income]: Explained by: Income
*[Jobs]: Explained by: Jobs
*[Community]: Explained by: Community
*[Education]: Explained by: Education
*[Environment]: Explained by: Environment
*[Civic engagement]: Explained by: Civic engagement
*[Health]: Explained by: Health
*[Life Satisfaction]: Explained by: Life Satisfaction
*[Safety]: Explained by: Safety
*[Work-Life Balance]: Explained by: Work-Life Balance
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template