Flag (geometry)

Short description: Aspect of geometry

Face diagram of a square pyramid showing one of its flags

In (polyhedral) geometry, a flag is a sequence of faces of a polytope, each contained in the next, with exactly one face from each dimension.

More formally, a flag ψ of an n-polytope is a set {F–1, F0, ..., Fn}  such that Fi ≤ Fi+1 (–1 ≤ i ≤ n – 1) and there is precisely one Fi in ψ for each i, (–1 ≤ i ≤ n). Since, however, the minimal face F–1 and the maximal face Fn must be in every flag, they are often omitted from the list of faces, as a shorthand. These latter two are called improper faces.

For example, a flag of a polyhedron comprises one vertex, one edge incident to that vertex, and one polygonal face incident to both, plus the two improper faces.

A polytope may be regarded as regular if, and only if, its symmetry group is transitive on its flags. This definition excludes chiral polytopes.

## Incidence geometry

In the more abstract setting of incidence geometry, which is a set having a symmetric and reflexive relation called incidence defined on its elements, a flag is a set of elements that are mutually incident.[1] This level of abstraction generalizes both the polyhedral concept given above as well as the related flag concept from linear algebra.

A flag is maximal if it is not contained in a larger flag. An incidence geometry (Ω, I) has rank r if Ω can be partitioned into sets Ω1, Ω2, ..., Ωr, such that each maximal flag of the geometry intersects each of these sets in exactly one element. In this case, the elements of set Ωj are called elements of type j.

Consequently, in a geometry of rank r, each maximal flag has exactly r elements.

An incidence geometry of rank 2 is commonly called an incidence structure with elements of type 1 called points and elements of type 2 called blocks (or lines in some situations).[2] More formally,

An incidence structure is a triple D = (V, B, I) where V and B are any two disjoint sets and I is a binary relation between V and B, that is, I ⊆ V × B. The elements of V will be called points, those of B blocks and those of I flags.[3]

## Notes

1. ↑ Beutelspacher & Rosenbaum 1998, pg. 3
2. ↑ Beutelspacher & Rosenbaum 1998, pg. 5
3. ↑ Beth, Thomas; Jungnickel, Dieter; Lenz, Hanfried (1986). Design Theory. Cambridge University Press. p. 15. . 2nd ed. (1999) ISBN 978-0-521-44432-3

## References

* Beutelspacher, Albrecht; Rosenbaum, Ute (1998), Projective Geometry: from foundations to applications, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-48277-1
* Peter R. Cromwell, Polyhedra, Cambridge University Press 1997, ISBN 0-521-55432-2
* Peter McMullen, Egon Schulte, Abstract Regular Polytopes, Cambridge University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-521-81496-0

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