Founders of statistics

Short description: none

Statistics is the theory and application of mathematics to the scientific method including hypothesis generation, experimental design, sampling, data collection, data summarization, estimation, prediction and inference from those results to the population from which the experimental sample was drawn. Statisticians are skilled people who thus apply statistical methods. Hundreds of statisticians are notable. This article lists statisticians who have been especially instrumental in the development of theoretical and applied statistics.

Name | Nationality | Birth | Death | Contribution | References

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Graunt, John | English | 1620 | 1674 | Pioneer of demography who produced the first life table | [1]
Bayes, Thomas | English | 1702 | 1761 | Developed the interpretation of probability now known as Bayesian probability | [2]
Laplace, Pierre-Simon | French | 1749 | 1827 | Co-invented Bayesian statistics. Invented exponential families (Laplace transform), conjugate prior distributions, asymptotic analysis of estimators (including negligibility of regular priors). Used maximum-likelihood and posterior-mode estimation and considered (robust) loss functions |
Playfair, William | Scottish | 1759 | 1823 | Pioneer of statistical graphics |
Carl Friedrich Gauss | German | 1777 | 1855 | Invented least squares estimation methods (with Legendre). Used loss functions and maximum-likelihood estimation |
Quetelet, Adolphe | Belgian | 1796 | 1874 | Pioneered the use of probability and statistics in the social sciences |
Nightingale, Florence | English | 1820 | 1910 | Applied statistical analysis to health problems, contributing to the establishment of epidemiology and public health practice. Developed statistical graphics especially for mobilizing public opinion. First female member of the Royal Statistical Society. |
Galton, Francis | English | 1822 | 1911 | Invented the concepts of standard deviation, correlation, regression | [3][4]
Thiele, Thorvald N. | Danish | 1838 | 1910 | Introduced cumulants and the term "likelihood". Introduced a Kalman filter in time-series |
Peirce, Charles Sanders | American | 1839 | 1914 | Formulated modern statistics in "Illustrations of the Logic of Science" (1877–1878) and "A Theory of Probable Inference" (1883). With a repeated measures design, introduced blinded, controlled randomized experiments (before Fisher). Invented optimal design for experiments on gravity, in which he "corrected the means". He used correlation, smoothing, and improved the treatment of outliers. Introduced terms "confidence" and "likelihood" (before Neyman and Fisher). While largely a frequentist, Peirce's possible world semantics introduced the "propensity" theory of probability. See the historical books of Stephen Stigler |
Edgeworth, Francis Ysidro | Irish | 1845 | 1926 | Revived exponential families (Laplace transforms) in statistics. Extended Laplace's (asymptotic) theory of maximum-likelihood estimation. Introduced basic results on information, which were extended and popularized by R. A. Fisher |
Pearson, Karl | English | 1857 | 1936 | Numerous innovations, including the development of the Pearson chi-squared test and the Pearson correlation. Founded the Biometrical Society and Biometrika, the first journal of mathematical statistics and biometry | [5][6][7][8]
Spearman, Charles | English | 1863 | 1945 | Extended the Pearson correlation coefficient to the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient | [9]
Gosset, William Sealy (known as "Student") | English | 1876 | 1937 | Discovered the Student t distribution and invented the Student's t-test | [10]
Anderson, Oskar Johann Viktor (also known as Anderson, Oskar Nikolaevich) | Russian, Bulgarian, German | 1887 | 1960 | A leading representative of the so-called Continental School of statistics. Invented the variate difference method for analyzing time series at the same time but independently from Gosset. A pioneer of random sampling in demographics and of quantitative methods applied to socio-economic sciences. | [11][12][13][14]
Fisher, Ronald | English | 1890 | 1962 | Wrote the textbooks and articles that defined the academic discipline of statistics, inspiring the creation of statistics departments at universities throughout the world. Systematized previous results with informative terminology, substantially improving previous results with mathematical analysis (and claims). Developed the analysis of variance, clarified the method of maximum likelihood (without the uniform priors appearing in some previous versions), invented the concept of sufficient statistics, developed Edgeworth's use of exponential families and information, introducing observed Fisher information, and many theoretical concepts and practical methods, particularly for the design of experiments | [15][16][17]
Bonferroni, Carlo Emilio | Italian | 1892 | 1960 | Invented the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons |
Wilcoxon, Frank | Irish-American | 1892 | 1965 | Invented two statistical tests: Wilcoxon rank-sum test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test |
Neyman, Jerzy | Polish-American | 1894 | 1981 | Discovered the confidence interval and co-developed the Neyman–Pearson lemma | [18]
Deming, W. Edwards | American | 1900 | 1993 | Developed methods for statistical quality control | [19]
Pearson, Egon | English | 1895 | 1980 | Co-developed the Neyman–Pearson lemma of statistical hypothesis testing | [20]
de Finetti, Bruno | Italian | 1906 | 1985 | Pioneer of the "operational subjective" conception of probability. Used this as the basis for exposition of the Bayesian method of statistical analysis. Developed the representation theorem for exchangeable random variables showing that they are the basis of the IID model in statistics. |
Kendall, Maurice | English | 1907 | 1983 | Co-developed methods for assessing statistical randomness; invented Kendall tau rank correlation coefficient |
Henderson, Charles Roy | American | 1911 | 1989 | Invented methods for estimating variance components in multiway factorial models with unequal subclass numbers. Invented the mixed-model equations to provide best linear unbiased estimates of fixed effects and best linear unbiased predictors of random effects in mixed models. | [21][22][23]
Tukey, John | American | 1915 | 2000 | Jointly popularized Fast Fourier transformation, pioneer of exploratory data analysis and graphical presentation of data, developed the jackknife for variance estimation, invented the box plot. | [24]
Blackwell, David | American | 1919 | 2010 | Co-developed Rao–Blackwell theorem and wrote one of the first Bayesian textbooks, Basic Statistics. | [25]
Rao, Calyampudi Radhakrishna | Indian | 1920 | 2023 | Co-developed Cramér–Rao bound and Rao–Blackwell theorem, invented MINQUE method of variance component estimation. | [26][27]
Cox, David | English | 1924 | 2022 | Developed the proportional hazards model for the analysis of survival data | [28]
Efron, Bradley | American | 1938 |  | Invented the bootstrap resampling technique for deriving an empirical distribution of an estimate of a model parameter | [29]

## Contents

* 1 Founders of departments of statistics
* 2 See also
* 3 References
* 4 External links

## Founders of departments of statistics

The role of a department of statistics is discussed in a 1949 article by Harold Hotelling, which helped to spur the creation of many departments of statistics.[30]

Year | Country | University | Founder | References

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1911 | England | University College London | Pearson, Karl | [6]
1929 | Sweden | Lund University | Sven Dag Wicksell | [31]
~1931 | India | Indian Statistical Institute | Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis | [32]
~1931 | USA | Columbia University | Hotelling, Harold | [33]
1935 | USA | George Washington University | Weida, Frank | [34][35]
1941 | USA | North Carolina State University | Cox, Gertrude | [36]
1942 | Sweden | Uppsala University | Wold, Herman | [37]
1947 | USA | Department of Biometry and Statistics, Cornell University | Federer, Walter T. | [38][39][40]
1948 | USA | Stanford University |  — | [41]
1948 | India | University of Mumbai | M. C. Chakrabarti | [42]
1949 | USA | University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill |  — | [43]
1949 | USA | Virginia Tech | Harshbarger, Boyd | [44]
~1950 | Sweden | Stockholm University |  — | [45]
1950 | Israel | Hebrew University of Jerusalem |  — | [46]
1953 | India | University of Pune | Huzurbazar, V. S. | [47]
1955 | USA | University of California, Berkeley | Neyman, Jerzy | [48]
1957 | USA | Harvard University | Cochran, William G.
Mosteller, Frederick | [49][50]
1957 | Australia | University of Sydney | Lancaster, Henry Oliver | [51]
1958 | USA | University of Minnesota |  — | [52]
1959 | USA | Florida State University | Ralph A. Bradley | [53][54]
1960 | USA | University of Wisconsin–Madison | George E. P. Box | [55]
1961 | USA | Colorado State University | Franklin A. Graybill | [56]
1962 | USA | Texas A&M University | Hartley, Herman Otto | [57]
1963 | USA | Yale University | Anscombe, Francis | [58][59]
1963 | USA | Purdue University |  — | [60]
1964 | Bangladesh | Institute of Statistical Research and Training | Hussain, Q.M. | [61]
1965 | USA | University of Iowa | Hogg, Robert V. | [62]
1966 | Scotland | University of Glasgow | Aitchison, John
Silvey, David | [63]
1967 | Canada | University of Waterloo | Sprott, David A. | [64]
1968 | USA | Pennsylvania State University | Bartoo, James | [65]
1969 | India | Madras Christian College | Gift Siromoney | [66]
1969 | Hong Kong | University of Hong Kong | Saw Swee Hock | [67][68]
1970 | USA | Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington School of Public Health |  — | [69]
1973 | USA | Ohio State University | Whitney, D. Ransom | [70]
1973 | Germany | Universität Dortmund | Eicker, Friedhelm | [71]
1975  | India  | Aligarh Muslim University  | S.M. Ali  | [1]
1979 | Canada | University of Toronto | Donald A. S. Fraser | [72]
1981 | India | Vidyasagar University | Gain, Anil Kumar | [73]
1982 | Hong Kong | Chinese University of Hong Kong | Tong, Howell | [74]
1984 | India | Banaras Hindu University | Singh, S.N. |
1985 | USA | University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign | Sacks, Jerome | [75]
1986 | USA | Northwestern University | Meyer Dwass | [76]
1987 | USA | Rice University | James R. Thompson | [77]
1988 | England | University of Oxford | Hinkley, D. V. | [78]
1994 | New Zealand | The University of Auckland | Scott, Alastair
Seber, George |
1996 | USA | University of Virginia School of Medicine | Harrell, Frank E. | [79]
1997 | USA | University of Pittsburgh | Sampson, Allan R. | [80]
1998 | USA | University of California, Los Angeles | Jan de Leeuw | [81]

## See also

* List of statisticians
* History of statistics
* Timeline of probability and statistics
* List of people considered father or mother of a scientific field

## References

1. ↑ Willcox, Walter (1938) The Founder of Statistics. Review of the International Statistical Institute 5(4):321–328.
2. ↑ "Thomas Bayes". Figures from the History of Probability and Statistics. University of Southampton. http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/Figures.htm#ba.
3. ↑ "Francis Galton". Figures from the History of Probability and Statistics. University of Southampton. http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/Figures.htm#gal.
4. ↑ "Sir Francis Galton F.R.S: 1822–1911". http://galton.org/.
5. ↑ "Pearson, Karl". Statisticians in History. American Statistical Association. 30 November 2016. http://www.amstat.org/about/statisticiansinhistory/index.cfm?fuseaction=biosinfo&BioID=18.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Karl Pearson (1857 - 1936)". Department of Statistical Science – University College London. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/stats/department/pearson.html.
7. ↑ "Karl Pearson". School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews. 2003. http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Pearson.html.
8. ↑ John Aldrich (2008). "Karl Pearson: A Reader's Guide". University of Southampton. http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/kpreader.htm.
9. ↑ Williams, RH, Zimmerman, DW, Zumbo, BD & Ross, D (2003). "Charles Spearman: British Behavioral Scientist". Human Nature Review 3: 114–118. http://human-nature.com/nibbs/03/spearman.html.
10. ↑ "William Sealy Gosset". Figures from the History of Probability and Statistics. University of Southampton. http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/Figures.htm#stu.
11. ↑ Strecker, Heinrich; Strecker, Rosemarie (2016). "Oskar Anderson". Encyclopedia of Mathematics. Springer-Verlag GmbH, Heidelberg. http://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Anderson,_Oskar&oldid=39172.
12. ↑ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F. (May 2000), "Oskar Johann Viktor Anderson", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews, http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Anderson.html .
13. ↑ Sheynin, O.B. (1970). "Anderson, Oskar Johann Viktor". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 154–155. ISBN 978-0-684-10114-9. https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/anderson-oskar-johann-viktor.
14. ↑ "Oskar Anderson". Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Famous scholars from Kiel. http://www.uni-kiel.de/grosse-forscher/index.php?nid=anderson&lang=e.
15. ↑ "Fisher, R.A.". Statisticians in History. American Statistical Association. 30 November 2016. http://www.amstat.org/about/statisticiansinhistory/index.cfm?fuseaction=biosinfo&BioID=16.
16. ↑ "R.A. Fisher". Figures from the History of Probability and Statistics. University of Southampton. http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/Figures.htm#fis.
17. ↑ "A Guide to R. A. Fisher". http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/fisherguide/rafreader.htm.
18. ↑ "Neyman, Jerzy". Statisticians in History. American Statistical Association. http://www.amstat.org/about/statisticiansinhistory/index.cfm?fuseaction=biosinfo&BioID=11.
19. ↑ "Deming, W. Edwards". Statisticians in History. American Statistical Association. 30 November 2016. http://www.amstat.org/about/statisticiansinhistory/index.cfm?fuseaction=biosinfo&BioID=4.
20. ↑ "Pearson, Egon S.". Statisticians in History. American Statistical Association. http://www.amstat.org/about/statisticiansinhistory/index.cfm?fuseaction=biosinfo&BioID=24.
21. ↑ Anon (1980). "Henderson, CR: Estimation of variance and covariance components". Current Contents/Agriculture Biology & Environmental Sciences 24: 10. http://garfield.library.upenn.edu/classics1980/A1980JU47400001.pdf.
22. ↑ Searle, S. R. (1991). "C. R. Henderson, the Statistician; and His Contributions to Variance Components Estimation". Journal of Dairy Science 74 (11): 4035–4044. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78599-8. PMID 1757641. https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/31657/1/BU-1085-MA.pdf.
23. ↑ L. Dale Van Vleck (1998). Charles Roy Henderson, April 1, 1911 – March 14, 1989. United States National Academy of Sciences. https://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/henderson-charles.pdf.
24. ↑ Mccullagh, Peter (2003). "John Wilder Tukey. 16 June 1915 – 26 July 2000". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 49: 537–555. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2003.0032.
25. ↑ William Grimes (17 July 2010). "David Blackwell, Scholar of Probability, Dies at 91". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/17/education/17blackwell.html. "His “Basic Statistics” (1969) was one of the first textbooks on Bayesian statistics, which assess the uncertainty of future outcomes by incorporating new evidence as it arises, rather than relying on historical data. He also wrote numerous papers on multistage decision-making."
26. ↑ Degroot, Morris H. (1987). "A Conversation with C. R. Rao". Statistical Science 2: 53–67. doi:10.1214/ss/1177013438.
27. ↑ Kruse, Megan. "C.R. Rao Receives National Medal of Science". http://www.amstat.org/about/statisticiansinhistory/index.cfm?fuseaction=biosinfo&BioID=13.
28. ↑ Wermuth, Nanny; Anthony C. Davison; Dodge, Yadolah (2005). Celebrating Statistics: Papers in honour of Sir David Cox on his 80th birthday (Oxford Statistical Science Series). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-856654-0. OCLC 185035518.
29. ↑ Casella, George (2003). "Introduction to the Silver Anniversary of the Bootstrap". Statistical Science 18 (2): 133–134. doi:10.1214/ss/1063994967.
30. ↑ Harold Hotelling (1988). "Golden Oldies: Classic Articles from the World of Statistics and Probability: 'The Place of Statistics in the University'". Statistical Science 3 (1): 72–83. doi:10.1214/ss/1177013002.
31. ↑ "About the department" (in en). 2023-08-14. https://www.stat.lu.se/en/about.
32. ↑ Ghosh, JK (1994). "Mahalanobis and the Art and Science of Statistics: The Early Days". Indian Journal of History of Science 29 (1): 90.
33. ↑ Hotelling, Harold. American Statistical Association Statisticians in History. http://www.amstat.org/about/statisticiansinhistory/index.cfm?fuseaction=biosinfo&BioID=7. Retrieved 22 May 2009.
34. ↑ "Collection: Statistics Department records | George Washington University". https://searcharchives.library.gwu.edu/repositories/2/resources/634.
35. ↑ "George Washington University, Department of Statistics" (in en). 2022-12-10. https://www.niss.org/affiliates/george-washington-university-department-statistics.
36. ↑ "Cox, Gertrude M.". Statisticians in History. American Statistical Association. http://www.amstat.org/about/statisticiansinhistory/index.cfm?fuseaction=biosinfo&BioID=2.
37. ↑ Herman Wold was appointed Professor of Statistics at Uppsala University in 1942. Already, in 1928, a Swedish Doctor of Philosophy ("Filosofisk Doktorsgrad") was awarded (to P. George Winsler); in 1910, a Professor's Chair in "Statistics" was created .
38. ↑ "Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology: History". Cornell University. https://www.bscb.cornell.edu/history.php.
39. ↑ A. S. Hedayat (2005). "A Conversation with Walter T. Federer". Statistical Science 20 (3): 302–315. doi:10.1214/088342305000000142. http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS/Repository/1.0/Disseminate?view=body&id=pdfview_1&handle=euclid.ss/1124891294.
40. ↑ Susan S. Lang (18 April 2008), Walter T. Federer, father of Cornell's statistics department, dies at 92, Cornell Chronicle, https://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/2008/04/walter-t-federer-father-statistics-department-dies-92
41. ↑ Stephen M. Stigler (1999). "The Foundations of Statistics at Stanford". The American Statistician 53 (3): 263–266. doi:10.1080/00031305.1999.10474470.
42. ↑ Dixit, Ulhas J.; Satam, Meena R. (1999). Dedicated to MC Chakrabarti, Book (Papers) - Statistical Inference and Design of Experiments. Narosa Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-7319-281-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=xkoMtO8d6zIC&pg=PP9.
43. ↑ "UNC School of Public Health – School history". 2008. http://www.sph.unc.edu/school/school_history.html.
44. ↑ Arnold, Jesse C (2000). "Virginia tech department of statistics: the first fifty years". Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation 66 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1080/00949650008812008.
45. ↑ "About us - Department of Statistics" (in en). https://www.su.se/department-of-statistics/about-the-department/about-us.
46. ↑ "Historic background" (in en). https://en.stat.huji.ac.il/history.
47. ↑ "1953-1960". University of Pune. http://stats.unipune.ernet.in/hist3.html.
48. ↑ E. L. Lehmann (1996). "The creation and early history of the Berkeley Statistics Department". Statistics, probability and game theory. Institute of Mathematical Statistics Lecture Notes – Monograph Series. 30. pp. 139–146. doi:10.1214/lnms/1215453570. ISBN 978-0-940600-42-3. http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS/Repository/1.0/Disseminate?view=body&id=pdf_1&handle=euclid.lnms/1215453570.
49. ↑ "Cochran, William G.". American Statistical Association Statisticians in History. http://www.amstat.org/about/statisticiansinhistory/index.cfm?fuseaction=biosinfo&BioID=21.
50. ↑ Mosteller, Frederick. American Statistical Association Statisticians in History. 30 November 2016. http://www.amstat.org/about/statisticiansinhistory/index.cfm?fuseaction=biosinfo&BioID=10.
51. ↑ "Obituary: Emeritus Professor Henry Oliver Lancaster, AO FAA". The University of Sydney News. 2002. http://www.maths.usyd.edu.au/u/About/lancaster.htm.
52. ↑ "History" (in en). https://cla.umn.edu/statistics/about/history.
53. ↑ "The Department | Department of Statistics". https://stat.fsu.edu/department.
54. ↑ Hollander, Myles (2001-02-01). "A conversation with Ralph A. Bradley". Statistical Science 16 (1). doi:10.1214/ss/998929483. ISSN 0883-4237.
55. ↑ "History of the Department of Statistics" (in en-US). https://stat.wisc.edu/department-history/.
56. ↑ "Obituary: Franklin Graybill, 1921-2012". 2012-04-02. https://imstat.org/2012/04/02/obituary-franklin-graybill-1921-2012/.
57. ↑ History, Department of Statistics. Texas A&M University. http://www.stat.tamu.edu/history.php. Retrieved 2 May 2009.
58. ↑ Wolfgang Saxon (25 October 2001). "Francis John Anscombe, 83, Mathematician and Professor". New York Times. https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D01E6DD1231F936A15753C1A9679C8B63.
59. ↑ Barbara (Amato) Kuslan (2002). "The History of the Yale University Department of Statistics 1963–2000". http://www.stat.yale.edu/history/HistoryAmato.html.
60. ↑ "Purdue University - Department of Statistics - History". https://www.stat.purdue.edu/about/history/index.html.
61. ↑ "ISRT, University of Dhaka: Homepage". http://www.isrt.ac.bd/.
62. ↑ Randles, Ronald Herman (2007). "A Conversation with Robert V. Hogg". Statistical Science 22 (1): 137–152. doi:10.1214/088342306000000637. Bibcode: 2007arXiv0708.3974R.
63. ↑ Department of Statistics Celebrates its 40th Birthday. University of Glasgow. 2006. http://www.gla.ac.uk/departments/statistics/aboutus/news/40thbirthday/.
64. ↑ "History, Mission, & Vision | Statistics and Actuarial Science" (in en). https://uwaterloo.ca/statistics-and-actuarial-science/about/history-mission-vision.
65. ↑ "Fifty years of statistics at Penn State | Penn State University" (in en). https://www.psu.edu/news/academics/story/fifty-years-statistics-penn-state/.
66. ↑ Statistics - Welcome to MCC. https://mcc.edu.in/statistics/.
67. ↑ "Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, HKU - History". https://saasweb.hku.hk/history.php.
68. ↑ "In Memoriam: Professor Saw Swee Hock, distinguished academic and generous benefactor". Saw Swee Hock Professorship of Statistics. National University of Singapore Department of Statistics and Data Science. https://www.stat.nus.edu.sg/people/saw-swee-hock-professorship-of-statistics/.
69. ↑ "History | Biostatistics". https://www.biostat.washington.edu/about/history.
70. ↑ "OSU Oral History Interview with D. Ransom Whitney – University Archives". http://library.osu.edu/sites/archives/manuscripts/oralhistory/whitney.php.
71. ↑ Eine Chronik des Fachbereichs Statistik, 1994, http://www.statistik.uni-dortmund.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Studium/Fachschaftsrat/Omega/1994_Chronik.pdf
72. ↑ "University of Toronto Department of Statistics: About Us". http://www.utstat.utoronto.ca/pagecontent/index.php?pageid=47.
73. ↑ Gain, Anil Kumar. "Founder of the University". http://vidyasagar.ac.in/About/AKGayen.aspx.
74. ↑ "Vice-Chancellor's Report August 1982-July 1985, p.5". http://www.iso.cuhk.edu.hk/ebook/index.html#ui=en&lang=en&issue_id=729&page=12.
75. ↑ "History of the Department | Statistics at Illinois". https://stat.illinois.edu/footer/history-department.
76. ↑ "Department History: Department of Statistics and Data Science - Northwestern University" (in en). https://statistics.northwestern.edu/about/department-history.html.
77. ↑ "History of Rice University Statistics Department". https://statistics.rice.edu/about/history.
78. ↑ "Brief History of the Establishment of Statistics at Oxford". http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/about_us/statistics_in_oxford.
79. ↑ "Frank E. Harrell Jr., Ph.D. – Vanderbilt Kennedy Center People". http://kc.vanderbilt.edu/site/people/10515/harrell-frank.aspx.
80. ↑ "Allan R. Sampson, founding chair of Pitt's Statistics Department". https://www.pittwire.pitt.edu/passings/allan-r-sampson-founding-chair-pitts-statistics-department.
81. ↑ Ylvisaker, Donald (2016). "Jan de Leeuw and Statistics at UCLA" (in en). Journal of Statistical Software 73 (9). doi:10.18637/jss.v073.i09. ISSN 1548-7660. http://www.jstatsoft.org/v73/i09/.

## External links

* "Statisticians in History". American Statistical Association. 30 November 2016. https://magazine.amstat.org/statisticians-in-history/.
* "Life and Work of Statisticians". Department of Mathematics, University of York. http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/maths/histstat/lifework.htm.
* "Portraits of Statisticians". Department of Mathematics, University of York. http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/maths/histstat/people/welcome.htm.
* John Aldrich. "Figures from the History of Probability and Statistics". University of Southampton. http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/Figures.htm.
* Lawrence H. Riddle. "Biographies of Women Mathematicians". Agnes Scott College. http://www.AgnesScott.edu/lriddle/women/women.htm.
* StatProb – peer-reviewed encyclopedia sponsored by statistics and probability societies

* v
* t
* e

Statistics

* Outline
* Index

Descriptive statistics

| Continuous data|

| Center|

* Mean
* arithmetic
* geometric
* harmonic
* Median
* Mode

|

Dispersion|

* Variance
* Standard deviation
* Coefficient of variation
* Percentile
* Range
* Interquartile range

Shape|

* Central limit theorem
* Moments
* Skewness
* Kurtosis
* L-moments

Count data|

* Index of dispersion

Summary tables|

* Grouped data
* Frequency distribution
* Contingency table

Dependence|

* Pearson product-moment correlation
* Rank correlation
* Spearman's rho
* Kendall's tau
* Partial correlation
* Scatter plot

Graphics|

* Bar chart
* Biplot
* Box plot
* Control chart
* Correlogram
* Fan chart
* Forest plot
* Histogram
* Pie chart
* Q–Q plot
* Run chart
* Scatter plot
* Stem-and-leaf display
* Radar chart
* Violin plot

Data collection

| Study design|

* Population
* Statistic
* Effect size
* Statistical power
* Optimal design
* Sample size determination
* Replication
* Missing data

|

Survey methodology|

* Sampling
* stratified
* cluster
* Standard error
* Opinion poll
* Questionnaire

Controlled experiments|

* Scientific control
* Randomized experiment
* Randomized controlled trial
* Random assignment
* Blocking
* Interaction
* Factorial experiment

Adaptive Designs|

* Adaptive clinical trial
* Up-and-Down Designs
* Stochastic approximation

Observational Studies|

* Cross-sectional study
* Cohort study
* Natural experiment
* Quasi-experiment

Statistical inference

| Statistical theory|

* Population
* Statistic
* Probability distribution
* Sampling distribution
* Order statistic
* Empirical distribution
* Density estimation
* Statistical model
* Model specification
* Lp space
* Parameter
* location
* scale
* shape
* Parametric family
* Likelihood (monotone)
* Location–scale family
* Exponential family
* Completeness
* Sufficiency
* Statistical functional
* Bootstrap
* U
* V
* Optimal decision
* loss function
* Efficiency
* Statistical distance
* divergence
* Asymptotics
* Robustness

|

Frequentist inference|

| Point estimation|

* Estimating equations
* Maximum likelihood
* Method of moments
* M-estimator
* Minimum distance
* Unbiased estimators
* Mean-unbiased minimum-variance
* Rao–Blackwellization
* Lehmann–Scheffé theorem
* Median unbiased
* Plug-in

|

Interval estimation|

* Confidence interval
* Pivot
* Likelihood interval
* Prediction interval
* Tolerance interval
* Resampling
* Bootstrap
* Jackknife

Testing hypotheses|

* 1- & 2-tails
* Power
* Uniformly most powerful test
* Permutation test
* Randomization test
* Multiple comparisons

Parametric tests|

* Likelihood-ratio
* Score/Lagrange multiplier
* Wald

Specific tests|

* Z-test (normal)
* Student's t-test
* F-test

Goodness of fit|

* Chi-squared
* G-test
* Kolmogorov–Smirnov
* Anderson–Darling
* Lilliefors
* Jarque–Bera
* Normality (Shapiro–Wilk)
* Likelihood-ratio test
* Model selection
* Cross validation
* AIC
* BIC

Rank statistics|

* Sign
* Sample median
* Signed rank (Wilcoxon)
* Hodges–Lehmann estimator
* Rank sum (Mann–Whitney)
* Nonparametric anova
* 1-way (Kruskal–Wallis)
* 2-way (Friedman)
* Ordered alternative (Jonckheere–Terpstra)

Bayesian inference|

* Bayesian probability
* prior
* posterior
* Credible interval
* Bayes factor
* Bayesian estimator
* Maximum posterior estimator

* Correlation
* Regression analysis

| Correlation|

* Pearson product-moment
* Partial correlation
* Confounding variable
* Coefficient of determination

|

Regression analysis|

* Errors and residuals
* Regression validation
* Mixed effects models
* Simultaneous equations models
* Multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS)

Linear regression|

* Simple linear regression
* Ordinary least squares
* General linear model
* Bayesian regression

Non-standard predictors|

* Nonlinear regression
* Nonparametric
* Semiparametric
* Isotonic
* Robust
* Heteroscedasticity
* Homoscedasticity

Generalized linear model|

* Exponential families
* Logistic (Bernoulli) / Binomial / Poisson regressions

Partition of variance|

* Analysis of variance (ANOVA, anova)
* Analysis of covariance
* Multivariate ANOVA
* Degrees of freedom

Categorical / Multivariate / Time-series / Survival analysis

| Categorical|

* Cohen's kappa
* Contingency table
* Graphical model
* Log-linear model
* McNemar's test

|

Multivariate|

* Regression
* Manova
* Principal components
* Canonical correlation
* Discriminant analysis
* Cluster analysis
* Classification
* Structural equation model
* Factor analysis
* Multivariate distributions
* Elliptical distributions
* Normal

Time-series|

| General|

* Decomposition
* Trend
* Stationarity
* Seasonal adjustment
* Exponential smoothing
* Cointegration
* Structural break
* Granger causality

|

Specific tests|

* Dickey–Fuller
* Johansen
* Q-statistic (Ljung–Box)
* Durbin–Watson
* Breusch–Godfrey

Time domain|

* Autocorrelation (ACF)
* partial (PACF)
* Cross-correlation (XCF)
* ARMA model
* ARIMA model (Box–Jenkins)
* Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH)
* Vector autoregression (VAR)

Frequency domain|

* Spectral density estimation
* Fourier analysis
* Wavelet
* Whittle likelihood

Survival|

| Survival function|

* Kaplan–Meier estimator (product limit)
* Proportional hazards models
* Accelerated failure time (AFT) model
* First hitting time

|

Hazard function|

* Nelson–Aalen estimator

Test|

* Log-rank test

Applications

| Biostatistics|

* Bioinformatics
* Clinical trials / studies
* Epidemiology
* Medical statistics

|

Engineering statistics|

* Chemometrics
* Methods engineering
* Probabilistic design
* Process / quality control
* Reliability
* System identification

Social statistics|

* Actuarial science
* Census
* Crime statistics
* Demography
* Econometrics
* Jurimetrics
* National accounts
* Official statistics
* Population statistics
* Psychometrics

Spatial statistics|

* Cartography
* Environmental statistics
* Geographic information system
* Geostatistics
* Kriging

* Category
* '
* Commons
* WikiProject

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