2020s

The 2020s (pronounced "twenty-twenties" or "two thousand [and] twenties") is the current decade that began on 1 January 2020 and will end on 31 December 2029.

The COVID-19 pandemic and its aftermath marked the early 2020s, which triggered a global economic recession, sustained rise in global inflation, and supply chain crisis. Governments worldwide issued stay-at-home orders during the early pandemic, leading to a widespread use of teleconferencing, online learning, e-commerce and food delivery services.

Politically, the 2020s has seen a rise in right-wing populist and anti-establishment movements across the world, along with anti-government demonstrations and revolts. The decade saw escalation of military conflicts, including the Russian invasion of Ukraine since 2022, the Gaza War since 2023, the 2025 Twelve-Day War, and the 2026 Iran War.

Technology has continued to evolve in the 2020s. 5G networks launched around the globe at the start of the decade and became prevalent in smartphones. Generative artificial intelligence-based applications, such as ChatGPT and DALL-E, became widespread early in the decade, allowing users to instantly generate sophisticated texts, images, and media. Virtual reality and augmented reality have been used for remote collaboration, meetings, and training. Contactless payments and streaming services have grown in popularity. The growth of cryptocurrencies and artificial intelligence has led to the cryptocurrency bubble and AI bubble.[1][2] The United States has led space exploration, including with the James Webb Space Telescope, Ingenuity helicopter, and Artemis program.[3][4]

During the early part of this decade, the world population grew from 7.7 billion people to ~8 billion people. In 2023, India overtook China to become the most populous country in the world.[5][6] With multiple extreme weather events and ecological crises continuing to escalate, several world leaders have called the 2020s the "decisive decade" for climate action.[7][8]

## Contents

* 1 Politics and wars
* 1.1 Major conflicts
* 1.1.1 International wars
* 1.1.2 Civil wars
* 1.2 Revolutions and major protests
* 1.3 Terrorist attacks
* 1.4 Political trends
* 1.4.1 Political economic trends
* 1.4.2 Electoral trends
* 1.4.3 Deaths
* 1.5 Prominent political events
* 1.5.1 Coups
* 1.5.2 Africa
* 1.5.3 Americas
* 1.5.4 Asia
* 1.5.5 Europe
* 1.5.6 Oceania
* 1.6 World leaders
* 2 Assassinations and attempts
* 3 Disasters
* 3.1 Non-natural disasters
* 3.1.1 Aviation
* 3.1.2 General
* 3.1.3 Fires
* 3.1.4 Rail
* 3.2 Natural disasters
* 3.2.1 Earthquakes and tsunamis
* 3.2.2 Tropical cyclones
* 3.2.3 Tornadoes
* 3.2.4 Floods, avalanches, and mudslides
* 3.2.5 Volcanic eruptions
* 3.2.6 Droughts, heat waves, and wildfires
* 3.2.7 Biological disasters
* 3.2.8 Other natural events
* 4 Economics
* 4.1 Trade
* 5 Health
* 5.1 Epidemics/Outbreaks
* 5.2 Pandemics
* 6 Science and technology
* 6.1 Artificial intelligence
* 6.2 Communications and electronics
* 6.3 Spaceflight
* 6.4 Software and electronic platforms
* 6.5 Technology
* 7 Society
* 7.1 Social effects of the COVID-19 pandemic
* 7.2 Population
* 7.3 Gender
* 7.4 Environmentalism
* 7.5 LGBTQ rights
* 8 Global goals and issues
* 9 Popular culture
* 9.1 Fashion
* 9.2 Film
* 9.3 Television
* 9.3.1 Animated
* 9.3.2 Live-action
* 9.4 Music
* 9.5 Video games
* 9.6 Architecture
* 9.7 Sports
* 9.7.1 Football
* 9.7.2 Baseball
* 9.7.3 Basketball
* 9.8 Food
* 9.9 Literature
* 10 See also
* 10.1 Timeline
* 11 Notes
* 12 References
* 13 External links

## Politics and wars

### Major conflicts

The prominent wars of the decade include:

#### International wars

Name  | Start date  | End date  | Description

|
|
|

Israeli–Palestinian conflict

* 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis
* Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present)
* Gaza war
* Red Sea crisis
* Israeli invasion of Lebanon
* Israeli invasion of Syria
* Iran–Israel war
* 2026 Iran war and Afghanistan–Iran proxy war
* Ongoing

| Late 19th or early 20th century

* 6 May 2021
* 7 October 2023
* 7 October 2023
* 19 October 2023
* 1 October 2024
* 8 December 2024
* 13 June 2025
* March 2026

| Ongoing

* 21 May 2021
* Ongoing
* Ongoing
* Ongoing
* 27 November 2024
* Ongoing
* 24 June 2025
* Ongoing

| The Israeli–Palestinian conflict, which began in the late 19th or early 20th century, erupted into 11 days of open violence in May 2021 after the attempted eviction of Palestinians in the West Bank by Israeli settlers and an Israeli police raid on Al-Aqsa Mosque,[9] with leading militant group Hamas launching over 4,000 rockets into Israel.[10] The subsequent unrest caused extensive damage primarily, but not entirely, to Palestinians. The outbreak ended on 19 May.[11]

On 7 October 2023, Hamas and other Gazan militant groups conducted an armed attack on Israel, killing 797 civilians and taking 251 hostages back into Gaza. The subsequent war between Israel and Hamas has resulted in more than 50,000 casualties as of 2024, more than all the preceding decades of the conflict combined.

After weakening Iranian proxies and the fall of the Assad regime, Israel launched a series of strikes against Iranian nuclear facilities, nuclear scientists and IRGC leadership. Iran retaliated by launching ballistic missiles against Israel. The United States temporarily joined the war by attacking Iranian nuclear facilities.

Tensions between Iran and the United States have intensified amid Iran's ongoing crackdown on nationwide protests against the Iranian government. On 13 January, Iranian officials warned they were "ready for war" after United States president Donald Trump threatened potential military action ostensibly in response to the growing death toll and mass detentions linked to the protests.[12]

On 28 February 2026, the United States and Israel conducted military strikes in Iran. Several Iranian leaders are said to be hit in the strikes, including the assassination of Ali Khamenei, which is said to be cut off from contact.[13][14] Along with the NATO allies plans to prepare in a following month after the assassination and Iranian airstrike threats.[15][16]

The NATO and Asian allies declared and launched the Afghanistan–Iran proxy war against the Taliban and the Islamic Republic regimes since the assassination of Ali Larijani,[17]the war that blamed the massacre of the protesters and several terrorist attacks in the Middle East and South Asia (including India).[18][19]

Turkey–PKK conflict  | 27 November 1978  | 12 May 2025  | Numerous Kurdish groups, including the Kurdistan Workers' Party (the PKK) have fought for an independent Kurdistan incorporating parts of Turkey. In 2020, Turkey launched an insurgency in Iraqi Kurdistan. After a rebel offensive overthrew the regime of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad, Turkey renewed its offensive against Kurdish-held territories in Northern Syria.[20] On 12 May 2025, the PKK announced its full dissolution to favor political means.[21]
Nagorno-Karabakh conflict

* Second Nagorno-Karabakh War
* 2023 Azerbaijani offensive

| February 1988

* 27 September 2020
* 19 September 2023

| 1 January 2024

* 10 November 2020
* 20 September 2023

| The region of Nagorno-Karabakh has been disputed between the governments of Armenia and Azerbaijan, as well as the breakaway state, the Republic of Artsakh. Following the first war's ceasefire cross-border skirmishes persisted including in July 2020, when a series of border skirmishes left at least 15 dead. A second war broke out later that year and ended after another ceasefire. A border crisis and blockade ensued until a 2023 offensive into the region by Azerbaijan. Artsakh dissolved on 1 January 2024, ending the conflict.
War on terror

* War in Afghanistan
* Iraq conflict

| 11 September 2001

* 7 October 2001
* 20 March 2003

| Ongoing

* 30 August 2021
* Ongoing

Kivu conflict

* Congo–Rwanda conflict (2022–2025)

| 2 June 2004

* 27 March 2022

| Ongoing

* 27 June 2025

| The Kivu conflict began in 2004 in the eastern Congo as an armed conflict between the military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (FARDC) and the Hutu Power group Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It has broadly consisted of three phases, the third of which is an ongoing conflict.
Syrian civil war

* 2024 Syrian opposition offensives

| 15 March 2011

* 27 November 2024

| Ongoing

* 8 December 2024

| In March 2011, popular discontent with the rule of Bashar al-Assad triggered large-scale protests and pro-democracy rallies across Syria, as part of the wider Arab Spring protests in the region. After months of crackdown by the government's security apparatus, various armed rebel groups such as the Free Syrian Army began forming across the country, marking the beginning of the Syrian insurgency. By mid-2012, the insurgency had escalated into a full-blown civil war until the fall of the Assad regime in December 2024, following major offensives led by the Syrian opposition. During the civil war, Turkey invaded parts of northern Syria in order to combat the Islamic State, Syrian Democratic Forces, and the PKK.
Russo-Ukrainian war

* 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

| 20 February 2014

* 24 February 2022

| Ongoing

* Ongoing

| Hostilities between the Ukrainian government and Russia-backed separatist forces in Eastern Ukraine have been ongoing since the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014. In 2021 and early 2022, tensions escalated between the two countries due to a build up of Russian troops on the Ukrainian border. Russia launched the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022.
War against ISIS  | 13 June 2014  | Ongoing | In late-2013, a terrorist organisation called ISIS began making rapid advances and territorial gains in Iraq and Syria. It captured Mosul in June[22] and made Raqqa its capital.[23] Various international coalitions were formed to help fight the militants.[24][25] By December 2017, ISIS had lost much of its former territory.
Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen  | 26 March 2015  | Ongoing | During the Yemeni civil war, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and other countries part of a coalition invaded parts of Yemen in order to depose the Houthi-controlled government.
Afghanistan–Pakistan clashes (2024–present)

* 2026 Afghanistan–Pakistan conflict

| March 2024 – present

* 22 February 2026 – present

| Ongoing

* 3 November 2022
* Ongoing

| Clashes in the Durand Line began made growing hostilties in the border, which Pakistan blamed on the Taliban of Afghanistan made several terrorist incidents.[26] Afghanistan launched a retaliatory operation against Pakistan.[27] In response, Pakistan launched Operation Ghazab Lil Haq against the Taliban and announced a state of "open war" with Afghanistan after conducted airstrikes over the provinces of Nangarhar, Paktika and Khost.[28][29]

* Montage of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, part of the Russo-Ukrainian war.

* US Marines with SP-MAGTF-CR-CC at an evacuation checkpoint at Kabul Airport on 21 August during the 2021 Fall of Kabul, at the end of the War in Afghanistan.

* Highrise residential building "Palestine Tower"[30] in Gaza following an Israeli strike during the Gaza war.

* Syrian rebels at Hama Air Base during the Syrian civil war.

* Aerial view of Tehran suburbs following Israeli airstrikes during the Iran–Israel war.

* US president Donald Trump greets Russian president Vladimir Putin at the Alaska summit for the first time since the 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine to progress peace talks.

* US president Donald Trump and Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu, announcing the Gaza peace plan during a press conference.

* The aftermath of the 2026 Minab school airstrike during the Israeli and US-led airstrikes, which NATO blamed the Iranian strikes in the Middle East.

* Montage of the 2026 Iran war, part of the Middle Eastern crisis.

#### Civil wars

Name  | Start date  | End date  | Description

|
|
|

Myanmar conflict

* Myanmar civil war

| 2 April 1948

* 7 September 2021

| Ongoing

* Ongoing

| Myanmar's long-running insurgencies escalated significantly into a major civil war in 2021 following the 2021 military coup and the subsequent brutal crackdown on the anti-coup protests.
War in Darfur  | 26 February 2003  | 31 August 2020  | A peace agreement was signed on 31 August 2020 between the Sudanese authorities and several rebel factions to end armed hostilities.
Mexican drug war  | 11 December 2006  | Ongoing | Following a rise in criminal violence as a result of drug trafficking in the country, Mexican President Felipe Calderón declared a war on drugs in December 2006.[31] Since the start of the war, the death toll from drug violence had sharply increased.[32] Arrests of key cartel leaders led to increasing violence as cartels fought for control of trafficking routes into the United States.[33][34][35]
Somali civil war

* 2023 Las Anod conflict

| 31 January 2009

* 6 February 2023

| Ongoing

* Ongoing

| In 2009, Al-Shabaab, an Islamist militant group, began waging an insurgency against the newly formed Transitional Federal Government. In 2011, the federal government captured Mogadishu[36] and subsequently retook several towns across the country.[37] Since then, the government has attempted to clean out the remaining Al-Shabaab strongholds with help from AMISOM soldiers.[38]
Mali War  | 16 January 2012  | Ongoing | In January 2012, a rebellion by Tuaregs in Northern Mali began. After Malian president Amadou Toumani Touré was ousted in a coup d'état, Tuaregs captured Northern Mali,[39] and declared it to be the independent state of Azawad.[40] However, shortly afterward, various Islamist groups took over Northern Mali from the Tuaregs and imposed sharia law on the region.[41]
South Sudanese Civil War  | 15 December 2013  | 22 February 2020  | On 22 February 2020, rivals Kiir and Machar struck a unity deal and formed a coalition government, after an estimated 400,000 deaths and more than 4 million people displaced by the war.
Libyan civil war  | 16 May 2014  | 23 October 2020  | Following the factional violence that engulfed Libya after the fall of Muammar al-Gaddafi, a second civil war broke out among rival factions seeking control of the territory and oil of Libya. The conflict at the beginning was mostly between the House of Representatives (HoR) government that was controversially elected in 2014, also known as the "Tobruk government"; and the rival General National Congress (GNC) government, also called the "National Salvation Government", based in the capital Tripoli, established after Operation Odyssey Dawn and the failed military coup.
Yemeni civil war  | 16 September 2014  | Ongoing | Preceded by a decade-long Houthi insurgency,[42] the Yemeni Civil War began between two factions: the then-incumbent Yemeni government, led by Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, and the Houthi militia, along with their supporters and allies. Both claim to constitute the Yemeni government.[43]
Philippine drug war  | 30 June 2016  | Ongoing | Following a rise in political and criminal violence as a result of drug trafficking in the country, the Philippines has been engaged in a drug war and escalating terrorism since Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte was inaugurated on 30 June 2016. It had caused more than 5,000 deaths and over 150,000 arrests by the beginning of the decade.[44][45]
Iraqi insurgency  | 9 December 2017  | Ongoing | A part of the larger Iraqi conflict that has been waged since 2003, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant has been engaged in an insurgency against the Iraqi government and CJTF-OIR since the loss of territorial control in the Iraqi Civil War in 2017.
Ethiopian civil conflict

* Tigray War
* War in Amhara

| 2 April 2018

* 3 November 2020
* 9 April 2023

| Ongoing

* 3 November 2022
* Ongoing

| After years of increased tensions between the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) and the Ethiopian and Eritrean governments, a full-scale war broke out in November 2020, that has killed an estimated 300,000–500,000 people as of March 2022.[46] On 2 November, both the Ethiopian government and TPLF formally agreed to a cessation of hostilities and systematic, verifiable disarmament[47] though Tigrayan authorities allege that Ethiopia continued to launch attacks after the peace deal was signed[48][49]
Sudanese civil war  | 15 April 2023  | Ongoing
Wagner Group rebellion  | 23 June 2023  | 24 June 2023  | On 23 June 2023, Wagner Group leader Yevgeny Prigozhin led a "March for Justice" against the Russian government for a supposed attack on his men by the military. A day later however, as his convoy was encroaching on Moscow, Prigozhin called off the rebellion in exchange for amnesty and other unknown reasons.
Operation Southern Spear  | 2 September 2025  | Ongoing | The US military and surveillance campaign with the goal of "detecting, disrupting, and degrading transnational criminal and illicit maritime networks" according to the administration of US president Donald Trump. Some analysts have identified the operation as a hybridization of the war on terror and the war on drugs, and others have claimed that removal of Nicolás Maduro from power in Venezuela was an objective of the operation.

* Territorial control during Myanmar civil war (2021–present) as of the present.

* A man passing by a destroyed T-72 tank in Idaga Hamus during Tigray war.

* Sudanese refugee camp in Chad during Sudanese civil war (2023).

* A tank with flowers in the muzzle in Rostov-on-Don during the Wagner Group rebellion against the Russian government.

### Revolutions and major protests

Successful revolutions and otherwise major protests of the decade include, but are not limited to:

Event  | Date  | Country  | Events  | Ref.

|
|
|
|

Dutch farmers' protests  | 1 October 2019 – present  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Demonstrations by Dutch farmers, characterised by the use of tractors to block roads, and occupy public spaces. The protests were triggered in October 2019 by a proposal in parliament to halve the country's livestock in an attempt to limit agricultural pollution. It was related to the Dutch nitrogen crisis. The farmers' protests combines action groups and an amalgamation of larger goals. Also, the party Farmer–Citizen Movement was founded, which has gained power in parliament.  | [50][51]
Indonesia omnibus law protests  | 13 January – November 2020  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Mass popular protests and riots against the deliberation and passage of the controversial Omnibus Law on Job Creation, which was passed on 5 October 2020. The wider policies of President Joko Widodo were also protested against, and resulted in the formation of the new Labour Party.  | [52][53]
2020–2021 Belarusian protests  | 24 January 2020 – 25 March 2021  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Mass popular protests and riots against the Belarusian government and President Alexander Lukashenko. The largest anti-government protests in the history of Belarus, the demonstrations began in the lead-up to and during the 2020 presidential election, in which Lukashenko sought his sixth term in office.  | [54][55]
George Floyd protests  | 26 May 2020 – 26 May 2021  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | [56][57]
2020–2021 Thai protests  | July 2020 – November 2021  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Mass popular protests and riots against the government of Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha, the dissolution of the Future Forward Party, changes to the constitution in 2017, and the country's political landscape. Resulted in the detention of leading figures.  | [58][59]
2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest  | 9 August 2020 – 11 December 2021  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Protests and riots against three farm acts that were passed by the Parliament of India in September 2020.  | [60][61]
2020 Kyrgyz Revolution  | 5–15 October 2020  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | On 5 October, protests began in Kyrgyzstan in response to the annulled parliamentary election, which protesters felt were unfair with allegations of vote-rigging. A day later, the parliamentary elections were annulled. 6 days later, on 12 October, president Sooronbay Jeenbekov announced a state of emergency. On 15 October, Jeenbekov finally resigned, making way for Sadyr Japarov, who was nominated by parliament on 14 October to be acting prime minister, as also acting president. Following the protests, Japarov was elected president on 10 January 2021, on the same day a referendum was held on the Kyrgyz government system, in which the Kyrgyz voted for a reintroduction of the presidential system. The new constitution, passed by the Supreme Council was approved by voters in another referendum on 11 April 2021. Finally, on 28 November 2021, new parliamentary elections took place.  | [62][63]
2020–2021 women's strike protests in Poland  | 22 October 2020 – 27 January 2021  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Protest began on 22 October in response to a ruling of the Constitutional Tribunal of Julia Przyłębska, mainly consisting of judges who were appointed by the ruling Law and Justice (PiS) in illegal way, which tightened the law on abortion making Poland the country with the most stringent abortion law in Europe (except Malta, Andorra and Vatican). The ruling made almost all cases of abortion illegal, including those cases in which the foetus had a severe and permanent disability, or an incurable and life-threatening disease.

The protests were the biggest protest in Poland since 1989 (creation of III Rzeczpospolita), and were directed against the ruling party (PiS) and the Catholic Church, which had great influence on the government. As a result of the protests, the popularity of the ruling party fell by 10 percentage points, which was one of the main factors in the change of power in the parliamentary elections in 2023.

| [64][65][66]
2020–21 United States election protests

* United States Capitol attack

| 4 November 2020 – 11 April 2021

* 6 January 2021

| Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Protests began in multiple cities in the United States following the 2020 United States presidential election between then-President Donald Trump and Democratic challenger Vice President Joe Biden, held on 3 November 2020. On 6 January 2021, following the defeat of U.S. President Donald Trump in the 2020 presidential election, a mob of his supporters attacked the United States Capitol Building in Washington, D.C. |
2021 Brazilian protests  | 15 January – December 2021  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | President Bolsonaro's government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic culminated in mass popular protests and riots, with protests occurring in both support and opposition to the government and resulted in a failed impeachment attempt of Bolsonaro.  | [67][68][69]
Myanmar protests (2021–present)  | 2 February 2021 – present  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Protests triggered after the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état, during the ongoing internal conflict in Myanmar, and the Myanmar civil war.  | [70][71]
2021–2023 Eswatini protests  | 20 June 2021 – Summer 2023  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A series of protests in Eswatini against the monarchy and for democratization began as a peaceful protest on 20 June, then escalated after 25 June into violence and looting over the weekend as the government took a hardline stance against the demonstrations and prohibited the delivery of petitions.  | [72]
2021–2022 Iranian protests

* Mahsa Amini protests

| 15 July 2021 – 15 September 2022

* 16 September 2022 – 2023

| Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Throughout 2021 and 2022, crackdowns on the Iranian Democracy Movement, electricity blackouts, and economic conditions led to nationwide demonstrations, including protests over water scarcity as well as protests over food price hikes. The protests escalated rapidly in 2022 following the death of Mahsa Amini, a 22-year-old woman who was detained by the "morality police" for not wearing a hijab. The movement has led to a large government crackdown, a death toll over 500, and international condemnation for the government's response while also fueling the ongoing anti-hijab movement in Iran and Iranian Democracy Movement.  | [73][74]
Anti-lex TVN protests  | 10 September – 27 December 2021  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | On 7 August 2021, PiS MPs, which was then the ruling party, submitted a bill to the Sejm amending the "Broadcasting and the Cinematography Act" ("Ustawa o Radiofonii i Telewizji"), the aim of which was to revoke broadcasting licenses for stations with foreign capital exceeding 49%. This act severely affected the main opposition station TVN, which belonged to a Dutch holding company.

On 11 August, the act was put to a vote. During the vote, the act did not pass, because one of PiS's coalition partner, Porozumienie, voted against it. After reading the vote that was unfavorable for PiS, Marshal of the Sejm Elżbieta Witek called a recess, during which Kukiz'15 MPs said that they had voted wrong, which resulted in a resumption of the vote during which the act passed.

In connection with these events, there were mass anti-government protests. As a result, the act was vetoed by Andrzej Duda. An additional consequence was the expulsion of Porozumienie from the government coalition.

| [75][76][77]
2022 Kazakh unrest  | 2–11 January 2022  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Protests erupt in Kazakhstan on 2 January 2022 after a sudden sharp increase in liquefied gas prices following the lifting of a government-enforced price cap on 1 January.  | [78]
Canada convoy protest  | 22 January – 23 February 2022  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A series of protests and blockades in Canada against COVID-19 mandates and restrictions, called the Freedom Convoy.  | [79]
Protests against the Russo-Ukrainian war

* 2022 anti-war protests in Russia

| 24 February 2022 – present  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A series of protests and anti-war demonstrations held in Russia and worldwide against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and opposition to Vladimir Putin in Russia.  | [80][81][82]
2022 Sri Lankan protests  | 15 March – 14 November 2022  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Starting in 2019, Sri Lanka had been facing its worst economic crisis since its independence. The then-ongoing crisis culminated in mass popular protests and riots against the incumbent government and the Rajapaksa family, which eventually forced President Gotabaya Rajapaksa to flee the country and resign in July. Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe succeeded Rajapaksa as the President amidst the protests.  | [83][84][85]
2022 Karakalpak protests  | 1–3 July 2022  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Spurred by a draft of a new version of the Constitution of Uzbekistan, in which the word "sovereign" was removed from the description of the status of Karakalpakstan, and the mention of the republic's right to secede from Uzbekistan was also removed. These were later withdrawn.  | [86]
Raging Years Movement

* Resign Shigeru Ishiba rally

| 9 July 2022 – 22 October 2025  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Anti-government protests and riots occurred after the assassination of Shinzo Abe, a controversial Unification Church ties to the LDP and the slush fund scandal, including the violent storming of the National Diet Building in Tokyo led by youth protesters and rioters, but it was dispersed by the Riot Police Unit and military forces. Other protests occurred since the 2024 Japanese general election, a controversial protest calls for the resignation of Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba at the Expo 2025 site in Osaka. The Sanae Takaichi became the first female Prime Minister after the 2025 Liberal Democratic Party presidential election which resulted protests was ended, and the formation of the Liberal Democratic Party–Japan Innovation Party coalition.  | [87][88][89][90][91]
2022 Sierra Leone protests  | 10–12 August 2022  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Thirty-one people, including 25 civilians and six police officers, died during violent protests and riots in the West African country of Sierra Leone. The protests were sparked by the nation's cost-of-living crisis.  | [92]
2022–2023 Brazilian election protests

* 2023 Brazilian Congress attack

| 31 October 2022 – 9 January 2023

* 8 January 2023

| Script error: The function "" does not exist. | The 2022 Brazilian election protests began shortly after the conclusion of the 2022 Brazilian general election's second round on 30 October, in which Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva was elected president. Supporters of Jair Bolsonaro, the outgoing incumbent president, started blocking roads and highways in the country. At least 23 Brazilian states, plus the Federal District, recorded roadblocks as of 1 November, adding up to at least 267 roadblocks according to data from Federal Highway Police (PRF). Dozens of Bolsonaro supporters storm the Three Powers Plaza in the capital Brasília, cause enormous damage. President Lula was not there, nor was Bolsonaro or members of Congress.  | [93][94][95][96][97][98]
2022 COVID-19 protests in China  | 2 November – 5 December 2022  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A series of protests against COVID-19 lockdowns began in mainland China on 15 November 2022. The protests began in response to measures taken by the Chinese government to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in the country, including implementing a zero-COVID policy. Discontentment towards the policy has grown since the beginning of the pandemic, which confined many people to their homes without work, leaving them unable to purchase daily necessities and subjecting them to harsh restrictions. Protests escalated on 24 November 2022 following a fire in an apartment building in Ürümqi which killed 10 people, with protesters blaming China's policies for the deaths.  | [99][100]
Peruvian protests (2022–2023)  | 7 December 2022 – 24 March 2023  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Protests erupted against the government of Dina Boluarte and the Congress of Peru called by supporters of the ousted president of Peru, Pedro Castillo, organized by social organizations and indigenous peoples who felt they experienced political disenfranchisement, specifically on the politically left-wing to far left. The government's authoritarian response was widely criticized, with further discontent following the Supreme Court's decision to declare protesting in Peru to be illegal.  | [101][102][103][104][105]
July Revolution  | 10 December 2022 – 5 August 2024  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A series of anti-government protests against the authoritarian government were initiated by the Bangladeshi opposition parties in December 2022, the protests continued spite of the government crackdowns. Though initially low-level, with instances of vandalism in late 2023, the movement gained momentum in 2024. Initially focused on restructuring discriminatory traditional and quota-based systems for government job recruitment, the movement expanded against what many perceive as an authoritarian government when hundreds of protestors and civilians, most of whom were students, were killed. The protests resulted in the resignation of prime minister Sheikh Hasina after 15 years of rule.  | [106][107][108][109]
2023 Israeli judicial reform protests  | 7 January – 12 October 2023  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Mass protests, strikes and civil disobedience campaigns occurred across the country in response to Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's right wing government's plan to overhaul the Israeli Judiciary system, which have been criticized for removing the checks and balances on the government and giving it unrestrained power.  | [110][111][112]
2023 French pension reform strikes  | 19 January – 8 June 2023  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A series of civil unrest incidents occurred in France in response to a pension reform bill proposed by the Borne government, which would increase the retirement age from 62 to 64 years old. Strikes and protests have led to widespread disruption, including garbage piling up in the streets and public transport cancellations. In March, the government used Article 49.3 of the constitution to force the bill through the French Parliament, sparking more protests and two failed no confidence votes.  | [113][114]
2023–2024 Georgian protests

* 2024 Georgian post-election protests

| 6 – 10 March 2023

* 28 October 2024 – present

| Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A series of street demonstrations taking place throughout Georgia over parliamentary backing of a proposed "Law on Transparency of Foreign Influence", which requires NGOs to register as "agents of foreign influence" if the funds they receive from abroad amount to more than 20% of their total revenue. Police have been reported as using water cannons and tear gas to disperse the protests, especially in the capital Tbilisi. The parliament retracted the bill as a result of protests on 10 March 2023. Protests against the 2024 Georgian parliamentary election results began in Georgia after the preliminary official results were announced. The demonstrators claimed that the elections, which saw the ruling Georgian Dream win a majority of seats, were fraudulent, and alternatively demanded a recount and a new election. Additional protests were held on 4 November near the parliament building, where the opposition parties unveiled their strategy to tackle the election results. The protests continued on 17 November, when the final results were certified by the Central Election Commission of Georgia. The scope of the protests was broadened on 28 November, when the government announced that it would postpone the EU negotiations process until 2028. The protests are also called "Georgian Maidan".  | [115][116][117][118][119]
2023 Polish protests

* June 4 protests
* March of a Million Hearts

| 4 June – 1 October 2023

* 4 June
* 1 October 2023

| Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Two big antigoverment demonstrations were held in Poland in 2023.

The first major protest took place on 4 June under the name "March 4th June" ("Marsz 4 Czerwca"). It was organized by the main opposition party, Civic Coalition, mainly in opposition to the attempt to establish a State Commission to investigate Russian influence on the internal security of the Republic of Poland in the years 2007–2022 (pl), because this commission could ban people from holding public office without giving a reason, which was a thing aimed at Donald Tusk and the opposition by ruling Law and Justice. The march was organized on 4 June, the day commemorating the first partially free elections in Poland in 1989. The protest gathered between 300 000 and 500 000 people.

The result of the protest was the submission of an amendment to the act by President Andrzej Duda, which was to soften the controversial provisions in the act. Additionally, thanks to the march, the opposition's popularity increased by about 5 percentage points.

A second protest was held on 1 October under the name "March of a Million Hearts" ("Marsz Miliona Serc"), as a reminder of the first protest just before the parliamentary elections, that was held on 15th October. The protest was organised by democratic opposition (Civic Coalition, Third Way and New Left), and gathered between 600 000 to 1 100 000 people. This protest was one of the main reasons for the opposition's victory in the parliamentary elections.

| [120][121][122][123][124][125]
Gaza war protests  | 8 October 2023 – present  | Worldwide  | A series of protests and anti-war demonstrations held worldwide, focused on a variety of issues related to the conflict, including demands for a ceasefire, an end to the Israeli blockade and occupation, return of Israeli hostages, protesting war crimes, ending US support for Israel and providing humanitarian aid to Gaza.  | [126][127]
2023–2024 European Union farmers' protests

* 2024 French farmers' protests
* 2024 Polish farmers' protests
* 2023–2024 German farmers' protests

| December 2023 – present  | Script error: The function "" does not exist.:

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| Series of farmers' protests were held across the European Union mostly due to opposing EU green politics, and unregulated trade of agricultural products with non-European Union member states, such as Ukraine and the Mercosur bloc.  | [128][129][130][131]
2024 Venezuelan protests  | 28 July 2024 – 10 January 2025  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A series of protests erupted in response to the results of the 2024 presidential election, citing allegations of voter fraud and other irregularities during the election process. These events unfolded as part of the broader 2024 Venezuelan political crisis and occurred against the backdrop of the ongoing crisis in Venezuela. Demonstrations to uphold the results of the election, along with vigils for political prisoners, occurred worldwide after the July election. Spontaneous protests broke out immediately after the election, while later rallies were organized by the Venezuelan opposition. Maduro claimed the opposition was encouraging a coup and has charged demonstrators with terrorism, while initiating an unprecedented crackdown. Maduro's security forces have gone door-to-door seeking to arrest protesters, poll workers and members of the opposition in what Maduro has referred to as Operation Tun Tun, and armed bands of Maduro supporters known as colectivos have joined security forces in repressing dissent. As of 14 August 2024, at least 2,200 persons are reported to have been arrested, and 25 killed. Maduro has announced plans to continue to seek the arrest of dissenters, and to rehabilitate two prisons to house those detained.  | [132][133][134]
2024 United Kingdom riots  | 30 July – 5 August 2024  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | The far-right, anti-immigration protests and riots began after a mass stabbing in Southport. The riots were fuelled by false claims circulated by far-right groups that the perpetrator of the attack was a Muslim and an asylum seeker, in addition to broader Islamophobic, racist, and anti-immigrant sentiments that had grown leading up to the protests, it was the largest incident of social unrest in England since 2011.  | [135][136][137]
Southeast Europe protests

* 2024–present Serbian anti-corruption protests
* 2024–2025 Romanian election annulment protests
* 2025 Turkish protests
* 2025 Bulgarian budget protests

| October 2024 – present  | Script error: The function "" does not exist.:

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| A series of anti-governmentprotests and riots against political corruption, retail boycotts, and various problems across Southeast Europe sparked by public anger over corruption, democratic backsliding, and tragic events, the protests are largely student-led and driven by younger generations demanding transparency and accountability.  | [138][139][140][141][142]
Protests against the second presidency of Donald Trump

* 2025 "Hands Off" protests
* No Kings protests
* June 2025 Los Angeles protests against mass deportation
* Global March for Dignity
* Hands Off movement

| January 2025 – present  | Worldwide  | An ongoing series of protests against US President Donald Trump, Elon Musk, and the Trump administration, beginning on April 5. Participants, including the involvement of over 150 advocacy groups, protested Trump's worldwide implementation of "Liberation Day" Tariffs which subsequently lead to the stock market crash, several other endeavors causing economic decline, Musk's cuts to government agencies and the federal government, rollback of LGBTQ rights in the United States, mass deportations of immigrants and legal citizens, potential negative effects to social security, and cuts to healthcare and related research. Protestors additionally expressed concern in policies favoring billionaires, growing authoritarianism in the Trump administration, and a decline in democracy. These protests are described as the largest nationwide display of opposition to the second Trump administration across Trump's presidential terms, being held at nationwide and worldwide.  | [143][144][145][146][147][148][149]
2025 Indonesian protests  | February – December 2025  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Public and student-led anti-government protests and riots are being held throughout several cities in Indonesia. They were launched starting on 17 February 2025 by the All-Indonesian Students' Union (BEM SI), together with individual students' unions against the alleged controversial policies of President Prabowo Subianto. It is the most violent protests and riots in the country since May 1998.  | [150][151][152]
2025 Thai anti-government protests  | May 2025 – February 2026  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A renewed anti-government protests and riots across Thailand including Bangkok, over a controversial dual border crisis in Cambodia and Myanmar alongside its proposed military buildup funded by the Indian government, as well as the discontent of the Shinawatra family over political corruption. The opposition People's Party supporters and pro-democracy protesters attempted to storm the Thai parliament building while respecting the controversial major issues, and minor protests ended peacefully, resulted the Bhumjaithai Party victory at the 2026 Thai general election.  | [153][154][155][156]
Petrotazo  | August 2025 – present  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | The anti-government protests and riots began after the assassination of Miguel Uribe Turbay and several political violence such as the August 2025 FARC dissidents clashes, ahead of the 2026 Colombian presidential election. The riots were fueled by student movements and citizens across Bogotá against the ongoing Colombian conflict and President Gustavo Petro declared martial law for six months, the protests held again in neighboring countries of Venezuela and Peru.  | [157][158][159][160]
2025 Philippine anti-corruption protests  | 4 September 2025 – present  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A series of widespread protests began in the Philippines, including Metro Manila. They involved several anti-corruption protests stemming from the ongoing flood control projects controversy that largely involved the Department of Public Works and Highways and the legislative branch of the Philippine government. Several cities and municipalities across different provinces also held local demonstrations.  | [161][162][163]
2025 Nepalese Gen Z protests  | 8–16 September 2025  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Large-scale protests and riots are taking place across Nepal, predominantly organized by Gen Z students and young citizens against government corruption which resulted the resignation of Prime Minister K. P. Sharma Oli and replaced by Sushila Karki was appointed as interim prime minister, as well as allegations of mismanagement of public funds and a state-terrorist designation.  | [164][165][166][167]
2025 Peruvian protests  | 20 September – 16 October 2025  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Anti-government protests began in Peru against the unpopular administration of Dina Boluarte and the Congress of Peru. This followed the previous protests that occurred in 2022 and 2023 against the removal of her predecessor, Pedro Castillo; the protests part of the ongoing Peruvian political crisis and prelude to the 2026 Peruvian general election, which resulted the impeachment of Dina Boluarte in a following month.  | [168][169][170]
2025 Malagasy protests  | 25 September – 15 October 2025  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Anti-government protests have occurred across Madagascar since September 2025, focused on the capital of Antananarivo. On 11 October, units of the Madagascar Armed Forces carried out a coup in support of the protests, which made president Andry Rajoelina flee the country and formation of a provisional military junta led by Colonel Michael Randrianirina.  | [171][172][173][174]
2025 Moroccan Gen Z protests  | 27 September 2025 – 18 October 2025  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A series of ongoing youth-led protests in Morocco demanded with significant improvements to public education and healthcare, while criticizing government spending on international sporting events like the 2030 FIFA World Cup and the 2025 Africa Cup of Nations. They were the largest protests since the 2011–2012 Moroccan protests.  | [175][176][177][178]
2025 Mexican protests  | 2 November – 14 December 2025  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Large-scale protests against government corruption and a proposed martial law declaration over the Mexican drug war took place across Mexico following the assassination of Uruapan mayor Carlos Manzo. Protests were held in major cities across Mexico and varied in size and character, ranging from peaceful marches and vigils to incidents of vandalism and clashes with security forces.  | [179][180][181][182]
2025–2026 Iranian protests  | 28 December 2025 – present  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Mass protests and riots erupted across multiple cities in Iran amid a deepening economic crisis and widespread dissatisfaction with the government. While initially sparked by frustration over skyrocketing inflation, rising food prices, and the severe depreciation of the Iranian rial, the protests quickly evolved into a broader movement demanding an end to the Islamic Republic's oppressive regime under Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei until his assassination during the 2026 Iran war, the movement quickly became the largest outbreak of unrest in Iran since the 2022–2023 protests following the death of Mahsa Amini.  | [183][184][185]

* Protesters in Minneapolis where George Floyd was murdered and the unrest began on 26 May 2020.

* Error creating thumbnail:

Protest against abortion restriction in Bielsko-Biała, Poland

* 2021 Myanmar coup d'état culminated an ongoing protests, thousands of protesters participating in an anti-junta rally in Yangon in February 2021.

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Protesters in Aktobe during a period of unrest in Kazakhstan, 4 January 2022.

* Sri Lankans protesting in front of the Presidential Secretariat in Colombo, 13 April 2022.

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Iranians protesting at Amirkabir University of Technology in Tehran following the death of Mahsa Amini, 20 September 2022.

* Error creating thumbnail:

Protesters attack the Brazilian Congress to protest and attempt to overturn the results of the 2022 Brazilian election, 8 January 2023.

* Pro-Western protesters and rioters during the anti-government protests in Tbilisi, Georgia

Pro-Western protesters and rioters during the anti-government protests in Tbilisi, Georgia

* "March of a Million Hearts" in Warsaw, Poland

"March of a Million Hearts" in Warsaw, Poland

* Tractors at Saint-Etienne-de-Fontbellon (France) during the EU farmers' protests.

Tractors at Saint-Etienne-de-Fontbellon (France) during the EU farmers' protests.

* People cheering in front of the Prime Minister's Office after Sheikh Hasina's resignation, ending the July Revolution in Bangladesh.

People cheering in front of the Prime Minister's Office after Sheikh Hasina's resignation, ending the July Revolution in Bangladesh.

* Venezuelans taking to the streets to protest the 2024 presidential election results in Caracas, 3 August 2024.

Venezuelans taking to the streets to protest the 2024 presidential election results in Caracas, 3 August 2024.

* Student protestors near the National Monument, Central Jakarta, during the 2025 Indonesian protests in February 2025.

* A group of "Hands-Off" protestors on the Minnesota State Capitol in Saint Paul, Minnesota since the George Floyd protests in 2020.

A group of "Hands-Off" protestors on the Minnesota State Capitol in Saint Paul, Minnesota since the George Floyd protests in 2020.

* California National Guard and protestors during June 2025 Los Angeles protests against mass deportation.

California National Guard and protestors during June 2025 Los Angeles protests against mass deportation.

* Anti-government protests disrupted the Expo 2025 in Osaka since the assassination of Shinzo Abe three years earlier, part of the Raging Years movement.

Anti-government protests disrupted the Expo 2025 in Osaka since the assassination of Shinzo Abe three years earlier, part of the Raging Years movement.

* Angry protesters and rioters in Kathmandu during the 2025 Nepalese Gen Z protests.

* Trillion Peso March at EDSA Shrine, Quezon City during the 2025 Philippine anti-corruption protests.

* The Gen Z protests in Latin America occurred in Peru, Mexico, and Colombia, in response to the ongoing Mexican drug war, Colombian conflict and the Peruvian political crisis.

The Gen Z protests in Latin America occurred in Peru, Mexico, and Colombia, in response to the ongoing Mexican drug war, Colombian conflict and the Peruvian political crisis.

* October 2025 No Kings protests made one of the largest single-day protests in the United States and worldwide.

October 2025 No Kings protests made one of the largest single-day protests in the United States and worldwide.

* Iranian diaspora holding a solidarity rally in Perth, Australia during the violent Iranian protests and riots.

Iranian diaspora holding a solidarity rally in Perth, Australia during the violent Iranian protests and riots.

### Terrorist attacks

Note: To be included, entries must be notable (have a stand-alone article) and described by a consensus of reliable sources as "terrorism."

The most prominent terrorist attacks committed against civilian populations during the decade include, but are not limited to:

Event  | Date  | Country  | Deaths  | Injuries  | Ref.

|
|
|
|
|

Koshebe massacre  | 28 November 2020  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 110  | 6  | [186]
2021 Kabul school bombing  | 8 May 2021  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 90  | 240  | [187]
2021 Kabul airport attack  | 26 August 2021  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 183  | 200+  | [188]
2022 Peshawar mosque attack  | 4 March 2022  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 64+  | 196+  | [189]
2022 Somali Ministry of Education bombings  | 29 October 2022  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 121+  | 300+  | [190]
2023 Peshawar mosque bombing  | 30 January 2023  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 101  | 220+  | [191]
Re'im music festival massacre  | 7 October 2023  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 364  | Unknown  | [192]
2024 Kerman bombings  | 3 January 2024  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 103  | 284  | [193]
Crocus City Hall attack  | 22 March 2024  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 145  | 551  | [194]
2024 Barsalogho attack  | 24 August 2024  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 600+  | 300+  | [195]
2024 Magdeburg car attack  | 20 December 2024  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 5  | 200+  | [196]
2025 New Orleans truck attack  | 1 January 2025  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 14  | 59  | [197]
2025 Pahalgam attack  | 22 April 2025  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 26  | 20  | [198]
Annunciation Catholic Church shooting  | 27 August 2025  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 3  | 21  | [199]
2025 Delhi car explosion  | 10 November 2025  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 16  | 20+  | [200]
2025 Islamabad suicide bombing  | 11 November 2025  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 15  | 38  | [201]
2025 Bondi Beach shooting  | 14 December 2025  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 16  | 42  | [202][203]
2026 Balochistan attacks  | 31 January 2026  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 200  | N/A  | [204][205]

### Political trends

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The 2020s marked the end of the Post-Cold War era, particularly in post-communist Eastern Europe, east of the former Iron Curtain.[206] Pasokification marked the decline of centre-left and centre-right politics throughout the Western world during the decade, led by demographic changes such as increased tertiary education and ethnic diversity as well as the waning influence of religion and the rise of identity politics. At this time, centre-right parties drifted rightward towards libertarianism, right-wing populism, national conservatism, or were supplanted by new far-right parties.[207] Centre-left politics has not declined to the same extent, but centrist politicians have faced significant challenges, most notably Joe Biden (particularly age and health concerns).[208] Volodymyr Zelenskyy in Ukraine is also struggling, with the next Ukrainian presidential election indefinitely postponed due to the Russo-Ukrainian war.[209][210]

A deep political divide has arisen in the United States,[211] which has seen acute political polarization, with stark divides along race and ethnicity, educational attainment,[212] and political polarization among states.[213] The 2024 United States presidential election was decided by 1.5% (49.8–48.3%), in one of the closest presidential elections in American history. In 2024, Donald Trump defeated Kamala Harris after Harris previously defeated Trump in 2020 as the Vice presidential candidate, in a quasi-rematch.[214]

Western Europe,[215] Canada,[216] and Oceania (Australia and New Zealand) have largely avoided democratic backsliding and the rise of far-right politics,[217] but even there political instability and polarization has increased.[218] Keir Starmer of the United Kingdom has seen his approval ratings fall precipitously,[219] and Emmanuel Macron of France has faced a French political crisis due to a hung parliament.[220][221] However, in the 2025 Dutch general election the liberal Democrats 66 party won the most seats.[222]

The Gen Z protests in Asia began in 2024, with the July Revolution in Bangladesh being described as the world's first Generation Z revolution.[223] The 2026 Bangladeshi and Nepalese general elections held which resulted both landslide victories of liberal and reformist opposition parties, Bangladesh Nationalist Party and the Rastriya Swatantra Party, both the elections held since the chaotic Gen Z protests.[224][225]

In Southeast Asia (ASEAN) and East Asian countries, political instability has also increased, particularly in Thailand, the Philippines, Japan, and South Korea. Thailand and the Philippines had major political crises such as impeachments and dismissals of Prime Ministers Srettha Thavisin and Paetongtarn Shinawatra,[226][227][228] as well as the impeachment of Sara Duterte and arrest of Rodrigo Duterte.[229][230] South Korea had a martial law crisis in 2024 resulted the impeachment of Yoon Suk Yeol for eight years since Park Geun-hye in 2017,[231][232][233] while in Japan was marred by anti-government protests and riots, the LDP lost its majority in both houses of the National Diet and regained in 2026 for a four-year electoral comeback since 2021.[234][235] The Bangkok–Manila–Seoul–Tokyo Frontline led as the NATO–US defense initiative focused to prevent threats from Iran, revenge with the Russo-Ukrainian war, Chinese invasion of Taiwan, and South China Sea dispute, led by Anutin Charnvirakul, Bongbong Marcos, Lee Jae Myung, and Sanae Takaichi.[236][237] The initiative was implemented after a turbulent political crises, US Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth made positive views of a frontline along with the Pacific Squad members from Australia, India, and Canada.[238]

Zohran Mamdani was elected mayor of New York City in 2025 at the age of 34, defeating former Governor of New York Andrew Cuomo. Mamdani became the first Muslim, Indian-Ugandan, and first millennial mayor of New York City.[239][240]

#### Political economic trends

The 2021-2023 inflation surge discredited or weakened nearly all governing parties and leaders during the early 2020s, across ideological lines.[241] In 2025, Trump triggered a global trade war, repudiating neoliberalism and free trade,[242][243] in favor of mercantilism and protectionism. This was a sea change in Republican Party ideology, raising tariffs to the highest levels since the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act of 1930.[244][245]

Despite being a capitalist country, the relationship between income and voter support in the United States inverted in 2024, because of educational polarization. Kamala Harris won voters making over $100,000 and $200,000 a year, but lost the election.[246] Similar trends have occurred in Canada and the United Kingdom, as centre-left parties lose the support of those without college degrees,[247] including many with lower incomes.[216] The right-wing populist Reform UK party has attracted lower-income voters who tend to be older, did not graduate from university, and male.[248] As early as 2018, French economist Thomas Piketty had predicted that centre-left parties would come to represent women, the highly educated and high-income,[249] and ethnic minorities, instead of those with low incomes.[250] Kamala Harris's strongest voters were women with graduate degrees and Black women, herself a Black woman with a Juris Doctor.[246]

In particular, high-income and high-education women now vote for liberal parties, while low-income and low-education men now vote for conservative parties, as shown in the graphs.[212] This is a complete reversal from the 20th century. Lower-income men are more conservative than higher-income men, and higher-income women are more liberal than lower-income women.[246] High-income men still vote for conservative parties, and low-income women still vote for liberal parties.[251]

* The Republican Party's core demographics changed to becoming a party primarily of men without college degrees, including Hispanic men.[212][252] The Democratic Party's core demographics changed to becoming a party primarily of women with college degrees and Black women. Hispanic men voted to the right of White women in 2024.[252] Women without college degrees and men with college degrees were both fairly evenly split.[212]

Former communist countries, particularly in the former Eastern Bloc, have pivoted towards national conservatism and far-right politics. This includes Russia itself under the authoritarian dictatorship of Vladimir Putin. Putin launched the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine with irredentist motives.[253][254] The Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) represents the deadliest war in Eastern Europe since the Eastern Front of World War II and the Russian Civil War.[255] But the trend was broader, also including Viktor Orbán in Hungary, the Law and Justice party in Poland, and the far-right Alternative for Germany party, which is strongest in the New states of Germany that once comprised East Germany.[256]

#### Electoral trends

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File:U.S. Presidential Election Swing by County from 2020 to 2024.svgIn the 2024 U.S. presidential election, all 50 states and D.C. swung rightward, as did around 90% of counties.[257]

Having suffered decline in the years after the Great Recession, the centre-left politics and the 1990s political model (like progressivism, liberalism, and social democracy policies) experienced a resurgence across Europe and the Anglosphere in the early 2020s, with New Statesman suggesting various causes, including natural shifts in the electoral cycle and conservatives' unpopularity among university graduates and voters under the age of 40.[258]

The 2020 United States presidential election saw the election of Kamala Harris as vice president was widely regarded as a historic milestone, as the first woman and multicultural (African American and Asian American) to hold the office, reflecting broader trends toward increased diversity and representation in American politics, culture and society.[259] She was conceded defeat as a presidential candidate at the 2024 United States presidential election to Donald Trump.[260]

Following the election of Donald Trump in the 2024 United States presidential election, the mid-2020s saw the resurgence of right-wing populism and the 1980s political model (like Trumpist ideologies of conservatism, social conservatism, and anti-communist policies).[261][262]

The decade saw the rise of neo-nationalism is associated with several positions such as right-wing populism, anti-globalization,[263] nativism, protectionism, opposition to immigration, Islamophobia in non-Muslim-majority countries,[264] and Euroscepticism, where applicable. With globalisation and the idea of a single nation, neo-nationalists see the problems of identification and threatened identities.[265][266] They call for the protection of symbolic heritage, like art and folk traditions, which is also common for cultural nationalism.[267]

Several neo-nationalist politicians have come to power or run strongly during the 2010s and 2020s, including Giorgia Meloni in Italy,[268] Marine Le Pen in France,[269] Sanae Takaichi in Japan,[270] Rodrigo Duterte and Bongbong Marcos in the Philippines,[271][272] and Jair Bolsonaro in Brazil.[273]

Starting in the mid-2020s, right-wing candidates rebounded with a handful of victories, constituting a second conservative wave in Latin America. In late 2023 and early 2024, right-wing libertarian Javier Milei won the 2023 Argentine presidential election, defeating Peronist Sergio Massa; centre-right businessman Daniel Noboa defeating leftist Luisa González in Ecuador; right-wing politician José Raúl Mulino defeated the incumbent center-left vice president José Gabriel Carrizo in the 2024 Panamanian general election.[274][275][276] This trend continued into 2025, with conservative Rodrigo Paz elected President of Bolivia, defeating the ruling socialist MAS in Bolivia for the first time in decades;[277][278] and the 2025 victory of José Antonio Kast in Chile, as well as that of Nasry Asfura in Honduras. Analysts expect this trend to continue into 2026, with the left-wing candidates seen as likely to lose to their right-wing challengers in the upcoming elections for that year.[279] In 2026, conservative populist Laura Fernández Delgado was elected President of Costa Rica.[280]

Political polarization has risen in other Western countries, not just the United States.[281] while those who have very unfavorable opinions of the opposing party are at record highs as of 2022.[282] The New York Times characterized this as part of a "new global divide", between national conservatism, social conservatism, and right-wing populism versus social democracy, liberalism, and pro-Europeanism (in Europe) or ethnic minorities such as African Americans (in the United States).[256] The 2020s saw rise of far-right, ultranationalist, libertarian, and right-wing populist political parties in the Western Bloc and C12 member states, such as the People's Party of Canada, Liberal Party of Brazil, National Rally (France), Alternative for Germany, Reform UK, Reform Party (South Korea), Sanseitō (Japan), and the Trump-faction of the Republican Party.[283] Incumbent parties in all 10 major counties that held elections in 2024 lost, the first time this has ever happened since 1905. All 50 states and the District of Columbia shifted towards the Republican Party in the 2024 U.S. presidential election.[284]

#### Deaths

Sitting leaders that died such as Qaboos bin Said of Oman, Pierre Nkurunziza of Burundi, Amadou Gon Coulibaly of the Ivory Coast, Sabah al-Ahmad al-Jaber al-Sabah of Kuwait, Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa of Bahrain, John Magufuli of Tanzania, Idriss Déby of Chad, Jovenel Moïse of Haiti, Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan of the United Arab Emirates, Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah of Kuwait, Hage Geingob of Namibia, Ebrahim Raisi of Iran, Nguyễn Phú Trọng of Vietnam, Didier Guillaume of Monaco, Pope Francis and Ali Khamenei of Iran.

### Prominent political events

#### Coups

Coups d'état against ruling governments during the decade include:

Event  | Date  | Country  | Ref.

|
|
|

2020 Malian coup d'état  | Script error: No such module "dts". | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | [285]
2021 Myanmar coup d'état  | Script error: No such module "dts". | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | [286][287]
2021 Malian coup d'état  | Script error: No such module "dts". | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | [288][289]
2021 Tunisian self-coup  | 25 July 2021  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | [290]
2021 Guinean coup d'état  | Script error: No such module "dts". | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | [291]
2021 Sudan coup d'état  | Script error: No such module "dts". | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | [292]
January 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état  | Script error: No such module "dts". | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | [293]
2022 Ukrainian coup d'état attempt  | January – February 2022  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | [294]
September 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état  | Script error: No such module "dts". | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | [295][296]
2022 German coup d'état plot  | Script error: No such module "dts". | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | [297]
2022 Peruvian self-coup attempt  | Script error: No such module "dts". | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | [298][299][300]
2022 Brazilian coup plot  | Script error: No such module "dts". | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | [301]
2023 Nigerien coup d'état  | Script error: No such module "dts". | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | [302]
2023 Gabonese coup d'état  | Script error: No such module "dts". | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | [303]
2024 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup attempt  | Script error: No such module "dts". | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | [304]
2024 Bolivian coup attempt  | Script error: No such module "dts". | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | [305]
2024 South Korean martial law crisis  | Script error: No such module "dts". | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | [231]
2025 Malagasy coup d'état  | Script error: No such module "dts". | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | [306]
2025 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état  | Script error: No such module "dts". | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | [307]
2025 Beninese coup attempt  | Script error: No such module "dts". | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | [308]
2025 Bangladesh coup attempt  | Script error: No such module "dts". | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | [309]

#### Africa

Event  | Country  | Date  | Description  | Ref.

|
|
|
|

Western Saharan clashes (2020–present)  | Script error: The function "" does not exist.
Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 8 November 2020 – ongoing  | Following protests in the border town of Guerguerat in the disputed Western Sahara region, the Moroccan armed forces captured the town to ensure traffic could resume through the area. Since then, fighting and bombardments across the Moroccan Berm have taken place, with the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic declaring war against Morocco. It is the largest escalation in the conflict since the end of the Western Sahara War in 1991.  | [310]
2021–2022 Somali political crisis  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 8 February 2021 – 10 January 2022  | President of Somalia Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed stayed in power past the end of his term and postponed elections scheduled for 2021. Prime Minister Mohamed Hussein Roble then called for the president to immediately step down. The president later dismissed Roble for alleged corruption. Protests were reported across the country in favor and opposed to the president. A deal to hold elections in May 2022 was reached in January which resulted in the incumbent president losing his bid for reelection.  | [311]
Nigerien crisis (2023–2024)  | Script error: The function "" does not exist.
ECOWAS | 26 July 2023 – 24 February 2024  | The 2023 Nigerien coup d'état led to a severe diplomatic crisis between the putschists in Niger and the member states of ECOWAS.

#### Americas

Event  | Country  | Date  | Description  | Ref.

|
|
|
|

First impeachment of Donald Trump  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 24 September 2019 – 5 February 2020  | Under Article I, Section 3, Clause 6, of the U.S. Constitution, President Donald Trump was impeached for abuse of power and obstruction of Congress on 18 December 2019 by the United States House of Representatives. The United States Senate trial began on 16 January 2020 and ended on 5 February 2020, concluding with an acquittal on both charges.  | [312]
2020 Salvadoran political crisis  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 9 February 2020  | During a political crisis, Salvadoran President Nayib Bukele sent forty soldiers of the Salvadoran Army into the Legislative Assembly building in an effort to coerce politicians to approve a loan request of $109 million from the United States for Bukele's security plan for the country.

The event has been condemned by foreign governments, the political opposition, and human rights organizations and is considered the first major political crisis in the country since the conclusion of the Salvadoran Civil War in 1992 and has been referred to as a coup attempt.

| [313]
2020 United States presidential election and subsequent events  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 3 November 2020 – 13 February 2021  | The 59th United States presidential election was held on 3 November 2020. Democrat and former Vice-president Joe Biden defeated Republican and then-incumbent President Donald Trump, with the Electoral College formally declaring Biden the winner on 14 December 2020. Trump refused to concede, and filed lawsuits challenging the results in several states,[314] though most of the legal challenges were either dismissed or dropped, with judges citing lack of evidence to suggest voter fraud occurred. Trump had also unsuccessfully attempted to undo the election results by forcing government officials to stop Pennsylvania, Nevada, Arizona, Wisconsin, Michigan, and Georgia from certifying Biden as the winner, and urging his supporters to "walk" to the United States Capitol to demand Trump be declared the winner of the election.[315] This was one of the reasons for the decision of a group of his supporters to gather in Washington, D.C., on 6 January 2021 and break into the Capitol building during a Joint session of Congress. The January 6 United States Capitol attack disrupted Congress while certifying the election, forcing both chambers to undergo lockdown lasting for four hours. On the same day, Trump coerced then-incumbent Vice President Mike Pence to overturn the election results to which Pence refused. During the attack, Trump tweeted directly to his supporters falsely claiming Congress was attempting to assist in stealing the election. Twitter responded by suspending Trump's account permanently following Trump's tweet. Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, and Snapchat all also suspended Trump from using their platforms worrying his posts may incite additional violence to the Capitol attacks. In relation to this, Trump was impeached for the second time by the House of Representatives and became the first U.S. president to be impeached twice. Meanwhile, Joe Biden was sworn in as the United States President on 20 January 2021. The Senate impeachment trial ended on 13 February 2021, one month after its start, resulting in Trump being found not guilty of inciting the attack on the Capitol. On 1 August 2023, a grand jury indicted Trump in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia on four charges: conspiracy to defraud the United States, obstructing an official proceeding related to the certification of the election results on 6 January 2021, conspiring to obstruct an official proceeding, and conspiracy against rights.
8th Congress of the Communist Party  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 16–19 April 2021  | At the 8th Congress of the Communist Party, Raúl Castro officially resigned as the First Secretary, the most powerful position in Cuba. Cuban President Miguel Díaz-Canel is officially named First Secretary of the Communist Party following the resignation of Raúl Castro. He is the first person not of the Castro family to hold the top position since the 1959 Cuban Revolution.  | [316][317]
2021 Salvadoran political crisis  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 1 May 2021  | The Legislative Assembly of El Salvador voted to remove several judges from the Supreme Court and remove the Attorney General, both of which had been vocal opponents to the presidency of Nayib Bukele.  | [318]
2021 Media Reporting on Canadian Indian Residential School Cemeteries  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 28 May 2021 –  | The New York Times broke the story on a Canadian Indian Residential School Cemeteries announcement, incorrectly reporting a discovery of "mass graves" of Indigenous children at a former school site. Further purported "discoveries" would follow throughout the summer. The reporting sparked international attention and national reckoning, and would help "spawn a new holiday, Truth and Reconciliation Day, prompt an official visit by Pope Francis, and result in Canadian flags being kept at half-mast for a record-breaking five consecutive months."  | [319][320][321][322][323]
Barbados's transition to a republic  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 30 November 2021  | Barbados became the newest republic in the world on 30 November 2021, its 55th Independence Day, when the already elected, previous Governor-General of Barbados, Sandra Mason, was sworn into office as the first president of the Caribbean country. This ended Queen Elizabeth II's 55-year tenure as monarch of an independent Barbados, prior to her death in a following year.  | [324]
2022 Colombian presidential election  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 19 June 2022  | Former 19th of April Movement guerrilla fighter and incumbent Senator Gustavo Petro defeats businessman and former mayor of Bucaramanga, Rodolfo Hernández Suárez, in the second round of the presidential election and becomes the first left-wing President in Colombian history.  | [325][326][327]
2022 Brazilian general election  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 3–30 October 2022  | Former president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva defeats the incumbent president of Jair Bolsonaro in the second round of the presidential election; he becomes the first elected to three terms and the oldest president in Brazilian history.  | [328][329][330][331]
2024 Mexican general election  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 2 June 2024  | Claudia Sheinbaum of the ruling Morena party becomes the first woman to be elected president in Mexican history.  | [332][333][334]
2024 Venezuelan presidential election and political crisis  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 28 July 2024  | Presidential elections were held on 28 July 2024 to choose a president for a six-year term beginning on 10 January 2025. The election was politically contentious, with international monitors calling it neither free nor fair, citing the incumbent Maduro administration having controlled most institutions and repressed the political opposition before, during, and after the election. Widely viewed as having won the election, former diplomat Edmundo González Urrutia fled to asylum in Spain amid repression of dissent and a national and international political crisis that resulted when Venezuelan electoral authorities announced—without presenting any evidence—that Nicolás Maduro won. Maduro ran for a third consecutive term, while González represented the Unitary Platform (Spanish: Plataforma Unitaria Democrática; PUD), the main opposition political alliance. In June 2023, the Venezuelan government had barred leading candidate María Corina Machado from participating. This move was regarded by the opposition as a violation of political human rights and was condemned by international bodies such as the Organization of American States (OAS), the European Union, and Human Rights Watch, as well as numerous countries. Academics, news outlets and the opposition provided "strong evidence" to suggest that González won the election by a wide margin with the opposition releasing copies of official tally sheets collected by poll watchers from a majority of polling centers showing a landslide victory for González. The government-controlled National Electoral Council (CNE) announced falsified results claiming a narrow Maduro victory on 29 July; vote tallies were not provided. The CNE's results were rejected by the Carter Center and by the OAS, and the United Nations declared that there was "no precedent in contemporary democratic elections" for announcing a winner without providing tabulated results. Analyses by media sources found the CNE results statistically improbable and lacking in credibility. Protests occurred across the country and internationally, as the Maduro administration initiated Operation Tun Tun, a crackdown on dissent. Some world leaders rejected the CNE's claimed results and recognized González as the election winner, while some other countries, including Russia, China, Iran, North Korea and Cuba recognized Maduro as the winner. Maduro did not cede power, and instead asked the Supreme Tribunal of Justice (TSJ), composed of justices loyal to Maduro, to audit and approve the results. On 22 August 2024, as anticipated, the TSJ described the CNE's statement of Maduro winning the election as "validated". The supreme court ruling was rejected by the United States, the European Union and ten Latin American countries. An arrest warrant was issued on 2 September 2024 for González for the alleged crimes of "usurpation of functions, falsification of public documents, instigation to disobey the law, conspiracy and association." After seeking asylum in the Spanish Embassy in Caracas, González left for Spain on 7 September 2024.  | [335][336][337][338][339]
2024 United States presidential election  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 5 November 2024  | The 60th United States presidential election was held on 5 November 2024. Democrat and former Vice-president Joe Biden initially planned to run against Republican and former President Donald Trump, in a rematch of the 2020 United States presidential election. In the aftermath of a much-criticised debate performance against Trump in June 2024, and far behind Trump in the polls, Biden was pressured to drop out of the race. Vice President Kamala Harris took his place as the Democratic nominee, bypassing the usual primary process. Polling narrowed in the months leading up to election day, with the race too close to call across swing states and the country at large. Trump emerged the clear winner on election night, winning the popular vote and a clear majority of electoral college votes. Harris refused to concede on election night after it had become clear Trump had won the electoral college and popular vote. However, the following day, she conceded and acknowledged that Trump had won the election. This was the second of two elections won by Trump, the first being in 2016 against Hillary Clinton, preceding his defeat by Biden in 2020.  | [340][341][342][343][344]
2024–2025 Canadian political crisis and federal election  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 16 December 2024 – 28 April 2025  | A political crisis emerged in Canada after Chrystia Freeland, the minister of finance and deputy prime minister, resigned from Cabinet on 16 December 2024. Justin Trudeau, the Prime Minister of Canada, announced his resignation on 6 January 2025. Former Governor of the Bank of Canada Mark Carney won twice in the Liberal Party leadership election and the federal election. He became Prime Minister five days later, succeeded Trudeau after nine years of premiership. Despite threats from US President Donald Trump, he was re-elected in the federal election, defeating his Conservative opponent Pierre Poilievre.  | [345][346]

[347][348][349]

2025 Bolivian general election  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 17 August – 19 October 2025  | Rodrigo Paz Pereira won over Jorge Quiroga, marking the first time in Bolivian history that the presidency changed hands through a runoff election and ending two decades of MAS dominance. The MAS party suffered major historic losses, retaining only two seats in the Chamber of Deputies and losing all seats in the Senate.  | [350][351][352]
2025 United States federal government shutdown  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 1 October – 12 November 2025  | The federal government of the United States entered a shutdown at midnight EDT after Congress failed to pass appropriations legislation for the 2026 fiscal year, which began that day. The shutdown has continued for 39 days as Congress has been unable to pass a continuing resolution to fund the government. The House has advanced a continuing resolution, but the Senate has rejected it 14 times. Senate Democrats have opposed the Republican appropriations bill because it does not include an extension of the Affordable Care Act subsidies previously extended by the Inflation Reduction Act. The shutdown was the longest government shutdown in U.S. history, lasting 43 days.  | [353][354][355][356][357]
Learning Resources v. Trump | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 5 November 2025 – 20 February 2026  | The Supreme Court of the United States heard a case deciding the legality of Trump's second term tariffs imposed under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA). The Supreme Court declared them illegal.  | [358][359][360][361]
2025 Chilean general election  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 16 November – 14 December 2025  | Left-wing candidate Jeannette Jara won a plurality vote share in the first round on a broadly centre-left and pragmatic platform, while right-wing candidate José Antonio Kast's positions and defense of Pinochet-era and strong supporter of right-wing populism who won the second round with over 58% of the vote, securing victories in all sixteen regions. It is the first general election to occur after compulsory voting was reintroduced in 2022.  | [362][363][364][365]
2026 United States intervention in Venezuela  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 3 January 2026  | The United States launched a series of airstrikes on Venezuela began when the United States Armed Forces bombed locations across northern Venezuela around 2:00 a.m. local time. More than 150 aircraft conducted strikes on areas around the capital city of Caracas, which resulted President Nicolás Maduro and the first lady, Cilia Flores, were captured by U.S. forces and flown to New York City.  | [366][367][368][369]

* On 6 January 2021, the U.S. Capitol attack occurred two weeks before Joe Biden was sworn into office. The event resulted in the Second impeachment of Donald Trump and a group of televised public hearings.

* The 2020s saw the U.S. presidency alternate from Donald Trump to Joe Biden in 2020, followed by Trump's successful re-election in 2024; both the oldest presidents served during the decade. Trump is the second president elected to nonconsecutive terms (following Grover Cleveland in 1884 and 1892).

The 2020s saw the U.S. presidency alternate from Donald Trump to Joe Biden in 2020, followed by Trump's successful re-election in 2024; both the oldest presidents served during the decade. Trump is the second president elected to nonconsecutive terms (following Grover Cleveland in 1884 and 1892).

* Donald Trump, who survived an attempted assassination in Pennsylvania in July 2024. This image shows Donald Trump paying respect to Corey Comperatore's firefighter uniform; he lost his life in the assassination attempt.

Donald Trump, who survived an attempted assassination in Pennsylvania in July 2024. This image shows Donald Trump paying respect to Corey Comperatore's firefighter uniform; he lost his life in the assassination attempt.

* María Corina Machado and Edmundo González along with his wife, addressing supporters in Caracas following the 2024 presidential election results. Incumbent Nicolás Maduro secured a third term in an election widely criticized as neither free or fair, given the Maduro administration having controlled most institutions and repressed the political opposition before and during the election.

María Corina Machado and Edmundo González along with his wife, addressing supporters in Caracas following the 2024 presidential election results. Incumbent Nicolás Maduro secured a third term in an election widely criticized as neither free or fair, given the Maduro administration having controlled most institutions and repressed the political opposition before and during the election.

* Former US president Jimmy Carter lay in repose at the U.S. Capitol, Washington D.C. He was the longest-lived U.S. president in history and the first president to reach the age of 100.

Former US president Jimmy Carter lay in repose at the U.S. Capitol, Washington D.C. He was the longest-lived U.S. president in history and the first president to reach the age of 100.

* Mark Carney became Prime Minister of Canada, after he won a landslide victory at the 2025 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election and re-elected at the federal election, since Justin Trudeau resigned after nine years of premiership.

Mark Carney became Prime Minister of Canada, after he won a landslide victory at the 2025 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election and re-elected at the federal election, since Justin Trudeau resigned after nine years of premiership.

* The United States Semiquincentennial would be the 250th anniversary of the United States Declaration of Independence, led by US President Donald Trump vowed to focus political upheavals in Venezuela, Iran, Greenland, Cuba, and the Operation Metro Surge in Minnesota, made the rise of Donroe Doctrine and popularity known as the "Military Gear Solid" strategy.

The United States Semiquincentennial would be the 250th anniversary of the United States Declaration of Independence, led by US President Donald Trump vowed to focus political upheavals in Venezuela, Iran, Greenland, Cuba, and the Operation Metro Surge in Minnesota, made the rise of Donroe Doctrine and popularity known as the "Military Gear Solid" strategy.

#### Asia

Event  | Country  | Date  | Description  | Reference

|
|
|
|

2019–2021 Persian Gulf crisis  | Script error: The function "" does not exist.
Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 5 May 2019  | The Persian Gulf region saw tensions between the United States and the Islamic Republic of Iran escalate in mid-2019. The crisis saw oil tankers in the Strait of Hormuz sabotaged and seized, drone shootdowns, and efforts by the U.S. and United Kingdom to pursue military patrols to protect shipping in the gulf, known as the International Maritime Security Construct. On 31 December 2019 tensions reached a breaking point as Iranian-backed Shiite militia stormed into the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad, Iraq, leading to the targeted killing of Iranian General Qasem Soleimani in a U.S. drone strike on 3 January 2020.  | [370][371][372]
2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 22 February 2020 – 24 November 2022  | Political infighting and party switching within Pakatan Harapan and Perikatan Nasional led to the inability to form a stable majority government. After the collapse of 2 successive governments and a snap general election held, the Anwar Ibrahim cabinet was formed, the first unity government in the history of Malaysia.  | [373]
2020–2021 China–India skirmishes  | Script error: The function "" does not exist.
Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 5 May 2020 – 20 January 2021  | Since 5 May 2020, Chinese and Indian troops have engaged in aggressive melee, face-offs, and skirmishes at locations along the Sino-Indian border, including near the disputed Pangong Lake in Ladakh and the Tibet Autonomous Region, and near the border between Sikkim and the Tibet Autonomous Region. Additional clashes also took place at locations in eastern Ladakh along the Line of Actual Control (LAC).  | [374]
2021 Kyrgyz-Tajik clashes  | Script error: The function "" does not exist.
Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 28 April – 1 May and 9 July 2021  | A 3-day border conflict with clashes occurred in late April 2021 between the two Central Asian countries Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. The reason why the fighting broke out is disputed, but it is due either to an old water dispute or to local people's dissatisfaction with the installation of surveillance cameras near the border. After 3 days of intense clashes, that left more than 50 people dead and also more than 40,000 displaced civilians, the two countries agreed on a ceasefire. After the ceasefire, however, there was a fatal incident on 9 July.  | [375]
2021 Israel–Palestine crisis  | Script error: The function "" does not exist.
Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 6–21 May 2021  | Clashes between Israelis and Palestinians in Jerusalem lead to eleven days of fighting between Israel and Hamas in Gaza.  | [376]
2021 Taliban offensive  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 1 May – 15 August 2021  | Beginning on 1 May 2021, the Taliban and allied militant groups made a final offensive against the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and its allies, coinciding with the withdrawal of most United States and allied troops from Afghanistan. It resulted in the de facto takeover of the country and the reinstatement of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, ending the twenty-year-long War in Afghanistan on 15 August 2021.  | [377]
2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 5 November 2021 – 28 October 2022  | The parliamentary election in October 2021 resulted in deadlock as members of the Council of Representatives of Iraq were unable to form a stable government or elect a new president. Ended in the election of Abdul Latif Rashid as president and Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani as prime minister.  | [378]
2022 Kyrgyz-Tajik clashes  | Script error: The function "" does not exist.
Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 27 January – 20 September 2022  | The sporadic fighting between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, which had started in 2021, began again in late January 2022 and the bloody clashes resulted in dozens of deaths and injuries on 27 January, 10 March, 3 June and 14 June. In September, the fighting escalated and the 6 days of fighting between 14 and 20 September, which resulted in hundreds of deaths and injuries, finally ended on 20 September when the two countries signed a peace deal.  | [379]
2022–2024 Pakistan political unrest  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 3 April 2022 – 24 November 2024  | The events began with a constitutional crisis in April 2022 after a no-confidence motion against Imran Khan was dismissed by the deputy speaker, made the first Prime Minister of Pakistan to be removed from office by a vote of no confidence. Khan would call for general elections to be held, but soon after he was the target of an assassination attempt and two arrests. Nationwide protests in support of Khan erupted after his arrests, culminating in the May 9 riots and a crackdown by the government. The events were a major event in the lead up to the 2024 general election.  | [380][381][382]
2024 Taiwanese presidential and legislative election  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 13 January 2024  | Lai Ching-te of the DPP was elected president with 40.05% of the vote over New Taipei mayor Hou Yu-ih of the KMT and the TPP nominated Ko Wen-je, this marked the first time since 2000 that the winning candidate obtained less than 50% of the vote, and the first time that a party won more than two consecutive presidential elections since direct elections were introduced in 1996. The results saw the ruling DPP lost its majority in the Legislative Yuan that it had held since 2016, losing 11 seats and retaining 51, while the KMT became the largest single party with 52 seats, and the TPP won eight seats, and formed a minority government over controversial political status concerns.  | [383][384][385][386]
2024 Indian general election  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 19 April – 1 June 2024  | The ruling conservative BJP of the NDA retained more seats, while the liberal INDIA coalition outperformed expectations, securing 234 seats, 99 of which were won by the Congress, garnering the party the official opposition status for the first time in 10 years.  | [387][388][389][390]
2024 Varzaqan helicopter crash  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 19 May 2024  | An Iranian Air Force helicopter crashed near the village of Uzi, East Azerbaijan, Iran, killing President of Iran Ebrahim Raisi along with other political officials.  | [391][392][393]
2024–2025 Japanese political crisis  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 27 October 2024 – 22 October 2025  | The Liberal Democratic Party, led by prime minister Shigeru Ishiba, after the resignation of Fumio Kishida as party leader due to his low approval rating amid the party-wide slush fund corruption scandal and several troubled events, the "Summer of Discontent" that led to the election. Both the LDP-KM coalition lost its majority in the 2024 Japanese general election and the 2025 Japanese House of Councillors election, which resulted his resignation and triggered a snap presidential election within the LDP resulted the election of Sanae Takaichi and 26 years of a coalition government.  | [394][395][396][234]
2024–2025 South Korean political crisis and presidential election  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 3 December 2024 – 4 June 2025  | Yoon Suk Yeol, the president of South Korea, declared martial law during a televised address which triggered to a political crisis. The impeachment occurred against president by the National Assembly following the impeachment motion raised against him on 14 December 2024, making the second president to be impeached since Park Geun-hye in 2016. Later Prime Minister Han Duck-soo was impeached two weeks later and replaced by Deputy Prime minister Choi Sang-mok, later he was reinstated three months later. South Korean government organizations and the Interpol prompted the agency to file an arrest warrant for Yoon on 30 December and on 15 January 2025 became the first sitting president arrested, later triggered into a snap presidential election following the removal of an impeached president and Lee Jae Myung elected as president over Kim Moon-soo.  | [397][398][399][400][401]
Arrest of Rodrigo Duterte  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 11 March 2025  | Former Philippine president Rodrigo Duterte was arrested by the PNP (CIDG), Interpol, and PCTC, under an ICC warrant charging him with crimes against humanity related to the Philippine drug war as the "act of terrorism". Duterte arrived at Ninoy Aquino International Airport in Metro Manila on 11 March after attending a political rally in Hong Kong and transferred to the Hague for a face trial. He is the first leader from Asia to face trial before the ICC.  | [402][403][404][405]
2025 India–Pakistan conflict  | Script error: The function "" does not exist.
Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 23 April – 10 May 2025  | India and Pakistan fell into a military and diplomatic crisis began after the 2025 Pahalgam attack, a terrorist attack in the Baisaran Valley of Jammu and Kashmir by The Resistance Front (TRF), which killed 26 people. A direct conflict broke out on 7 May 2025, after India launched missile strikes on Pakistan, codenamed Operation Sindoor. However, on 10 May 2025, Pakistan launched their retaliatory operation codenamed Operation Bunyan-um-Marsoos and military hostilities continued until a ceasefire made as a short-lived conflict.  | [406][407][408][409][410]
2025 Thai political crisis and Cambodia–Thai border crisis  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 28 May 2025 – present  | Thailand and Cambodia fell into a military and diplomatic crisis, began the discontent of the Shinawatra family escalated culminated by the suspension of the Prime Minister Paetongtarn Shinawatra by the Constitutional Court and replaced by Anutin Charnvirakul two months later. A direct conflict broke out on 24 July 2025, after Thailand launched missile strikes on Cambodian border as a potential war. The Kuala Lumpur Peace Accord signed a ceasefire on 26 October 2025 on the sidelines of the 47th ASEAN Summit in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, but it was reescalated in a following month and a controversial boycott calls, which resulted a snap election by February 2026.  | [411][412][413][414][415][416][417]
July Declaration and Charter  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 4 August – 17 October 2025  | The July Declaration and Charter was officially recognized document of the July Revolution. It was formally announced by Chief Adviser Muhammad Yunus, marking the first anniversary of the revolution. The declaration, which was prepared under strict confidentiality, outlined 28 points addressing political, constitutional, and governance issues.  | [418][419][420][421][422]
2025 LDP presidential election, the formation of Takaichi Cabinet, and the 2026 Japanese general election  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 4 October 2025 – 9 February 2026  | Sanae Takaichi was elected the first female president of the Liberal Democratic Party of Japan. She is expected to become Japan's first female prime minister and focused on Abenomics and fixing political problems. Some sources have described her as ultraconservative or right-wing populist and pro-Donald Trump relationship in the US. She became the first prime minister in history, the Kansai-based JIP joined as a right-wing conservative coalition, and the formation of Takaichi Cabinet three weeks later. A snap election was announced by the government and the formation of the Centrist Reform Alliance as the rival coalition who defeated by a historic landslide victory since 2012, three months after its formation.  | [423][424][425][426][427]
2025–2026 China–Japan diplomatic crisis and Student Mobilization Act  | Script error: The function "" does not exist.
Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 10 November 2025 – present  | Diplomatic tensions between China and Japan entered a state of crisis in November 2025, after Japanese prime minister Sanae Takaichi said in the Japanese parliament that a potential Chinese attack on Taiwan could potentially constitute an "existential crisis for Japan" under the Legislation for Peace and Security, allowing Japan to take military action in collective self-defence. The controversial Student Mobilization Act was approved by the Japanese MPs focused to safeguard Taiwan from a Chinese invasion and the American defense, along with neighboring South Korea also approved the act.  | [428][429][430]
2026 Bangladeshi general election and constitutional referendum  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 12 February 2026  | Two major opposition parties, the BNP and Jamaat made gains from the controversially banned Awami League party after the July Revolution in two years. The BNP, led by Tarique Rahman, won a landslide victory in the election, securing two-thirds of seats; Jamaat secured the second most seats. A constitutional referendum on the July Charter which resulted another victory for pro-for supporters. The election was also considered to be the world's first "Gen Z-inspired" election after the series of Gen Z protests around the world.  | [431][432][433]
2026 Nepalese general election  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 5 March 2026  | The opposition Rastriya Swatantra Party made won a landslide victory over the Nepali Congress and the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist), it is the second election after youth protests in September 2025 that led to the resignation of Prime Minister K. P. Sharma Oli. Former rapper-turned political activist Balen Shah became one of the prime ministerial candidates supports constitutional socialism, market socialism, progressivism, political pragmatism, participatory democracy, economic liberalism, and political freedom.  | [434][435]

* Former Pakistani prime minister Imran Khan was arrested twice during the political unrest, and PTI-led independents lost the 2024 election.

Former Pakistani prime minister Imran Khan was arrested twice during the political unrest, and PTI-led independents lost the 2024 election.

* Narendra Modi was reelected as Prime Minister led by the ruling NDA at the 2024 Indian general election twice, despite the opposition INDIA alliance made narrow leads. Which resulted the 2025 India-Pakistan conflict and a state of emergency declared in February 2026 over terrorist attacks in the neighboring Pakistan.

Narendra Modi was reelected as Prime Minister led by the ruling NDA at the 2024 Indian general election twice, despite the opposition INDIA alliance made narrow leads. Which resulted the 2025 India-Pakistan conflict and a state of emergency declared in February 2026 over terrorist attacks in the neighboring Pakistan.

* A political crisis began with Shigeru Ishiba is elected as Prime Minister of Japan by the National Diet, succeed Fumio Kishida and reelected in October 2024 following the election, he was resigned and replaced by Sanae Takaichi in a following year.

A political crisis began with Shigeru Ishiba is elected as Prime Minister of Japan by the National Diet, succeed Fumio Kishida and reelected in October 2024 following the election, he was resigned and replaced by Sanae Takaichi in a following year.

* Former Philippine president Rodrigo Duterte was arrested by several organizations under an International Criminal Court (ICC) warrant charging him with crimes against humanity and abuse of power related to the Philippine drug war and declaration of martial law are the "act of terrorism".

Former Philippine president Rodrigo Duterte was arrested by several organizations under an International Criminal Court (ICC) warrant charging him with crimes against humanity and abuse of power related to the Philippine drug war and declaration of martial law are the "act of terrorism".

* Lee Jae-myung becomes President of South Korea following the victory at the snap election in 2025. It was the second time to call the snap election since 2017 following the impeachment of Park Geun-hye.

Lee Jae-myung becomes President of South Korea following the victory at the snap election in 2025. It was the second time to call the snap election since 2017 following the impeachment of Park Geun-hye.

* Sanae Takaichi became the first female Prime Minister of Japan, as well as longtime Kansai-based politician; the formation of the Takaichi Cabinet and the conservative LDP-JIP coalition won a historic landslide victory at the 2026 Japanese general election, marked the end of a two-year political crisis.

Sanae Takaichi became the first female Prime Minister of Japan, as well as longtime Kansai-based politician; the formation of the Takaichi Cabinet and the conservative LDP-JIP coalition won a historic landslide victory at the 2026 Japanese general election, marked the end of a two-year political crisis.

* The Kuala Lumpur Peace Accord signing ceremony during the 47th ASEAN Summit in Kuala Lumpur, ending a five-month 2025 Cambodian–Thai border crisis, but it was re-escalated several times.

The Kuala Lumpur Peace Accord signing ceremony during the 47th ASEAN Summit in Kuala Lumpur, ending a five-month 2025 Cambodian–Thai border crisis, but it was re-escalated several times.

* Japanese Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi and US President Donald Trump are the strong proponents of the Japan–United States relations, several policies such as the Legislation for Peace and Student Mobilization Act and the U.S.–Japan alliance.

Japanese Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi and US President Donald Trump are the strong proponents of the Japan–United States relations, several policies such as the Legislation for Peace and Student Mobilization Act and the U.S.–Japan alliance.

#### Europe

Event  | Country  | Date  | Description  | Ref.

|
|
|
|

Brexit  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 31 January 2020  | The United Kingdom and Gibraltar formally withdrew from the European Union at 11PM (GMT).  | [436]
Eighth NATO enlargement  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 27 March 2020  | North Macedonia became a member state of NATO after the 2018 Prespa Agreement.  | [437]
2021–2025 Bulgarian political crisis  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 4 April 2021 – 16 January 2025  | A series of unstable governments and a gridlock resulted in seven elections occurring over four years.  | [438][439][440]
Belarus–European Union border crisis  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 7 July 2021  | A migrant crisis and humanitarian disaster involving an influx of coordinated groups of immigrants, primarily from Iraq and elsewhere in the Middle East and North Africa, to Poland, Lithuania and Latvia via their borders with Belarus. The crisis was triggered by the severe deterioration in Belarus–European Union relations following the 2020 Belarusian presidential election, the 2020–2021 Belarusian protests, the Ryanair Flight 4978 incident and subsequent sanctions on Belarus, as well as the attempted forced repatriation of Olympic sprinter Krystsina Tsimanouskaya from the Olympic Games in Tokyo, Japan. Belarusian president Alexander Lukashenko deliberately had immigrants from the Middle East flown into Belarus in order to "flood Europe with migrants and drugs."  | [441][442]
2022 United Kingdom government crisis  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 5 July – 25 October 2022  | Two government crises occurred between July and October 2022: Several officials resigned from their positions in Prime Minister Boris Johnson's second ministry, culminating in Johnson announcing his resignation on 7 July and two leadership elections after new Prime Minister Liz Truss lost in public confidence following her September mini-budget. Chancellor Rishi Sunak became prime minister three months after the crisis.  | [443][444][445]
Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II and accession of Charles III  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 8 September 2022  | Elizabeth II, the Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms, the longest-living and longest-reigning British monarch, reigning since 6 February 1952, died at the age of 96. Her son Charles acceded to the throne as King Charles III immediately, after serving as heir apparent for 70 years, the longest in British history.  | [446][447]
2022 Italian general election  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 25 September 2022  | The right-wing coalition led by Giorgia Meloni's Brothers of Italy won an absolute majority in both houses. On 22 October, Meloni was appointed prime minister, becoming the first woman to hold the office.  | [448][449]
2023 Montenegrin presidential election  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 2 April 2023  | Europe Now! candidate Jakov Milatović wins the 2nd round of the presidential election against incumbent president Milo Đukanović of the DPS. Đukanović, who had ruled the country almost continuously since 1991 either as president or prime minister, thus lost power for the first time after more than 32 years. Milatović's victory was also the first time that the DPS lost a presidential election since 1990.  | [450][451]
Ninth and tenth NATO enlargements  | Script error: The function "" does not exist.
Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 4 April 2023 – 7 March 2024  | Finland and Sweden applied to join NATO following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and were formally accepted the following years. This ended their neutralities existing more than two centuries, becoming the latest Nordic countries to join the alliance.  | [452][453]
Coronation of Charles III and Camilla  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 6 May 2023  | The coronation of Charles III and his wife, Camilla, as king and queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms, took place on 6 May. Charles III acceded to the throne on 8 September 2022, following the death of his mother, Elizabeth II. This was the first coronation of a British monarch since Elizabeth II was crowned 70 years earlier in 1953.  | [454]
2023 Polish parliamentary election  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 15 October 2023  | The United Right secured the highest number of seats in the election, but failed to achieve a majority in the Sejm. Meanwhile, the opposition, headed by Donald Tusk, successfully garnered a parliamentary majority. This represents a shift in the Sejm's majority for the first time in eight years in Poland.  | [455]
2023–2024 French government and political crises  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 11 December 2023 – present  | In December 2023, the Borne government faced a governability and credibility crisis. It was caused mainly by the difficult passage of the 2023 immigration and asylum bill, resulted the short-lived Attal government formed for eight months. The 2024 French legislative election organized and held in June 2024, which resulted in a hung parliament with the left-wing New Popular Front (NFP) leading a plurality. The fragile political context resulted in the formation of two short-lived minority governments, headed by Michel Barnier, François Bayrou, and Sébastien Lecornu respectively, both of which ended up collapsing over budgetary disputes.  | [456][457][458][459][460]
Abdication of Margrethe II and accession of Frederik X  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 14 January 2024  | In the first voluntary abdication of a Danish monarch since that of King Eric III in 1146, Queen Margrethe II abdicated the throne and was succeeded by her elder son, King Frederik X, bringing an end to her 52-year reign.  | [461][462]
2024 European Parliament election  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 6–9 June 2024  | European People's Party led by President of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen win the most seats in the European Parliament. The right-wing European Conservatives and Reformists and the Europe of Sovereign Nations parties made gains than pro-EU centrist, liberal, social democrat and environmentalist parties in history.  | [463][464]
2024–2025 Dutch political crisis and 2025 general election  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 2 July 2024 – 29 October 2025  | In July 2024, the Schoof cabinet faced a governing crisis since the 2023 Dutch general election, with the longest government formation in modern Dutch history. It was caused mainly by the difficult passage of the immigration and asylum bill, and the cabinet fell after the far-right Party for Freedom (PVV) left the coalition and cabinet on 3 June 2025 due to a public discontent. A snap election was held in October 2025. The liberal and centrist CDA-D66 grand coalition made gains and PVV became the two largest parties, each winning 44 and 26 seats and about 17% of the vote. A four-month cabinet formation led to the minority Jetten cabinet in February 2026, which made Rob Jetten the youngest person, the first openly gay man and first openly LGBT person, and the first politician from the Democrats 66 party to serve as Prime Minister of the Netherlands.  | [465][466][467][468][469][222]
2024 German government crisis and 2025 federal election  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 6 November 2024 – 23 February 2025  | Chancellor Olaf Scholz announced the dismissal of the then-finance minister Christian Lindner, and leader of the Free Democratic Party (FDP), from his cabinet due to the ongoing economic crisis. The government crisis led to a snap election being called for February 2025. The conservative CDU/CSU won over the far-right Alternative for Germany and Friedrich Merz became Chancellor after the government formation.  | [221][470][471][472][473]
2024 and 2025 Romanian presidential elections  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 24 November 2024 – 18 May 2025  | A series of two presidential elections held in Romania, began with the annulation of the first election following the result of a controversial first round with nationalist candidate Călin Georgescu achieving a relative majority of votes. The second election began in February 2025, with the arrest and rejection of Georgescu as the candidate after Ilie Bolojan became acting president for three months until the election. The centrist candidate Nicusor Dan won the election over nationalist George Simion.  | [474][475][476][477]
2025 London Summit on Ukraine  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 2 March 2025  | A meeting of international leaders in London on 2 March 2025, called by British Prime Minister Keir Starmer to draft a peace plan for the Russo-Ukrainian war to take to the United States. The summit followed the meeting of Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy at the White House in Washington on 28 February 2025 with President Donald Trump and Vice President JD Vance.  | [478][479][480][481][482]
Death and funeral of Pope Francis and the 2025 papal conclave  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 21 April – 8 May 2025  | Pope Francis died on Easter Monday at the age of 88 in his residence in Domus Sanctae Marthae after 12 years of papacy, and just following the 20th anniversary of the death and funeral of Pope John Paul II. His death triggered a papal interregnum and a nine-day period of mourning. The pope's funeral, by tradition, takes place within four to six days of the pope's death; he was buried at Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome. His successor Pope Leo XIV was elected as pontiff in the 2025 papal conclave two weeks later; he became the first pope from the United States and the second from the Americas.  | [483][484][485][486][487][488]
2025 Moldovan parliamentary election | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 28 September 2025  | The ruling pro-European Party of Action and Solidarity (PAS) retained the parliamentary election over pro-Russian Patriotic Electoral Bloc (BEP) suffered minor losses, the election was described as potentially determining the fate of Moldova's accession bid into the European Union (EU) with President Maia Sandu calling it "the most important election in the history of the country".  | [489][490][491]
2025 Irish presidential election  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 24 October 2025  | Catherine Connolly is elected President of Ireland in a landslide. Connolly is characterized in the press as a left-wing socialist politician. Connolly's landslide victory was seen as a rebuke to the centre-right Irish governing coalition and stauch supporter of Irish neutrality.  | [492][493][494][495]
Operation Midas  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 13 November 2025  | The Operation Midas is the name of the currently ongoing anti-corruption investigation of the National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine (NABU) and the Specialized Anti-Corruption Prosecutor's Office (SAP), launched in 2024. The investigation concerns large-scale defenses in the energy sector of Ukraine, committed during the Russo-Ukrainian war, it is considered one of the most high-profile anti-corruption investigations in Ukraine since the beginning of the war.  | [496][497][498]

* Finnish and Swedish ambassadors submit their applications to join NATO to then-secretary general Jens Stoltenberg.

* Following the 2022 Italian general election, Giorgia Meloni became the first female Prime Minister of Italy and the post-fascist politician led by the Brothers of Italy since the end of World War II.

Following the 2022 Italian general election, Giorgia Meloni became the first female Prime Minister of Italy and the post-fascist politician led by the Brothers of Italy since the end of World War II.

* Crowds at Buckingham Palace following the death and state funeral of Elizabeth II, shortly after the Platinum Jubilee celebration which marked the 70th anniversary of her accession.

* Crowds at St. Peter's Square following the death and funeral of Pope Benedict XVI, Pope Francis' predecessor before his death in April 2025.

Crowds at St. Peter's Square following the death and funeral of Pope Benedict XVI, Pope Francis' predecessor before his death in April 2025.

* King Charles III and Queen Camilla on the balcony of Buckingham Palace following their coronation in 2023.

King Charles III and Queen Camilla on the balcony of Buckingham Palace following their coronation in 2023.

* Former Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte became Secretary General of NATO, he vowed to launch intelligence and military involvements focused on the Russo-Ukrainian war and the Middle Eastern crisis.

Former Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte became Secretary General of NATO, he vowed to launch intelligence and military involvements focused on the Russo-Ukrainian war and the Middle Eastern crisis.

* NATO leaders and participants at the 2025 London Summit on Ukraine.

NATO leaders and participants at the 2025 London Summit on Ukraine.

* Crowds at Domus Sanctae Marthae following the death and funeral of Pope Francis after 12 years of papacy, marked the 20th anniversary of death and funeral of Pope John Paul II in 2005. Pope Leo XIV was elected as pontiff in the 2025 papal conclave two weeks later, he became the first pope to have been born in the United States as well as a dual citizenship.

Crowds at Domus Sanctae Marthae following the death and funeral of Pope Francis after 12 years of papacy, marked the 20th anniversary of death and funeral of Pope John Paul II in 2005. Pope Leo XIV was elected as pontiff in the 2025 papal conclave two weeks later, he became the first pope to have been born in the United States as well as a dual citizenship.

* The Netherlands, France, and Germany faced political crises which resulted the downfall of their cabinets due to a public discontent such as the economy, immigration, and defense since June 2024.

The Netherlands, France, and Germany faced political crises which resulted the downfall of their cabinets due to a public discontent such as the economy, immigration, and defense since June 2024.

#### Oceania

Event  | Country  | Date  | Description  | Ref.

|
|
|
|

2021 Samoan constitutional crisis  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 22 May – 23 July 2021  | Following a general election, the results were in stasis while incumbent prime minister Tuila'epa Sa'ilele Malielegaoi refused to step down. The Supreme Court of Samoa decided the matter, and the FAST party and its leader Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa was declared the winner.  | [499]
2021 Solomon Islands unrest  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 24–27 November 2021  | A period of unrest began due to a variety of factors, notably the government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic as well as the decision to retract diplomatic recognition of Taiwan and instead recognize China.  | [500]
2022 Kiribati constitutional crisis  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | May – October 2022  | A crisis began when High Court Judge David Lambourne was suspended in May 2022 and Chief Justice Bill Hastings was suspended on 30 June 2022, both over allegations of misconduct. In October 2022, the President Taneti Maamau appointed Attorney General Tetiro Semilota as Acting Chief Justice.  | [501][502]
2022 Fijian general election  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 14 December 2022  | 16-year incumbent prime minister Frank Bainimarama of the FijiFirst party was unable to form a government after winning a plurality of seats. Former prime minister and leader of the 1987 military coups Sitiveni Rabuka of the newly established People's Alliance returned to the position.  | [503]
2022 Australian federal election  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 21 May 2022  | The Australian Labor Party led by Anthony Albanese won over the Liberal–National Coalition government, led by Prime Minister Scott Morrison, The Labor Party achieved a majority government for the first time since 2007, winning 77 seats in the House of Representatives. Albanese was sworn in as Prime Minister on 23 May 2022, becoming the fourth Labor leader to win government from opposition since World War II and he claimed victory and acknowledged Morrison's concession.  | [504][505][506]
2023 New Zealand general election  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 14 October 2023  | The incumbent centre-left Labour Party, led by Chris Hipkins, were defeated at the polls, with the centre-right National Party, led by Christopher Luxon, becoming the largest party in the new parliament. Christopher Luxon became prime minister on 27 November 2023, ending six years of the Sixth Labour Government under Jacinda Ardern and Chris Hipkins.  | [507][508]

### World leaders

## Assassinations and attempts

* Qasem Soleimani

* Idriss Déby

Idriss Déby

* Jovenel Moïse

* Shinzo Abe

Shinzo Abe

* Fumio Kishida

* Ayman al-Zawahiri

* Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi

* Yevgeny Prigozhin

* Lee Jae Myung

* Donald Trump

* Ismail Haniyeh

* Hassan Nasrallah

* Yahya Sinwar

* Paetongtarn Shinawatra

* Melissa Hortman

* Charlie Kirk

* Andriy Parubiy

* Saif al-Islam Gaddafi

* Ali Khamenei

* Ali Larijani

* Esmaeil Khatib

Prominent assassinations, targeted killings, and assassination attempts include:

Date  | Description  | Reference(s)

|
|

3 January 2020  | Qasem Soleimani, Iranian general, and leader in the Islamic Revolutionary Guard, is killed in an airstrike conducted by the United States near Baghdad International Airport.  | [509]
27 November 2020  | Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, a senior official in the nuclear program in Iran, is killed in an ambush against his motorcade in Absard.  | [510]
22 February 2021  | Luca Attanasio, Italian ambassador to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, is killed by gunmen while traveling in North Kivu.  | [511]
20 April 2021  | Idriss Déby, 6th President of Chad, is killed while commanding forces against rebels during the Insurgency in Northern Chad, and is succeeded by transitional president and military general, Mahamat Kaka.  | [512]
6 May 2021  | Mohamed Nasheed, Speaker of the Maldivian People's Majlis, is wounded in an explosion alleged by Maldivian authorities to have been conducted by religious extremists.  | [513]
7 July 2021  | Jovenel Moïse, 43rd President of Haiti, is killed by gunmen at his private residence. First Lady Martine Moïse is severely wounded.  | [514]
15 October 2021  | David Amess, British Conservative Party MP, is killed by an Islamic terrorist during a constituency surgery.  | [515]
7 November 2021  | Mustafa Al-Kadhimi, Prime Minister of Iraq, survives a drone attack that injures six in his security detail.  | [516]
3 February 2022  | Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi, 2nd Caliph of the Islamic State, is killed in Atme during a counter-terrorism raid by U.S. special forces in north-western Syria.  | [517]
8 June 2022  | Brett Kavanaugh, a United States Supreme Court Justice, is the target of an assassination plot in which the alleged assassin was motivated by a leaked Supreme Court decision that was poised to overrule Roe v. Wade, the 1973 decision that guaranteed abortion as a right.  | [518]
8 July 2022  | Shinzo Abe, former prime minister of Japan, is killed while giving a campaign speech by a former navy sailor who held a grudge against the South Korean-based Unification Church.  | [519]
31 July 2022  | Ayman al-Zawahiri, the leader of the Salafi-jihadist group al-Qaeda, is killed by a drone strike conducted by the US-based CIA in Kabul, Afghanistan.  | [520]
12 August 2022  | Salman Rushdie, an Indian-born British-American novelist, is stabbed multiple times as he is about to give a public lecture at the Chautauqua Institution in Chautauqua, New York, United States. Rushdie has been the subject of a fatwā written by Supreme Leader of Iran Ruhollah Khomeini calling for his death since 1989.  | [521][522]
1 September 2022  | Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, then vice president and former president of Argentina, survives an attempt on her life after the assailant's weapon malfunctions.  | [523]
15 October 2022  | Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi, 3rd Caliph of the Islamic State, is killed by wearing and detonating a suicide vest during battle against Free Syrian Army rebels in the city of Jasim in Daraa Governorate, Syria. He is succeeded by Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi.  |
28 October 2022  | Nancy Pelosi, who at the time was Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, is the target of a failed assassination attempt when a man armed with a hammer breaks into her residence. He instead assaults her husband, causing serious injuries as she was not home at the time of the attempt.  | [524]
3 November 2022  | Imran Khan, former prime minister of Pakistan, is shot in the leg while traveling in a convoy in Wazirabad amid anti-government protests.  | [525]
15 April 2023  | Fumio Kishida, Prime Minister of Japan, is alleged to have been the target of an assassination attempt and survived by a bomb explosion in the fishing port of Saikazaki, Wakayama, Wakayama Prefecture, in the Kansai region to give a campaign stump speech for the 2023 Wakayama 1st district by-election.  | [526][527]
9 August 2023  | Fernando Villavicencio, Ecuadorian politician and candidate for President of Ecuador, is shot to death following a campaign event in Quito.  | [528]
23 August 2023  | Key figures in the Russian paramilitary organization Wagner Group, including its founder and leader Yevgeny Prigozhin, are killed in a plane crash widely believed to have been an assassination carried out by the Russian government after an attempted rebellion by Prigozhin earlier in the summer.  | [529][530]
9 November 2023  | Alejo Vidal-Quadras Roca is shot in the face in Madrid by a person on a motorbike.  | [531]
2 January 2024  | South Korean opposition leader-turned president Lee Jae-myung is stabbed in the neck during a visit to Busan.  | [532]
3 March 2024  | A convoy carrying Volodymyr Zelenskyy, President of Ukraine, and Kyriakos Mitsotakis, Prime Minister of Greece, in the city of Odesa are targeted by a Russian missile strike that kills at least five people with at least one missile reportedly missing them by 150 meters.  | [533]
15 May 2024  | Robert Fico, Prime Minister of Slovakia is shot while meeting with supporters at an event in Handlová.  | [534]
13 July 2024  | Donald Trump, former president of the United States, is shot at a presidential campaign rally he held near Butler, Pennsylvania.  | [535]
31 July 2024  | Ismail Haniyeh, Palestinian political leader of Hamas, is assassinated in Tehran in an attack widely believed to have been conducted by Israel.  |
15 September 2024  | Donald Trump, former President of the United States and Republican Party nominee in the 2024 United States presidential election, is the subject of a second assassination attempt at his Mar-a-Lago estate in Florida, after nearly being killed in Butler, Pennsylvania two months prior.  | [536]
27 September 2024  | Hassan Nasrallah, leader of Hezbollah, is killed in an airstrike by the Israeli Air Force in Beirut.  | [537]
16 October 2024  | Yahya Sinwar, Palestinian political leader of Hamas, is killed in Rafah in a military operation conducted by Israel, two months after the assassination of his predecessor Ismail Haniyeh.  |
4 December 2024  | Brian Thompson, American businessman and CEO of UnitedHealthcare, is shot and killed outside the New York Hilton Midtown hotel in Manhattan, New York City. The suspected assassin, Luigi Mangione, received support and was celebrated, by many online, as a folk hero.  | [538][539]
16 December 2024  | Igor Kirillov, Russian NBC Protection Troops commander Lieutenant-General, is assassinated by a scooter bombing in Moscow.  | [540]
18 March 2025  | Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, the President of Somalia, narrowly survives an assassination attempt by the militant group Al-Shabaab at his presidential palace in Mogadishu while his entourage headed for Aden Adde International Airport.  | [541]
12 April 2025  | Paetongtarn Shinawatra, Prime Minister of Thailand, survives an assassination attempt and a bomb plot by an angry man while providing relief to Myanmar earthquake victims during the Songkran festival in Bangkok.  |
7 June 2025  | Miguel Uribe Turbay, Colombian senator and presidential candidate, is shot at a campaign event in Bogotá, later pronounced dead from his injuries on 11 August.  | [159][542]
14 June 2025  | Melissa and Mark Hortman, a political couple, are assassinated during a series of home invasions and manhunts in Brooklyn Park, Minnesota, while State Senator John Hoffman survives an assassination attempt in Champlin.  | [543][544][545][546]
30 August 2025  | Andriy Parubiy, member and former chairman of the Ukrainian parliament, is shot and killed in Lviv by a gunman disguised as a delivery driver, who flees on an e-bike.  | [547][548][549]
10 September 2025  | Charlie Kirk, American conservative political activist, is assassinated during a Turning Point USA event at Utah Valley University.  | [550][551]
1 November 2025  | Carlos Manzo, Mexican politician and mayor of Uruapan, Michoacán, is assassinated in Day of the Dead of Mexico because of his hardline policies against organized crime.  | [552][553][554][555]
18 December 2025  | Osman Hadi, Bangladeshi political activist, is assassinated in the Paltan area of Dhaka. He was airlifted to the Singapore General Hospital on 15 December, where pronounced dead three days later, and a planned coup by the loyal Bangladesh Army led to a major political violence.  | [556][557][558]
3 February 2026  | Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, Libyan political figure and son of the late Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, was shot and killed by an unknown armed group at his private garden in Zintan.  | [559]
28 February 2026  | Ali Khamenei, an Iranian cleric and politician who has served as the supreme leader of Iran since 1989. Khamenei was killed in Israeli strike at his Palace in the capital Tehran. His son Mojtaba was elected unopposed at the indirect 2026 Iranian supreme leader election by the Assembly of Experts in a following week.  | [560][561][562]
17 March 2026  | Ali Larijani, the Secretary of the Supreme National Security Council and Esmaeil Khatib, an cleric and politician were assassinated in Tehran as part of a series of airstrikes and several assassination campaign against high-ranking Iranian officials, it was marked the beginning of the agressive Afghanistan–Iran proxy war.  | [563][564][565][566]

## Disasters

To display all pages, subcategories and images click on the "►":

Category  2020s disasters  not found

### Non-natural disasters

#### Aviation

Event  | Date  | Country  | Description  | Ref.

|
|
|
|

Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752  | 8 January 2020  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 was shot down shortly after take-off from Tehran Imam Khomeini International Airport, Tehran, by the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, who claimed to have mistaken it for a cruise missile. All 176 people on board were killed.  | [567]
Pakistan International Airlines Flight 8303  | 22 May 2020  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Pakistan International Airlines Flight 8303 crashed into a neighborhood in Karachi while attempting to land, killing 97 of the 99 people on board plus 1 person on the ground.  | [568]
Sriwijaya Air Flight 182  | 9 January 2021  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Sriwijaya Air Flight 182 crashed into the Java Sea shortly after take-off from Soekarno–Hatta International Airport, Jakarta, killing all 62 people on board.  | [569][570]
China Eastern Airlines Flight 5735  | 21 March 2022  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | China Eastern Airlines Flight 5735 crashed into the ground near Wuzhou mid-flight, killing all 132 people on board.  | [571][572]
Yeti Airlines Flight 691  | 15 January 2023  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Yeti Airlines Flight 691 crashed into a gorge while attempting to land in Pokhara, killing all 72 people on board.  | [573]
Voepass Linhas Aéreas Flight 2283  | 9 August 2024  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Voepass Linhas Aéreas Flight 2283 crashed in a residential area near Vinhedo, São Paulo, killing all 62 people on board.  | [574]
Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243  | 25 December 2024  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 crashed while attempting an emergency landing near Aqtau International Airport, killing 38 of the 67 people on board.  | [575]
Jeju Air Flight 2216  | 29 December 2024  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Jeju Air Flight 2216 crashed into a fence while attempting to land at Muan International Airport, killing 179 of the 181 people on board.  | [576]
American Eagle Flight 5342  | 29 January 2025  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | American Eagle Flight 5342 collides with a Sikorsky UH-60L Black Hawk mid-air while approaching Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport, killing all 67 people on board both aircraft.  | [577]
Air India Flight 171  | 12 June 2025  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Air India Flight 171 crashes shortly after takeoff from Ahmedabad Airport, killing 241 of the 242 people on board plus 28 people on the ground.  | [578]

* Wreckage of Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 in Shahriar County, Iran

* The crash site of China Eastern Airlines Flight 5735 in Wuzhou, China

* Aftermath of Jeju Air Flight 2216 in Muan International Airport, Jeju, South Korea

* Destroyed buildings aftermath of Air India Flight 171 in Ahmedabad, India

#### General

Event  | Date  | Country  | Description  | Ref.

|
|
|
|

2020 Beirut explosion  | Script error: No such module "dts". | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A massive explosion occurred in the port of Beirut. The blast was so loud that it was even reported to be heard in Cyprus, which is approximately 240 km from the location of the explosion. The windows of major buildings in a 6-mile radius were shattered and roads were filled with debris. According to initial findings, it was estimated that a warehouse with 2,750 tonnes of ammonium nitrate exploded, which was confiscated by the Lebanese government from the abandoned ship MV Rhosus and then stored in the port without proper safety measures for six years. 220 deaths were confirmed, more than 110 people were missing and at least 7,000 were reported injured. Beirut governor Marwan Abboud estimated that up to 300,000 people were left homeless by the explosions and there was $10–15 billion USD in property damage.  | [579][580][581]
Surfside condominium collapse  | Script error: No such module "dts". | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A 12-story beachfront condominium in the Miami suburb of Surfside, Florida, partially collapsed. As of 22 July 2021, a total of 98 people are confirmed to have died, while 11 were injured. One person was rescued from the rubble, and about 35 people were rescued on 24 June from the uncollapsed portion of the building, which was demolished 11 days later as a safety precaution due to the approach of Hurricane Elsa. On 7 July, authorities announced that the objective of the search was transitioning from rescue to recovery and that the missing victims are presumed dead.  | [582]
2022 Yerevan explosion  | Script error: No such module "dts". | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A large explosion took place in the Surmalu shopping centre in the Armenian capital of Yerevan. It caused widespread destruction and fire, leaving dozens of dead and injured. The explosion killed 16 people and injured 63, with nine missing as of 20 August.  | [583][584][585]
Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam  | Script error: No such module "dts". | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Russo-Ukrainian war: The Nova Kakhovka dam in the Russian-controlled region of Kherson is destroyed, threatening the region with devastating floodwaters.  | [586][587]
Titan submersible implosion  | 18 June 2023  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A submersible by OceanGate, carrying five occupants, notably, Shahzada Dawood, Hamish Harding, Paul-Henri Nargeolet, and Stockton Rush, imploded, after an expedition to explore the Titanic's ruins. The incident was widely reported in the news and caused multiple investigations and a lawsuit. OceanGate suspended all its commercial operations after the implosion.  | [588][589][590]
Derna dam collapses  | 10 – 11 September 2023  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | The Derna dam collapses were the catastrophic failures of two dams in Derna, Libya on the night of 10–11 September 2023, in the aftermath of Storm Daniel. The dam collapses released an estimated 30 million m3 (39 million cu yd) of water, causing flooding downstream as the Wadi Derna overflowed its banks. The floods partially destroyed the city of Derna. Estimates for the number of casualties range from 5,300 to 20,000 people. The event was the second-deadliest dam failure in history, after the 1975 Banqiao Dam failure in China.  | [591][592][593][594]
Jet Set nightclub roof collapse  | 8 April 2025  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | During a concert by merengue singer Rubby Pérez, the roof of the venue collapsed. The cause remains undetermined. 236 people died and over 180 were injured, out of over 500 people in the club at the time. Notable deaths included Pérez, former MLB players Tony Blanco and Octavio Dotel, and Nelsy Cruz, a regional governor. It was one of the deadliest non-natural disasters in Dominican history.  | [595]

#### Fires

Event  | Date  | Country  | Description  | Ref.

|
|
|
|

Kočani nightclub fire  | Script error: No such module "dts". | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A fire at the Pulse nightclub likely caused by pyrotechnics used at the concert. Twenty people were arrested after the fire, including the nightclub owner. According to a preliminary investigation, the nightclub did not have a license and was overcrowded. The number of victims was over sixty.  | [596][597][598]
Wang Fuk Court fire  | 26 November 2025  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A deadly explosion and fire broke out at the Wang Fuk Court apartment complex in Tai Po District, New Territories, Hong Kong. At least 168 people were killed, and 79 were injured, including 12 firefighters as of 30 November 2025. Many of those who died were trapped in their apartments. It is the third deadliest in Hong Kong's history and the deadliest since the Wing On warehouse fire in Shek Tong Tsui that killed 176 people in 1948.  | [599][600][601][602][603]
Crans-Montana bar fire  | Script error: No such module "dts". | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | The fire is suspected to have started with celebration Sparkler placed on champagne bottles that were carried too close to the ceiling. The majority of the victims were Swiss, but about a third were citizens of other countries, especially France and Italy.  | [604][605][606][607]

#### Rail

Note: This section reports rail disasters involving at least 15 fatalities.

Event  | Date  | Country  | Description  | Ref.

|
|
|
|

2020 Aurangabad railway accident  | 8 May 2020  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | An empty goods train collided with a group of 20 migrant workers who were sleeping on or near the tracks in Aurangabad, Maharashtra, killing 16 people and injuring 1 other. The workers were on the tracks after losing their jobs due to the national lockdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.  | [608][609]
2021 Sohag train collision  | 26 March 2021  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Two commuter trains collided in the Tahta district of the Sohag Governorate after one or multiple passengers activated the emergency breaks on the leading train, which caused it to get hit. The resulting collision killed 18 people and injured an additional 200 others.  | [610][611]
2021 Hualien train derailment  | 2 April 2021  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A Taroko Express train in Hualien County, Taiwan collided with a construction truck that had rolled onto the tracks, causing the train to derail. Of the 494 passengers onboard, the accident resulted in 49 deaths and 202 injured, making it Taiwan's deadliest railway accidents. The driver of the truck was sentenced to multiple years in prison, with his contractors also order to pay NT$23 million in compensation.  | [612][613][614][615]
2021 Toukh train accident  | 18 April 2021  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A train derailed in Toukh in the Qalyubiyya Governorate, killing 23 people and injuring 139 others. A commission formed under the orders of president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi to determine the cause of the accident. The following investigation resulted in the firing of the head of the Egyptian railway authority.  | [616][617]
2021 Mexico City Metro overpass collapse  | Script error: No such module "dts". | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A girder overpass in Tláhuac, Mexico City serving the Mexico City Metro collapsed beneath a passing commuter train, killing 26 people and injuring 98 others, becoming the deadliest accident in the Metro's history in nearly 50 years. The cause of the accident was determined to stem from welding defects and a lack of foundational studs causing fatigue in the overall structure of the collapse point, indicating a lack of quality standards during construction. 10 former officials were charged for the accident and awaiting trial.  | [618][619][620][621][622]
2021 Ghotki rail crash  | 7 June 2021  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A passenger express train derailed onto the opposite track near Daharki, in the Ghotki District of the province of Sindh, causing the train to collide with a second express train. Of the 1,208 passengers onboard, 65 passengers were killed and around 150 others were injured. The initial derailment was determined to have been caused by a welding joint failure on the track.  | [623][624]
2022 Lualaba train accident  | 11 March 2022  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A freight train carrying hundreds of stowaways travelling towards the village of Buyofwe in the Lualaba Province derailed, causing several train cars to fall into a ravine. The derailment resulted in the deaths of 75 people and 125 others being injured.  | [625]
2023 Tempi train crash  | 28 February 2023  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Two trains collide near the south of the Tempe Valley in Greece killing at least 57 people. It is the deadliest rail disaster in Greek history. As a result, Transport Minister Kostas Karamanlis resigned, while various protests took place across the country.  | [626]
2023 Odisha train collision  | 2 June 2023  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A Coromandel Express passenger train collided with a stationary goods train near Bahanaga Bazar railway station, causing many of the cars on the passenger train to derail and collide with another oncoming Coromandel Express passenger train. The three train collision resulted in 296 people being killed and over 1,200 people being injured. Following an investigation into the accident, the cause of the collision was determined to be an error with railway signalling which caused a change in the electronic interlocking. Three railway officials were arrested who were believed to be responsible.  | [627][628][629]
2023 Hazara Express derailment  | 6 August 2023  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A Hazara Express passenger train derailed in Nawabshah, in Sindh, resulting at least 30 deaths and over 100 injuries. According to Khawaja Saad Rafique, Pakistan's Ministry of Railways, the derailment was caused by a damaged segment of track and two stuck wheels.  | [630][631]
2023 Dhaka rail collision  | 23 October 2023  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | In Bhairab, Dhaka, a passenger train and a freight train collided, killing between 17 and 20 passengers and injuring 50 others. The cause of the accident has been cited to poor rail infrastructure and a signal error.  | [632][633][634]
2023 Dancheon train disaster  | 16 December 2023  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A passenger train containing workers for the Komdok mines derailed near Dancheon, Tanchon, killing over 400 passengers and injuring an unknown amount. The crash was reported to have been caused by a power surge causing the train to lose all electrical power and become a runaway train.  | [635][636]
2025 Ascensor da Glória derailment  | 3 September 2025  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A car of the Portuguese funicular-tram line Ascensor da Glória derailed and crashed in the capital city of Lisbon. Of the around 40 occupants, the crash resulted 16 deaths and 23 injuries. Initial investigations cited the cause of the crash to be the snapping of a improperly applied cable due to fatigue, as well as the car's brake systems failing.  | [637][638][639]
2025 Shinile train collision  | 20 October 2025  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | In the town of Shinile near the city of Dire Dawa, a passenger train collided with a stationary train, causing many carriages to become overturned or crushed. The accident caused the deaths of 15 passengers and between 27 and 29 injuries. The crash was attributed to the passenger train being poorly maintained and overloaded with passengers.  | [640]
2026 Sikhio train disaster  | 14 January 2026  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A construction crane collapsed onto a passenger express train in the Sikhio district of the Nakhon Ratchasima province, resulting in the deaths of 30 passengers and injuries 69 others of the 157 total passengers onboard. Initial investigations pointed to the crane suffering a structural failure due to a loss of balance as the main cause, whilst adding that it should have been only been operating when no trains were running.  | [641] [642]
2026 Adamuz rail disaster  | 18 January 2026  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A high-speed passenger train derailed in the municipality of Adamuz, in the province of Córdoba, Spain. A second train crashed into it and was also derailed. The incident killed 45 people and injured 292 others, including 15 in critical condition. The crash was Spain's worst railway disaster since the Santiago de Compostela derailment in 2013, and the fourth deadliest railway accident ever recorded in the country.  | [643][644][645]

* Aftermath of the 2021 derailment in Hualien County, Taiwan

* Wreckage of the collapsed Mexico City Metro train in Mexico City, Mexico

* Aftermath of the 2023 Odisha train collision in Odisha, India.

* Wreckage of the funicular involved in the 2025 Ascensor da Glória derailment in Lisbon, Portugal

* Wreckage of a train involved in the 2026 Adamuz rail disaster in Adamuz, Spain

### Natural disasters

#### Earthquakes and tsunamis

Main articles: List of earthquakes in 2020,  2021,  2022,  2023,  2024,  2025, and  2026

Note: This table is a chronological list of earthquakes reported with 7.5Mw or greater or that have reported at least 100 fatalities.

Event  | Date  | Country  | Description  | Ref.

|
|
|
|

2020 Caribbean earthquake  | Script error: No such module "dts". | Script error: The function "" does not exist., multiple countries  | A 7.7Mw struck in the Caribbean Sea between Jamaica and Cuba at 14:10 local time on 28 January 2020. The earthquake was also felt in the United States, Mexico, Honduras, Dominican Republic, and the Cayman Islands. No damages were reported. A small (12.2 cm) tsunami was reported in the Cayman Islands.  | [646][647]
2020 Aegean Sea earthquake  | Script error: No such module "dts". | Script error: The function "" does not exist.
Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A 7.0 Mw earthquake occurred about 14 km (8.7 mi) northeast of the Greek island of Samos, causing 119 deaths.  | [648]
2021 West Sulawesi earthquake  | Script error: No such module "dts". | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A 6.2 Mw earthquake struck the Indonesian province of West Sulawesi, killing a minimum of 105 people.  | [649]
2021 Haiti earthquake  | Script error: No such module "dts". | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A 7.2 Mw earthquake struck Haiti on 14 August 2021, resulting in at least 2,207 deaths.  | [650]
June 2022 Afghanistan earthquake  | Script error: No such module "dts". | Script error: The function "" does not exist.
Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A 6.2 Mw earthquake struck southeastern Afghanistan, killing at least 1,163 people, with 1,150 in Afghanistan and 13 in Pakistan. The earthquake was so deadly because it hit a densely populated area with buildings too weak to resist earthquakes.  | [651]
2022 West Java earthquake  | Script error: No such module "dts". | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A 5.6 Mw earthquake struck Indonesia in West Java, near Cianjur, killing 335–635 people, despite its moderate magnitude.  | [652]
2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake  | Script error: No such module "dts". | Script error: The function "" does not exist.
Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A 7.8 Mw earthquake struck the Border Region of Turkey and Syria, killing more than 60,000 people and injuring more than 180,000 people. It is also one of the strongest earthquakes ever recorded in Turkey since the 1999 İzmit earthquake.  | [653][654][655]
2023 Marrakesh-Safi earthquake  | Script error: No such module "dts". | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A 6.8 Mww – 6.9 Mw earthquake struck the Marrakesh-Safi region of Morocco. 2,960 people killed and 5,674 injured.  | [656]
2023 Herat earthquakes  | 7–15 October 2023  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Four 6.3 Mww earthquakes struck Herat Province in western Afghanistan between 7–15 October 2023, killing 1,489 people and injuring 1,853 others, while 485 remain missing.  | [657]
2024 Noto earthquake  | 1 January 2024  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A 7.5 Mw (7.6 MJMA) earthquake struck the Noto Peninsula of Japan, killing at least 202 people and injuring at least 665 others.  | [658]
2024 Hualien earthquake  | 3 April 2024  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A 7.4 Mw earthquake struck 18 km (11 mi) south-southwest of Hualien City, Taiwan, leaving 10 dead and 1,011 injured.  | [659]
2025 Tibet earthquake  | 7 January 2025  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A 7.1 Mw earthquake struck Tingri County, located in the Shigatse prefecture-level city of the Tibet Autonomous Region of Southwestern China. Between 126 and 400 people were killed and 338 were injured in the region. The earthquake also injured 13 people in Nepal and caused minor damage in Northern India. Shaking was felt across South Asia. The earthquake was the largest in China since the Maduo earthquake in May 2021 and the deadliest since the Jishishan earthquake in December 2023.  | [660][661]
2025 Myanmar earthquake  | 28 March 2025  | Script error: The function "" does not exist.
Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A 7.7 Mw earthquake struck Sagaing Region of Myanmar, with an epicenter close to Mandalay and in neighboring Thailand, leaving more than 5,700 deaths, 630 missing, and 12,300 injured, it became one of the worst earthquakes in Southeast Asia since the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.  | [662][663]
2025 Istanbul earthquake  | 23 April 2025  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A 6.4 Mw earthquake struck the Marmara region including Istanbul, at least 360 injuries and moderate damage was recorded. It was the biggest one to strike the North Anatolian Fault since the 1999 Düzce earthquake, and the most powerful in the Sea of Marmara region since the 1999 İzmit earthquake.  | [664]
2025 Kamchatka earthquake  | 30 July 2025  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | An 8.8 Mw megathrust earthquake struck off the eastern coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia. It is the most powerful earthquake recorded since the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake in Japan.  | [665][666]
2025 Kunar earthquake  | 31 August 2025  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A 6.0 Mw earthquake struck the Nangarhar and Kunar provinces of Afghanistan, near the border with Pakistan. At least 1,124 people were killed with more than 3,500 others injured.  | [667]
2025 Cebu earthquake  | 30 September 2025  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A 6.9 Mw earthquake struck the northern Visayas archipelago, including Bogo City, San Remigio, and other provinces in the Philippines. 79 deaths and 1,271 injuries were recorded.  | [668][669][670][671]

* An earthquake-damaged building in Antakya, Turkey in February 2023.

* The Imi N'Tala village was heavily destroyed by the Marrakesh-Safi earthquake in September 2023.

* Aftermath of the earthquake at Wajima morning market in January 2024.

* An earthquake-damaged buildings in Mandalay, Myanmar in March 2025.

* The Philippine Army joined the rescue efforts after the earthquake in Cebu in October 2025.

#### Tropical cyclones

Main articles: Tropical cyclones in 2020,  2021,  2022,  2023,  2024,  2025, and  2026

Event  | Date  | Country  | Description  | Ref.

|
|
|
|

Cyclone Amphan  | 16–21 May 2020  | Script error: The function "" does not exist.
Script error: The function "" does not exist.
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Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 128 people were killed and millions made homeless in the strongest storm in two decades. Damage was estimated at US$13.2 billion.  | [672]
Hurricane Laura  | 20–29 August 2020  | Script error: The function "" does not exist.
Script error: The function "" does not exist.
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Script error: The function "" does not exist.
Script error: The function "" does not exist.
Script error: The function "" does not exist.
Script error: The function "" does not exist.
Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Hurricane Laura was a deadly and destructive Category 4 hurricane that, along with 1856's Last Island and 2021's Ida, was the strongest hurricane to make landfall in the U.S. state of Louisiana, based on maximum wind strength. "Laura" first hit the Lesser Antilles as a tropical storm, striking Puerto Rico, then moved across the island of Hispaniola, killing 31 people in Haiti and nine in the Dominican Republic. "Laura" caused widespread devastation along most of its track: Tropical-storm-force winds passed over nearly all of the Antilles islands; hurricane-force and tropical-storm-force winds struck parts of Florida, Louisiana, Texas, Mississippi, and Arkansas; and much of the storm's track was affected by flooding rain and storm surge. Damage is estimated at more than $19.1 billion, and at least 81 people were killed, including 30 in Louisiana and 10 in Texas alone, making "Laura" the 16th costliest hurricane ever. With estimated agricultural losses of $1.6 billion, "Laura" caused more agricultural damage in Louisiana than Hurricanes Katrina and Rita combined.  | [673][674]
Tropical Storm Linfa  | 6–12 October 2020  | Script error: The function "" does not exist.
Script error: The function "" does not exist.
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Script error: The function "" does not exist.
Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Tropical Storm Linfa was a weak, short-lived, but deadly and destructive tropical cyclone. It was the 12th wettest tropical cyclone on record and the second of nine consecutive tropical cyclones to strike Vietnam in 2020, barely a month after the less damaging Tropical Storm Noul. "Linfa" brought record-breaking rainfall totals to much of the Indochinese peninsula. 112 people died in Vietnam, and 24 are missing. Another 25 people died in Cambodia, and Laos had one death and three missing.  | [675][676] 1,009 houses were completely destroyed by Linfa and 121,694 homes in total were damaged by floods.[677][678]
Typhoon Vamco (Ulysses)  | 8–15 November 2020  | Script error: The function "" does not exist.
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Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 102 people were killed, and the typhoon contributed to the 2020 Central Vietnam Floods. Damages totaled up to US$440.8 million.  |
Hurricane Eta and Hurricane Iota  | 31 October – 18 November 2020  | Script error: The function "" does not exist.
Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A total of 278+ people were killed during both Hurricane Eta and Hurricane Iota in Nicaragua and Honduras. Damages totaled up to US$9.3 billion from both hurricanes.  |
Cyclone Seroja  | 3–12 April 2021  | Script error: The function "" does not exist.
Script error: The function "" does not exist.
Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Severe tropical cyclone Seroja was the third deadliest tropical cyclone in the Australian region, after Cyclone Mahina in 1899 and the Flores Cyclone in 1973. Seroja caused flooding and landslides on a historic scale in parts of southern Indonesia and East Timor, and later made landfall in the Mid West region of Western Australia – the first cyclone to make landfall since Cyclone Elaine in 1999. At least 272 people were killed by the storm, including 183 in Indonesia, 42 in East Timor and one in Australia. At least 72 people from Indonesia and 30 from East Timor are missing.  | [679][680][681][682][683][684]
Cyclone Tauktae  | 14–19 May 2021  | Script error: The function "" does not exist.
Script error: The function "" does not exist.
Script error: The function "" does not exist.
Script error: The function "" does not exist. | This category-4 cyclone hit the western coast of India. 174 total fatalities recorded (all countries). Damages totaled up to US$2.12 billion. Other countries affected were Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Maldives.  |
Hurricane Ida  | 26 August – 4 September 2021  | Script error: The function "" does not exist.
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Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 107 people were killed by "Ida", of which 87 people were killed in the United States and 20 people were killed in Venezuela. The damage amounted to up to $50 billion.  |
Typhoon Rai (Odette)  | 12–22 December 2021  | Script error: The function "" does not exist.
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Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Typhoon Rai, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Odette, was the second most severe typhoon in Philippine history after Typhoon Haiyan in 2013. Rai was a strong, rare tropical cyclone that struck the Philippines in December 2021. Rai was the first category 5 super typhoon since Nock-ten in 2016 to develop in December, and the third category 5 super typhoon recorded in the South China Sea, following Pamela in 1954 and Rammasun in 2014.

Several southern provinces in the Philippines were inundated and devastated by the typhoon. A total of 410 people died + 80 missing, of which a full 409 died in the Philippines and only 1 died in Vietnam. The damage amounts to up to $720 million.

| [685]
Tropical Storm Ana  | 20–25 January 2022  | Script error: The function "" does not exist.
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Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Moderate Tropical Storm Ana was a deadly tropical cyclone that struck the African nations of Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique + others and was the third deadliest tropical cyclone of 2022. It resulted in 142 deaths, with Madagascar being the hardest hit with 58 deaths due to flooding caused by "Ana", Malawi with 37 deaths + 22 missing, and Mozambique with 20 deaths.  |
Cyclone Batsirai  | 24 January – 11 February 2022  | Script error: The function "" does not exist.
Script error: The function "" does not exist.
Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Intense Tropical Cyclone Batsirai was a deadly tropical cyclone that hit Madagascar hard in February 2022 and was the strongest tropical cyclone to hit Madagascar since Cyclone Enawo in 2017. It hit the country two weeks after Tropical Storm Ana brought deadly flooding to the island nation in late January. The storm also caused damage in Mauritius and Réunion, but the damage was relatively minor. 123 deaths – 121 in Madagascar and 2 in Mauritius – were reported as a result of Batsirai. Batsirai brought severe damage that significantly affected power supply and communications in the affected areas. Entire towns were devastated, and thousands of buildings were damaged or destroyed. At least 112,000 people were displaced and 124,000 homes damaged by Batsirai. The same areas were hit by an even stronger Cyclone Freddy less than a year later.  |
Tropical Storm Megi (Agaton)  | 8–12 April 2022  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Tropical Storm Megi, known in the Philippines as Tropical Storm Agaton, was a weak but deadly tropical cyclone that struck the Philippines in April 2022. Heavy rains and storms led to the sinking of two ships. Large landslides pushed mud over villages in Leyte, burying about 210 homes. The Philippines' National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) reported 214 dead, 132 missing, and 8 injured.  |
Hurricane Ian  | 23 September – 2 October 2022  | Script error: The function "" does not exist.
Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 157 people killed with 16 unaccounted for across both the United States and Cuba. The entire nation of Cuba lost power and millions lost power in the United States. The NOAA estimated total damage to be US$113 billion.  |
Tropical Storm Nalgae (Paeng)  | 26 October – 3 November 2022  | Script error: The function "" does not exist.
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Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Severe Tropical Storm Nalgae, known in the Philippines as Severe Tropical Storm Paeng, was a very large and deadly tropical cyclone that wreaked havoc in the Philippines and later hit Hong Kong and Macau. 160 people were killed, 141 others were wounded, and 29 people are still missing as a result of the landslides and flooding caused by Nalgae in the Philippines. Meanwhile, there was only 1 person injured in Hong Kong.  |
Cyclone Freddy  | 4 February – 15 March 2023  | Script error: The function "" does not exist.
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Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Cyclone Freddy was the longest-lasting tropical cyclone in history, surpassing the previous record set by Hurricane John in 1994. In total, more than 1,434 people died + 556 went missing, with Malawi worst hit with 1,216 dead + 537 missing, followed by Mozambique with 198 dead, Madagascar with 17 dead + 3 missing, Zimbabwe with 2 dead, and Mauritius with 1 dead + 16 missing. Overall, "Freddy" was the second deadliest tropical cyclone in the southwestern Indian Ocean and third deadliest in the Southern Hemisphere.  |
Cyclone Mocha  | 9–15 May 2023  | Script error: The function "" does not exist.
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Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Cyclone Mocha was a powerful and deadly tropical cyclone that caused between 152 and 463 deaths and widespread destruction, primarily in Myanmar and Bangladesh.  |
Storm Daniel  | 4–12 September 2023  | Script error: The function "" does not exist.
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Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Storm Daniel, also known as Cyclone Daniel, was the deadliest and costliest Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone in recorded history. "Storm Daniel" resulted in thousands of Deaths, most notably in the Libyan city of Derna, where torrential rains caused two dams near the city of Derna to fail.  | [686][687][688]
Hurricane Helene  | 24–29 September 2024  | Script error: The function "" does not exist.
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Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Hurricane Helene was a deadly and extremely destructive tropical cyclone which devastated parts of the southeastern United States, causing at least 252 deaths and US$78.7 billion in damage, this was the deadliest Atlantic hurricane since Hurricane Maria in 2017, and the deadliest Atlantic hurricane in the U.S. mainland since Hurricane Katrina in 2005.  |
Hurricane Milton  | 5–12 October 2024  | Script error: The function "" does not exist.
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Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Hurricane Milton was an extremely powerful and devastating tropical cyclone which became the most intense Atlantic hurricane ever recorded over the Gulf of Mexico, tied with Hurricane Rita in 2005. Total damage was estimated to be US$34.3 billion.  |
Typhoon Ragasa  | 17 September 2025  | Script error: The function "" does not exist.
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Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Typhoon Ragasa made a powerful and active tropical cyclone that severely affected the northernmost portions of Luzon in the Philippines and Hualien County in Taiwan, and is currently affecting South China, Hong Kong and Macau. It is also, so far, the most intense tropical cyclone recorded in 2025.  | [689][690][691][692]
Hurricane Melissa  | 21 October 2025  | Script error: The function "" does not exist.
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Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Hurricane Melissa was an extremely powerful and devastating tropical cyclone which became the most intense Atlantic hurricane of the year, it is tied with the 1935 Labor Day hurricane as the third-most intense Atlantic hurricane on record in terms.  |
Typhoon Kalmaegi  | 31 October – 7 November 2025  | Script error: The function "" does not exist.
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Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Typhoon Kalmaegi was a powerful, deadly, and highly destructive tropical cyclone that devastated portions of the central Philippines, particularly in Cebu, and later struck central Vietnam as one of the strongest typhoons on record in the area during early November 2025, at least 232 people dead, 543 injured and 112 others missing in the Philippines, mostly in Cebu, with 13 additional deaths in Thailand and six more in Vietnam.  | [693][694]
Cyclone Senyar and Ditwah  | 25 November – 5 December 2025  | Script error: The function "" does not exist.
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Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Cyclone Senyar and Ditwah were a powerful, deadly, and highly destructive winter tropical cyclone that devastated in the Strait of Malacca and the Indian Ocean, later struck northern Sumatra, Southern Thailand, Sri Lanka, Peninsular Malaysia, and South India, at more than 2,400 people dead, 3,000 injured and others missing in the several regions. It was the deadliest disaster in the Indian Ocean region since Vamei in 2001 and the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, and the first to form there since the beginning of reliable records.  | [695][696][697][698][699]

#### Tornadoes

Main articles: Tornadoes of 2020,  2021,  2022,  2023,  2024,  2025, and  2026

Event  | Date  | Country  | Description  | Ref.

|
|
|
|

2021 South Moravia tornado  | Script error: No such module "dts". | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A small but significant tornado outbreak swept across the Czech Republic on 24 June, resulting in the strongest ever documented tornado in modern Czech history and the deadliest European tornado since 2001.  | [700][701]
Tornado outbreak of December 10–11, 2021  | 10—11 December 2021  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Tornado activity swept the southern and midwestern United States in the evening of 10 December through the following morning. Arkansas, Missouri, and Kentucky suffered extensive damage.  | [702]
Tornado outbreak of March 13–16, 2025  | 13—16 March 2025  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | 43 people were killed across the Midwestern and southern United States as 116 tornadoes moved through the regions. The tornado was the largest ever in March and one of the deadliest in the 2020s. It was also one of the costliest in United States history.  | [703][704]

#### Floods, avalanches, and mudslides

Note: This section reports only floods with 200 or more deaths and avalanches and landslides involving 30 or more deaths.

Event  | Date  | Country  | Description  | Ref.

|
|
|
|

2020 Neelum Valley avalanche  | January 2020  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | At least 74 people were killed and several others injured in the Neelum Valley in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan, after a series of avalanches triggered by heavy snowfall destroyed and buried 84 homes and 17 shops, while dozens of other buildings were damaged.  |
2020 Van avalanches  | 4–5 February 2020  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Two avalanches in Turkey's eastern Van Province resulted in 41 deaths and 84 injuries.  |
2020 East Africa floods  | March – May 2020  | Script error: The function "" does not exist.
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Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Severe flooding in 9 African countries caused more than 450 deaths and affected more than 700,000 people, mainly in Kenya and Rwanda.  | [705]
2020 Nepal floods  | June – September 2020  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | The rainy season and associated flooding, which has killed more than 400 people, has been described by some in Nepal as the deadliest in recent memory.  |
2021 European floods  | 12–25 July 2021  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Heavy flooding, particularly in river basins of western and central Europe, killed some 243 people and left €10 billion in damage.  | [706][707][708]
2021 Henan floods  | 17–31 July 2021  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Following the highest-ever recorded rainfall in Zhengzhou, Henan Province in China, between 300 and 400 deaths along with over 800,000 people having to evacuate.  | [709][710][711]
2021 Maharashtra floods  | 22 July 2021 – August 2021  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Over 250 deaths were reported in the Indian state of Maharashtra after heavy rainfall in the area.  |
2022 Petrópolis floods  | 15 February 2022  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Intense rainfall led to mudslides and flooding on 15 February, that destroyed parts of the city of Petrópolis in the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro and killed more than 230 people.  |
2022 KwaZulu-Natal floods  | 8–21 April 2022  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Flooding in the province of KwaZuku-Natal in South Africa leads to over 400 deaths.  |
2022 Afghanistan floods  | 5 May 2022 – August 2022  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Several provinces of Afghanistan were affected by severe flooding beginning in May, which claimed more than 600 lives.  |
2022 India-Bangladesh floods  | 23 May 2022 – present  | Script error: The function "" does not exist.
Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Deadly floods have been hitting northeastern India and Bangladesh since May 2022, killing more than 250 people and affecting 9 million people in both countries.  |
2022 Pakistan floods  | 14 June – October 2022  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Floods in Pakistan have killed more than 1,000 people and it was the world's deadliest flood since the 2020 South Asian floods and described as the worst in the country's history. It was also recorded as one of the costliest natural disasters in world history.  | [712][713]
2022 Nigeria floods  | May – October 2022  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | With more than 600 dead, the 2022 floods were the worst in the country since the floods in 2012.  |
2023 Africa floods  | March 2023 – December 2023  | Script error: The function "" does not exist.
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Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Since March, more than 776 people have died in severe floods in several African countries. The worst hit was the Democratic Republic of Congo, with over 440 dead + over 2,500 missing, and Rwanda, with at least 135 dead.  | [714][715]
2024 Spanish floods  | 29 October – 3 November 2024  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A cold drop causes torrential rains in eastern Spain, causing flooding in the Valencian Community, Castilla-La Mancha, and Andalusia. Over a year of precipitation amounts was dropped over Spain, causing 219 deaths with 93 people still missing and widespread substantial damage to buildings and streets.  | [716][717]
2025 Pakistan floods  | June – September 2025  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A devastating floods triggered by heavy pre-monsoon rains in June 2025 and continuing throughout the monsoon season into September. The disaster primarily affected Pakistani provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan and Azad Kashmir, causing widespread casualties, infrastructure damage, and mass displacement. The Swat Valley and large parts of Punjab were among the worst-hit areas.  | [718][719][720]
July 2025 Central Texas floods  | July 2025  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A destructive and deadly flooding took place in the Hill Country region of the U.S. state of Texas. During the flooding, water levels along the Guadalupe River rose rapidly. As a result, at least 135 people were killed, and at least 117 died in Kerr County. The flooding was caused by a mesoscale convective vortex with enhanced tropical moisture.  | [721][722]
October 2025 Mexico floods and landslides  | October 2025  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Severe floods and landslides caused by heavy rains attributed to remnants of storms occurred in several Mexican states, leaving at least 64 people dead, at least 257 missing, and about 100,000 houses destroyed.  | [723][724]

* CNS video report of the floods depicting Henan Province, China

* Aftermath of the Spanish floods at Sedaví, Horta Sud in October 2024.

* Aftermath of the Central Texas floods near Hunt, Texas, Horta Sud in July 2025.

#### Volcanic eruptions

Event  | Date  | Country  | Description  | Ref.

|
|
|
|

2020–2022 Taal Volcano eruptions | January 2020; July 2021; November 2021; March 2022  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | On 12 January the Taal Volcano in the Philippines erupted at VEI 4 intensity, bringing intense ashfall to the surrounding areas and killing at least 3 people.  | [725][726]
2021 Cumbre Vieja volcanic eruption | Script error: No such module "dts". – Script error: No such module "dts". | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | On 19 September the Cumbre Vieja volcano located in the La Palma island erupted.  | [727]
2021 Semeru eruption  | Script error: No such module "dts". | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | The collapse of an unstable lava dome on the summit of Semeru due to heavy rainfall triggered large pyroclastic flows, killing 48, injuring over 100 and leaving 23 missing.  | [728]
2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption and tsunami | Script error: No such module "dts". | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | The Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai volcano in the South Pacific erupted violently on 15 January, causing tsunamis to hit Hawaii, Japan and Tonga's largest island, Tongatapu, and sent waves flooding into Nukuʻalofa. It was the largest volcanic eruption of the 21st century.  | [729]

#### Droughts, heat waves, and wildfires

Main articles: Category:2020s wildfires, Wildfires in 2020,  2021,  2022,  2023,  2024,  2025, and  2026

Event  | Date  | Region  | Description  | Ref.

|
|
|
|

2018–2021 Southern African drought  | October 2018 – October 2021  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | An ongoing period of drought began in the country of South Africa in late October 2018 and continued into early 2021, negatively affecting food security in the region.  |
2019–20 Australian bushfire season | Script error: No such module "dts". – Script error: No such module "dts". | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Unusually intense bushfires in Australia continued into 2020, having started in September 2019.  | [730]
2020 Western U.S. Wildfires  | March – December 2020  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Record-breaking wildfires began in several Western American states.  |
2020 Argentine wildfires (Delta del Paraná)  | July 2020 – October 2020  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Sudden wildfires started in Córdoba and extended into several Northern provinces.  |
2021 Russian heatwave  | May – June 2021  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Parts of Russia and eastern Europe were hit by a record-breaking heat wave in May and June 2021, with temperatures in the Arctic Circle above 30 °C and the highest temperatures recorded in Moscow and St. Petersburg.  |
2021 Western North America heat wave  | June – July 2021  | Script error: The function "" does not exist.
Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Extreme temperatures caused by a prolonged heat dome over western Canada and the western United States killed over 613 people including over 480 people in British Columbia alone. The village of Lytton, British Columbia, which recorded the highest temperatures in Canada, was destroyed by a large wildfire as over 200 other ones devastated wide areas of the province. Wildfires in parts of the western coastal states of the US such as Washington, Oregon and California were also greatly worsened by the heatwave.  |
2021 Turkey wildfires  | July – August 2021  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Over a hundred wildfires began in the Mediterranean Region of the forest in Turkey, the worst in the country for at least a decade. The wildfires started in Manavgat, Antalya on 28 July 2021, with the temperature around 37 °C (99 °F).  |
2020–2023 North American drought  | August 2020 – October 2023  | Script error: The function "" does not exist.
Script error: The function "" does not exist.
Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Drought developed in the Western, Midwestern and Northeastern United States in the summer of 2020. Over the course of 2021, conditions improved in the Northeast but worsened in the Western US. As of June 2021, 97% of the region was facing abnormally dry conditions. By August 2021, parts of the upper Midwestern US were experiencing some of the worst drought spells since the 1980s. Drought also affected a wide area of Mexico as of 2021, as well as the prairies of Canada.  |
2022 European heat waves  | June – September 2022  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | From mid-June through most of the summer, heat waves affected most of Europe, with western and central Europe the worst hit. Temperatures in excess of 40 °C (104 °F) were recorded in places, breaking records. Over 24,000 deaths were attributed to the event, most in France, Spain, Germany, the United Kingdom, and Portugal. The heat waves contributed to wildfires and drought also seen in Europe.  | [731]
2022 European and Mediterranean wildfires  | May – September 2022  | Script error: The function "" does not exist.
Script error: The function "" does not exist.
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Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Wildfires across Europe, North Africa and the Mediterranean region.  | [732]
2022 European drought  | July – September 2022  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Europe's worst drought year in 500 years. A report from the Global Drought Observatory confirmed this.  | [733][734]
2023 Canadian wildfires  | March – November 2023  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | The 2023 wildfire season is the worst wildfire season in Canada's modern history.  | [735][736][737]
2023 Hawaii wildfires  | 8 – 16 August 2023  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Wind-driven fires caused widespread damage on the island of Maui, and killed at least 111 people in the town of Lāhainā.  | [738]
2023 Greece wildfires  | 17 July – 9 September 2023  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Over 80 fires in Greece led to the deaths of at least 28 and the evacuation of 20,000 people.  |
January 2025 Southern California wildfires  | 7 – 31 January 2025  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Wildfires have affected Greater Los Angeles and surrounding regions.  | [739][740][741]
Ōfunato wildfire  | 26 February – 10 March 2025  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Wildfires have affected Iwate Prefecture and surrounding regions.  | [742][743][744]
2025 South Korea wildfires  | 21 March – 18 May 2025  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Wildfires have affected central and southern locations, it has been worst wildfires in history.  | [745][746]
2025 Northeast Thailand wildfires  | 26 March – 6 May 2025  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Wildfires have affected Isan regional provinces such as Udon Thani, Nong Bua Lamphu, Kalasin, and Khon Kaen provinces.  |
2025 Israel–West Bank fires  | 30 April – 3 May 2025  | Script error: The function "" does not exist. | Wildfires have affected around Jerusalem, in at least 100 different locations through the Judean Mountains area.  | [747][748][749]

#### Biological disasters

Event  | Date  | Country  | Description

|
|
|

2022 Oder environmental disaster  | July – August 2022  | Script error: The function "" does not exist.
Script error: The function "" does not exist. | A mass fish kill occurs in the river Oder in Poland and Germany attributed to an algal bloom.

#### Other natural events

Beginning in 2019 until 2022, a huge swarm of desert locusts threatened to engulf massive portions of the Middle East, Africa and Asia.[750][751][752][753][754][755]

## Economics

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The 2020s were marked by economic troubles, beginning from the COVID-19 recession was a major global economic crisis which has caused both a recession in some nations, and in others a depression. The economic crisis began due to the economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. The first major sign of a recession was the collapse of markets during the 2020 stock market crash, which began in late February and lasted through March.[756][757][758][759] As of September 2020, every advanced economy is in a recession or depression, whilst all emerging economies are in recession.[760][761][762] Modeling by the World Bank suggests that in some regions a full recovery will not be achieved until 2025 or beyond.[763][764]

Due to the 2021–2023 inflation surge, many countries reported the highest inflation rates in decades. The inflation surge has been attributed to various causes, including pandemic-related economic dislocation; the fiscal and monetary stimulus provided in 2020 and 2021 by governments and central banks around the world in response to the pandemic were also instrumental.[765][766] The effect of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine on global oil prices, natural gas, fertilizer, and food prices further exacerbated the situation.[766] Higher gasoline prices were a major contributor to inflation as oil producers saw record profits.[767] Debate arose over whether inflationary pressures were transitory or persistent, and to what extent price gouging was a factor.[768][769] The closure of the Strait of Hormuz due to the 2026 Iran war caused the largest oil price increases since 2022.[770][771] Stock markets experienced declines, with the Dow Jones Industrial Average falling over 400 points on 2 March.[772] Broader economic forecasts warned of inflationary pressures and slowed global growth if the conflict prolonged.[773]

American technology billionaires are largely the wealthiest individuals in the world, including Elon Musk, Larry Ellison, Mark Zuckerberg, Jeff Bezos, and Jensen Huang. Jensen Huang is the CEO of Nvidia, the most valuable company in the world, and the wealthiest person of Asian descent. Alice Walton is the wealthiest woman in the world. Elon Musk became the first person to reach a net worth of $500 billion,[774] becoming the wealthiest person in human history, and may become the first trillionaire by 2030. Tesla shareholders approved a $1 trillion pay plan for Musk in November 2025, provided Tesla achieves certain financial milestones.[775]

### Trade

File:Map of countries by total tariffs in the second Trump administration.svgA map of countries by total baseline tariffs (includes tariffs not yet implemented)

* 100% or higher

* 50% – 99%

* 40% – 49%

* 30% – 39%

* 20% – 29%

* 10% – 19%

United States

The World Trade Organization reported that trade growth had stagnated and that trade restrictions were increasing as the decade began. The sectors most affected by import restrictions were mineral and fuel oils (17.7%), machinery and mechanical appliances (13%), electrical machinery and parts (11.7%), and precious metals (6%).[776] Regional trade agreements were also found to be increasing.[777]

United States President Donald Trump announced 2 April 2025 to be "liberation day", beginning to enforce tariffs on numerous nations in the following week. This triggered an ongoing economic trade war as well as the 2025 stock market crash. It is currently the largest decline in the global stock market since the 2020 stock market crash, which was part of a recession caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.[778][779][780] From January to April 2025, the average applied US tariff rate rose from 2.5% to an estimated 27%—the highest level in over a century.[781] The Supreme Court of the United States heard the case Learning Resources v. Trump on 5 November 2025 to determine the legality of some of Trump's tariffs. On 20 February 2026, the Supreme Court struck down many of Trump’s tariffs.[782][783]

Trump's tariffs represented a repudiation of neoliberalism and free trade, instead returning to mercantilism and protectionism.[784] Tariffs have a long history in the United States, dating back to the Import-Export Clause of the U.S. Constitution and even the Navigation Acts when the United States was a British colony.[785]

The Israeli–United States war against Iran in 2026 caused the closure of the Strait of Hormuz to maritime shipping, impacting about 20% of global oil and liquefied natural gas production.[786] It became the largest energy market disruption since the 1970s energy crisis,[787] and the largest disruption of the global oil market in history, surpassing the Yom Kippur War in 1973 and the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022.[788]

## Health

### Epidemics/Outbreaks

Event  | Date  | Infections and deaths  | Description

|
|
|

2022–2023 mpox outbreak  | 6 May 2022 – 11 May 2023  | 86,494 confirmed cases and 280 deaths in 109 countries and territories reported by 26 March 2023.[789] | First international outbreak cluster detected on 6 May 2022 in London, UK. Declared a public health emergency of international concern by WHO from 23 July 2022 to 11 May 2023.

### Pandemics

Event  | Date  | Infections and deaths  | Description

|
|
|

COVID-19 pandemic  | 2019 – 2023[790][791] | 678.1 million+ confirmed cases and 6.7 million+ deaths with more than 240 countries and territories reported by 16 February 2023.[792] | First confirmed case detected on 17 November 2019 in Wuhan, China. Declared a public health emergency of international concern by WHO from 30 January 2020 to 5 May 2023.
HIV/AIDS  | 1981 – present  | 37.9 million people living with HIV (end of 2018), 24.5 million people accessing antiretroviral therapy (end of June 2019), 32.0 million deaths from AIDS-related illnesses since the start of the epidemic (end 2018).[793] |

## Science and technology

Template:Science decade nav

Below are the most significant scientific developments of each year, based on the annual Breakthrough of the Year award of the American Association for the Advancement of Science journal Science.

* 2020: COVID-19 vaccine, developed and tested at record speed[794]
* 2021: An AI brings protein structures to all[795]
* 2022: James Webb Space Telescope debut[796]
* 2023: GLP-1 Drugs anorectic drugs[797]
* 2024: Lenacapavir antiretroviral medication used to treat and prevent HIV/AIDS[798]

### Artificial intelligence

The AI boom emerged in the 2020s. Generative AI such as Text-to-image models and AI chatbots released publicly. Machine learning systems that took minute(s) to produce blurry images in mid 2022 were able to produce more realistic imagery in seconds by mid 2023. English text would appear as gibberish in earlier AI text-to-image builds, although this was fixed to an extent with newer AI models such as DALL-E 3.

The AI boom[799][800] is an ongoing period of rapid progress in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) that started in the late 2010s before gaining international prominence in late 2022 with the public release of ChatGPT and DeepSeek in early 2025.[801] Examples include large language models and generative AI applications developed by OpenAI as well as protein folding prediction led by Google DeepMind. This period is sometimes referred to as an AI spring, to contrast it with previous AI winters.[802][803]

* DeepMind solves the protein folding problem to 90 percent accuracy, a 50-year-old grand challenge, at CASP14 in 2020.[804][805]
* Text-to-image AI art systems such as DALL-E (1, 2, and 3) and Stable Diffusion are capable of generating highly detailed and realistic images from text prompts.
* Large language models, like OpenAI's ChatGPT, Anthropic's Claude and Meta's Llama became widely adopted in 2023 and 2024.[806]
* In early 2024, OpenAI released a new technology called Sora (text-to-video model), a video model generates short video clips based on user prompts, and can also extend existing short videos. Sora was released publicly for ChatGPT Plus and ChatGPT Pro users in December 2024. This has revolutionized the video industry, since this machine generates videos in shorter time, leading to more companies adopting AI videos, with Coca-Cola Christmas commercial being the first one to do so.[807][808]

### Communications and electronics

* 5G became increasingly widespread during the decade.
* By 2020, 3D printing had reached decent quality and affordable pricing which allowed many people to own 3D printers.
* 8K resolution and 4K resolution becomes prevalent in consumer electronics.

### Spaceflight

The trend towards cost reduction in access to orbit is expected to continue. Vulcan is replacing its more expensive predecessors. Since 2023, SpaceX is testing its fully reusable Starship with orbital missions. In 2024, Blue Origin plans the maiden flight of New Glenn with a reusable first stage and Ariane 6 is expected to replace the retired more expensive Ariane 5.

Mars stays a focus for missions to other planets, with three missions launched in 2020 (by China, the United Arab Emirates and the United States) and at least one mission planned for 2024, 2026 and 2028.

In 2028, as part of the NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return mission, NASA plans to launch a Sample Retrieval Lander. In 2027, ESA plans to launch the Earth Return Orbiter, which will transport the retrieved samples from Mars to Earth by 2033. China is also planning to retrieve samples from Mars by 2031.[809]

NASA plans a return of humans to the Moon by 2026. The first uncrewed launch of the Space Launch System happened in 2022.[810] The first crewed launch is planned for March 2026.[811] In addition NASA plans to assemble the Lunar Gateway in lunar orbit. A crewed exploration of Mars could follow in the mid-2030s. SpaceX, a private company, has also announced plans to land humans on Mars in the 2020s, with the long-term goal of enabling the colonization of Mars.

India plans to launch its first crewed flight with a spacecraft called Gaganyaan on a home-grown GSLV Mark III rocket in 2025. The mission would make India the fourth nation to launch a crewed spaceflight after Russia, the US and China. India also plans to launch its second Mars probe, Mars Orbiter Mission 2 (Mangalyaan 2).

The James Webb Space Telescope was launched in 2021. NASA plans to launch the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, which will have a field of view 100 times larger than that of the Hubble Space Telescope, between October 2026 and May 2027.[812][813][814]

NASA's NEO Surveyor, scheduled to launch no later than June 2028,[815] is expected to be capable of detecting at least 90% of near-Earth objects larger than 140 meters (460 ft), a goal mandated by the US Congress in 2005.[816]

The number of small satellites launched annually was expected to grow to around one thousand (2018 estimate), mainly communication satellites in large constellations[817] but launches quickly exceeded this estimate, mainly due to the rapid deployment of the Starlink and OneWeb constellations. From 2020 to 2022, around 3500 Starlink satellites[818] and 500 satellites by OneWeb[819] were launched.

The number of total satellites reached 10,000 for the first time in 2024.[820]

### Software and electronic platforms

* Support for Adobe Flash Player ended on 31 December 2020.
* Windows 11 is released on 5 October 2021, succeeding Windows 10.
* Support for Internet Explorer on Windows 10 Semi-Annual Channel (SAC) ended on 15 June 2022.
* ESU support for Windows 7 and extended support for Windows 8.1 and Windows RT ended on 10 January 2023. Some versions of Windows 10, such as Windows 10 2106 LTSB are already out of mainstream support, some versions are out of all support, and others soon on, i.e. 14 October 2025, while some Enterprise versions will be supported longer.

### Technology

* The BBC reports that for the "first time someone who has had a complete cut to their spinal cord has been able to walk freely... because of an electrical implant that has been surgically attached to his spine".[821]
* Sales of electric vehicles have grown significantly and this is expected to continue through the decade.[822]
* NFTs as a form of digital art emerged in the 2020s, with NFTs such as Art:Everydays: the First 5000 Days. The NFT market experienced rapid growth during 2020, with its value tripling to US$250 million.[823] In the first three months of 2021, more than US$200 million were spent on NFTs,[824] and in the early months of 2021, interest in NFTs increased after a number of high-profile sales and art auctions.[825] However, by 2022 this market was in the process of rapid collapse.[826] A report in September 2023 concluded that 95% of collected NFTs now possess zero market value, and that "79% of all NFT collections remain unsold".[827]

## Society

### Social effects of the COVID-19 pandemic

Medical experts advised, and local authorities often mandated stay-at-home orders to prevent gatherings of any size. Such gatherings would be replaced by teleconferencing, or in some cases with unconventional attempts to maintain social distancing with activities such as a balcony sing-along for a concert, or a "birthday parade" for a birthday party. Replacements for gatherings were seen as significant to mental health during the crisis. Social isolation among alcohol users also adopted a trend towards Kalsarikänni or "pantsdrunking", a Finnish antisocial drinking culture.

Low-income individuals were more likely to contract the coronavirus and to die from it. In both New York City and Barcelona, low-income neighborhoods were disproportionately hit by coronavirus cases. Hypotheses for why this was the case included that poorer families were more likely to live in crowded housing and work in jobs deemed essential during the crisis, such as supermarkets and elder care. In the United States, millions of low-income people may lack access to health care due to being uninsured or underinsured. Millions of Americans lost their health insurance after losing their jobs. Many low-income workers in service jobs became unemployed.

The coronavirus pandemic was followed by a concern for a potential spike in suicides, exacerbated by social isolation due to quarantine and social-distancing guidelines, fear, and unemployment and financial factors. Many countries reported an increase in domestic violence and intimate partner violence attributed to lockdowns amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Financial insecurity, stress, and uncertainty led to increased aggression at home, with abusers able to control large amounts of their victims' daily life. Midlife crisis is a major concern in domestic violence, social implications and suicides for middle-aged adults amid the pandemic. UN Secretary-General António Guterres called for a domestic violence and midlife crisis "ceasefire".

### Population

* The population of Egypt reached 100 million in February 2020.[828]
* The world population reached 8 billion in November 2022.[829]
* Population growth, life expectancy and birth rates declined globally in the early 2020s, driven by the COVID-19 pandemic.[830]
* India surpassed China and became the most-populous country in April 2023.[831]

### Gender

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24.3% of all national parliamentarians were women as of February 2019. 11 women were serving as head of state and 12 as head of government in June 2019. 20.7% of government ministers were women as of January 2019. There are wide regional variations in the average percentages of women parliamentarians. As of February 2019, these were: Nordic countries, 42.5%; Americas, 30.6%; Europe excluding Nordic countries, 27.2%; sub-Saharan Africa, 23.9%; Asia, 19.8%; Arab States, 19%; and the Pacific, 16.3%. Rwanda has the highest number of women parliamentarians worldwide, 61.3% of seats in the lower house. About 26% of elected local parliamentarians are women.[832]

Many states swore in their first female leaders during the 2020s, including Presidents Katerina Sakellaropoulou (Greece), Samia Suluhu Hassan (Tanzania), Sandra Mason (Barbados), Xiomara Castro (Honduras), Katalin Novák (Hungary), Dina Boluarte (Peru), Nataša Pirc Musar (Slovenia), Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova (North Macedonia) and Prime Ministers Rose Christiane Raponda (Gabon), Victoire Tomegah Dogbé (Togo), Kaja Kallas (Estonia), Fiamē Naomi Mata'afa (Samoa), Robinah Nabbanja (Uganda), Najla Bouden (Tunisia), Magdalena Andersson (Sweden), Giorgia Meloni (Italy), Judith Suminwa (DRC), Chairwoman Borjana Krišto (Bosnia and Herzegovina), and Sanae Takaichi (Japan).[833]

Despite this, nearly all of the world's wealthiest individuals (mostly American technology billionaires) are male, as are the heads of state of most countries.[774]

### Environmentalism

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See also: Earth:2020s in environmental history

The effects of climate change manifested in 2020 with a record 30 named Atlantic tropical storms and hurricanes; the highest heat in 80-years recorded at 54.4 Celsius; massive wildfires in Australia, the Western United States, and the Arctic; and the second-lowest annual Arctic sea ice coverage.[834] The Net Zero Asset Managers initiative—involving 30 fund management companies managing $9 trillion—pledged investment portfolios to be carbon-neutral by 2050.[835]

In July 2024, in each month in a 12-month period (through June 2024), Earth's average temperature exceeded 1.5 °C above the pre-industrial baseline,[836] and the highest daily global average temperature is recorded at 17.09 °C (62.76 °F), surpassing the previous record of 17.08 °C (62.74 °F) on 6 July 2023.[837]

* Team Seas is an international collaborative fundraiser founded by YouTubers Mark Rober and MrBeast on 29 October 2021, as a follow-up to Team Trees. The fundraiser's aim was to raise US$30 million to remove 30 million pounds of trash from the ocean by the end of the year. They also partnered with the Ocean Cleanup and the Ocean Conservancy.
* Members of the United Nations agree on a legal framework for the High Seas Treaty on 4 March 2023, which aims to protect 30% of the world's oceans by 2030.

### LGBTQ rights

* A law allowing third gender option on driver licenses took effect in New Hampshire.[838]
* Switzerland banned discrimination based on sexuality due to a referendum, putting into effect a law previously introduced in 2018, that was subsequently blocked by the government that requested a referendum to be held on the matter first.[839]
* In Northern Ireland, the first same-sex marriage took place after legalizing legislation took effect in January 2020.[840][841]
* In Costa Rica, same-sex marriage and joint adoption by same-sex couples became legal on 26 May 2020.
* The Supreme Court of the United States ruled that job discrimination against workers for their sexual orientation or gender identity is illegal.[842]
* In Argentina, nonbinary ID cards with an "X" gender marker started to be issued by the Ministry of the Interior.
* The U.S State Department issued its first ever passport with an "X" gender marker in October 2021, intended to support nonbinary people.[843]
* Same-sex marriage became legal in Switzerland after a 2021 referendum, enforced beginning in July 2022.
* In Chile, same-sex marriage and joint adoption by same-sex couples became legal on 10 March 2022.
* Same-sex marriage became legal in Slovenia on 8 July 2022 after the Constitutional Court of Slovenia ruled that the ban on same-sex marriages violated the national constitution.
* Same-sex marriage became legal in Cuba on 27 September 2022 after the Cuban Family Code referendum passed.
* By October 2022, Mexico City and all Mexican states had legalized same-sex marriage, either by legislation, executive action, or Supreme Court order.[844]
* On 1 January 2024, same-sex marriage became legal in Estonia.

## Global goals and issues

Development in global goals and issues—including goals or progress related to the largest causes of human death—during the decade, according to reports that systematically track, quantify or review associated progress.

As of 2022:

* Progress of the Paris Agreement or global climate change mitigation goals
* The United in Science 2022 report by the WMO, summarizes latest climate science-related updates and assesses recent climate change mitigation progress as "going in the wrong direction".[845][846]
* A report by the World Resources Institute assesses the state of nationally determined contributions (NDCs), finding they need to be strengthened by about six times for alignment with what may be enough to reach the Paris Agreement's 1.5 °C goal.[847][848] The UNFCCC's NDC synthesis report suggests that based on the latest NDCs the carbon budget for a 50% likelihood of limiting warming to 1.5 °C would be used up by around 2032.[849][850][851][852]
* A Lancet Countdown report publishes data of indicators that show "countries and companies continue to make choices that threaten the health and survival of people in every part of the world". It calls for an immediate, health-centred response at a critical juncture of recovery from crises.[849][853]
* The WMO reports atmospheric levels of the three main greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide, all reached record highs, with methane concentrations showing a record jump in 2021. The WMO Secretary-General concludes that "we are heading in the wrong direction", with time "running out".[854][855]
* Climate Action Tracker systematically assesses the state of progress of actions of climate goals in an overview, finding that none of the indicators is on track to reach their 2030 targets, with insufficient speed for six indicators, and well below the required pace for 21, five heading in the wrong direction, and data being insufficient to evaluate the remaining eight.[856][857][858]
* The UNEP's Emissions Gap Report finds that no credible "pathway" to the 1.5 °C climate goal is in place.[859][860][861][862][863] Similarly, a UNFCCC synthesis about "long-term low-emission development strategies" warns that many net-zero targets "remain uncertain and postpone into the future critical action that needs to take place now".[864][865]
* Deforestation mitigation goals
* An annual report by the World Resources Institute shows that tropical regions lost 9.3 million acres of primary old-growth forest in 2021, a decline of 11% from 2020, and about equal to both 2018 and 2019.[866][867]
* The Forest Declaration Assessment finds that a drop of only 6.3% in deforestation in 2021 is "leaving the world off track from its goals of ending forest loss by 2030".[868][869][870][871]
* Public health goals
* The UN's "The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World" report finds that the number of people affected by hunger globally rose by 46 million to 828 million in 2021. 3.1 billion people could not afford a healthy diet in 2020, an increase of 112 million from 2019.[872][873]
* A WHO report indicates collective progress toward a 15% relative reduction in population levels of physical inactivity by 2030 is insufficient and that about 500 million people will develop heart disease, obesity, diabetes or other diseases if they don't increase their physical activity.[874][875]
* Global budgets and government spending
* The OECD and IEA report that global public subsidies for fossil fuels almost doubled from 2020 to $700bn in 2021.[876][877]
* General well-being
* The Club of Rome, authors of the 1972 The Limits to Growth, and research institutes like the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research publish the "Earth for All" report, concluding that to increase the wellbeing of humanity, addressing rising inequality is key to mitigating related issues such as climate change with many current policies disproportionately burdening lower income groups.[878][879][880][881][882]
* Sustainable Development Goals (other than the above or in general)
* The only UN report that monitors global progress on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development indicates the agenda is in "grave danger".[883][884]
* GDP-alternative progress or sustainable development indices
* Human Development Index (HDI): the Human Development Report 2021-22 concludes that for the first time, the global HDI value declined for a second year, with living standards declining in 90% of countries.[885][886][887]

## Popular culture

* The ninth generation of video game consoles, like PlayStation 5 (pictured) and Xbox Series X, were both released in 2020. Games for PlayStation 5 such as FC 24, The Matrix Awakens, and Overwatch 2 used HyperMotion and Unreal Engine 5 to display more realistic graphics. Grand Theft Auto VI is planned for release on ninth-generation consoles in 2026.

* The video-sharing site TikTok became a major influence on pop culture and the music industry in the early 2020s. Short-form videos have increased in viewership through Instagram Reels, Facebook Reels and YouTube Shorts during the decade.

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The streaming wars got bigger in the 2020s as many new streaming services such as Disney+, Apple TV+, HBO Max, and Paramount+ competed against Netflix, Hulu, and Amazon Prime Video. These services popularized newer shows such as Ted Lasso (the cast being pictured above), Squid Game, The Boys, The Mandalorian, Wednesday, Peacemaker, Shōgun, Severance, Euphoria, Abbott Elementary, Nobody Wants This, and Only Murders in the Building.

* AirPods have dominated the wireless headphone market in the early 2020s. Pictured are the base and "Pro" model of AirPods respectively. AirPods allow users to be several feet away from their device via Bluetooth, a technology not seen in wired earbuds of previous decades.

* Flashy multi-colored clothing became a trend in the early 2020s, as did baggier clothing such as hoodies, modeled here by musician Billie Eilish. The 2020s revived and built upon Y2K fashion trends.

* In the 2020s, multiple online food delivery services such as DoorDash, Uber Eats, Postmates, Grubhub, and Just Eat Takeaway became popular, becoming popular during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Food delivery robots also became popular in the 2020s and were finally to the point they could be used to deliver food around larger areas such as college campuses.

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Bluey became one of the most popular cartoons of the 2020s, along with Hazbin Hotel, Harley Quinn, Invincible, Love, Death & Robots, Arcane, The Owl House, Smiling Friends, Kiff, X-Men '97, and the web series The Amazing Digital Circus.

* The use of cryptocurrency became more mainstream in the 2020s, Crypto such as Bitcoin and others were notable. The Staples Center was even renamed Crypto.com Arena in 2021. NFTs as a form of digital art emerged in the 2020s, with NFTs such as Art:Everydays: the First 5000 Days.

* 5G was introduced in smartphones during the early part of the decade, with the Samsung Galaxy Flip and iPhone 12 smartphones having 5G capabilities. Foldable smartphones also became more popular, although concern grew about the durability of foldable smartphones, as some foldable smartphones have become crinkled / will crease over time. As well, some foldable smartphones break more easily.

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Advancements in AI have been rapid and fast-paced in the 2020s. Generative AIs have become mainstream during the decade, with synthetic media in the form of Text-to-image models, DeepSeek, ChatGPT, and Audio deepfakes. Additionally, AI has been used for video creation, such as with Sora.

* The Fourth Industrial Revolution in the 2020s is referred to as industrial change with emerging technologies such as AI, gene editing, and advanced robotics that blur the lines between the physical, digital, and biological worlds. Automation also continues to take over human jobs. Above is a photo of a Tesla Bot, which Tesla, Inc. hopes to begin selling by 2027.

* Renewable energy sources such as electric vehicles as well as solar- and wind-powered devices to combat global warming became popular during the 2020s. Scooter-sharing systems have become common in the street scene of the 2020s (especially in downtown areas), with Lime becoming popular.

* The early 2020s started with a rise in videoconferencing due to the pandemic, while many educational institutions and workplaces shifted to distance learning and remote work during and after the pandemic. Large-scale video conferencing became a reality and more common during the 2020s.

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Gen Z society grown in pop culture, such as idolization promotions and community campaigns. The Straw Hat Pirates' Jolly Roger flag from One Piece as the symbol of the chaotic Gen Z protests spread worldwide as well as media partnerships like the Operation Polaris Cross (CyberAgent–Konami agreement) and a controversial proposed acquisition of Warner Bros. Discovery in Japan and the US.

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Popular Japanese media franchises such as Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba, Chainsaw Man, Jujutsu Kaisen, Oshi no Ko, Frieren, Attack on Titan, Spy × Family, Dr. Stone, One Piece, Umamusume, Blue Lock, and Mashle reaching large international audiences and fans used for crossover works during the Reiwa era.

* The 2020s saw rapid global growth of online fandoms through platforms such as TikTok, Instagram, X, Discord, and Reddit. Large fandoms including Deltarune, KPop Demon Hunters, Genshin Impact, Hazbin Hotel, Software:Hatsune Miku: Colorful Stage!, Umamusume, The Amazing Digital Circus, and Heated Rivalry became highly organized and influential in digital culture.

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The decade saw the rise of eco-friendly wooden architecture, such as the Grand Ring by Sou Fujimoto as the symbol of the famous Expo 2025 held between April and October 2025 in Osaka.

* Sagrada Familia in Barcelona became the world's tallest church when a part of its central tower was lifted into place and reached 162.91 m, surpassing Ulm Minster, made by Antonio Gaudi's longtime legacy of the construction progress since 1882.

Sagrada Familia in Barcelona became the world's tallest church when a part of its central tower was lifted into place and reached 162.91 m, surpassing Ulm Minster, made by Antonio Gaudi's longtime legacy of the construction progress since 1882.

* Summer Olympic Games of the 2020s include Paris in 2024 and Los Angeles in 2028, as well as Tokyo 2020 in 2021 (the first ever Olympic games to be delayed, taking place in 2021 instead of 2020); The Winter Olympic Games of the decade included Beijing in 2022 and Milan-Cortina in 2026.

Summer Olympic Games of the 2020s include Paris in 2024 and Los Angeles in 2028, as well as Tokyo 2020 in 2021 (the first ever Olympic games to be delayed, taking place in 2021 instead of 2020); The Winter Olympic Games of the decade included Beijing in 2022 and Milan-Cortina in 2026.

* The 2020s was a more profitable era for movies based on video games. The Super Mario Bros. Movie released in 2023 and surpassed $1 billion, and Nintendo plans to open a group of international theme parks called Super Nintendo World and a Nintendo Museum between 2021 and 2025.

The 2020s was a more profitable era for movies based on video games. The Super Mario Bros. Movie released in 2023 and surpassed $1 billion, and Nintendo plans to open a group of international theme parks called Super Nintendo World and a Nintendo Museum between 2021 and 2025.

* Barbenheimer, consisting of the films Barbie and Oppenheimer, was the double feature phenomenon released on the same day in July 2023, which both films became critically and commercially successful. Other films from the decade included Everything Everywhere All at Once, Wicked, Dune, Top Gun: Maverick, Sinners, M3GAN, RRR, and Hundreds of Beavers.

Barbenheimer, consisting of the films Barbie and Oppenheimer, was the double feature phenomenon released on the same day in July 2023, which both films became critically and commercially successful. Other films from the decade included Everything Everywhere All at Once, Wicked, Dune, Top Gun: Maverick, Sinners, M3GAN, RRR, and Hundreds of Beavers.

* Apple Vision Pro, which was released in 2024, marks an advancement in spatial computing and mixed reality headsets. The device intends to merge physical and digital environments, overlaying computer graphics on each individual user's real-world environments.

* During the 2020s, the idea of brain implants existed in an early, limited form. The company Neuralink and a research group demonstrated the ability for a monkey to move a computer cursor with neural signals, typing coherent sentences.

* Cloud computing has surged in popularity following and during the global pandemic of 2020. Cloud computing allows for data to be stored in data centers and looked up on any device, rather than the photos, notes, etc. of a device being restricted to just that device.

* The Sustainable Development Goals promote seventeen interlinked objectives designed to serve as a "shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the future". Pictured above is a diagram listing the 17 Sustainable Development Goals, which are intended to be completed by the end of the 2020s.

* Social media rebranding occurred during the 2020s, with Facebook, Inc. and Twitter changing their names to Meta Platforms and X (though many people continue to call it Twitter). New social platforms such as Threads and Bluesky also launched.

* Japanese baseball player Shohei Otani became one of the most popular sports figures during the decade, following the victory of the Los Angeles Dodgers at the 2024 World Series, and again in 2025 followed by Yoshinobu Yamamoto who won the World Series MVP.

Japanese baseball player Shohei Otani became one of the most popular sports figures during the decade, following the victory of the Los Angeles Dodgers at the 2024 World Series, and again in 2025 followed by Yoshinobu Yamamoto who won the World Series MVP.

### Fashion

The fashion of the early 2020s was characterized by a variety of styles and influences from different eras. During this period, the trend towards individuality and self-expression in clothing continued. Young millennials and Generation Z has witnessed and enjoyed a notable resurgence of fashion styles from the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s in the fashion industry. A prominent example of this is the revival of trends such as crop tops, baggy jeans, and elements from the Y2K aesthetic.[888][889]

In the 2020s, many companies, including current fast fashion giants such as Shein and Temu, began using social media platforms such as TikTok and Instagram as a marketing tool.[890] Marketing strategies involving third parties, particularly influencers and celebrities, have become prominent tactics. E-commerce platforms that promote small businesses, such as Depop and Etsy, grew by offering vintage, homemade, or resold clothing from individual sellers.[891] Thrifting also exploded in popularity because of the potential to find valuable pieces of clothing at cheaper prices.[892]

### Film

The highest-grossing films of the decade so far are James Cameron's Avatar: The Way of Water and Jiaozi's Ne Zha 2.[893]

The COVID-19 pandemic heavily impacted film releases especially early in the decade, resulting in a drastic drop in box office revenue as well as many films postponing their release or shifting it to a streaming services. Avatar: The Way of Water is the highest-grossing film of the decade so far, and currently the third-highest-grossing film of all time. Other financially successful films at the box office include Top Gun: Maverick, Dune and its sequel Dune: Part Two, and Wicked. Superhero films mostly continued to do well financially, such as most successes from the Marvel Cinematic Universe, continuing with its "Multiverse Saga" (accompanied with a series of shows and specials created exclusively on Disney+ which interconnect with the films). Several successful horror films included M3GAN, the X trilogy, Barbarian, and Sinners.

In 2023, the films Barbie and Oppenheimer were both released on the same day, which led to the creation of the double feature phenomenon known as "Barbenheimer". Both films became critically and commercially successful with both receiving a nomination for Best Picture at the 96th Academy Awards, and the latter winning both the award and nabbing Christopher Nolan's first Best Director award.

Critically successful films nominated for awards include Nomadland, CODA, Everything Everywhere All at Once, Hundreds of Beavers, Licorice Pizza, The Fabelmans, Killers of the Flower Moon, Past Lives, Elvis, Belfast, The Power of the Dog, Poor Things, Anora, The Substance, RRR, Better Man, The Brutalist, All Quiet on the Western Front, A Complete Unknown, One Battle After Another, and Anatomy of a Fall.

Critically successful animated films include Wolfwalkers, Encanto, Puss in Boots: The Last Wish, Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutant Mayhem, Inside Out 2, Ne Zha 2, Wallace & Gromit: Vengeance Most Fowl, The Boy and the Heron, Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba – The Movie: Mugen Train, Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba – The Movie: Infinity Castle, Guillermo del Toro's Pinocchio, Nimona, The Mitchells vs. The Machines, Luca, Once Upon a Studio, KPop Demon Hunters, The Wild Robot, Robot Dreams, The Boy, the Mole, the Fox and the Horse, Memoir of a Snail, Flow, Suzume, Scarlet, Chainsaw Man – The Movie: Reze Arc, Flee, Jumbo,  Zootopia 2, The First Slam Dunk, Hoppers, Chicken for Linda!.

2025 became the year of highest-grossing animated films in Asia, such as Ne Zha 2 and Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba – The Movie: Infinity Castle, to gross $3 billion in a successful box office of the year, Japanese anime films became dominant for 15 years since Arrietty (2010).[894][895]

### Television

The 2020s started off with streaming services like Netflix, Amazon Prime Video, Apple TV+, Paramount+, HBO Max, Showtime, Crunchyroll, Hayu, Peacock, DAZN, and Disney+. Ad-supported streaming televisions such as Pluto TV and YouTube TV also became more popular.

During a live broadcast of the 94th Academy Awards in 2022, audiences across the auditorium and at home watched in shock as actor and musician Will Smith, who was nominated for, and won, Best Actor that evening for his performance in the biographical film King Richard, slapped comedian and actor Chris Rock, who was presenting Best Documentary Feature, across the face after making a joke about Smith's wife Jada Pinkett Smith. Following that ceremony's incident, after receiving his Oscar, Smith was suspended from the academy for ten years.

Billions of people watched the death and state funeral of Elizabeth II in 2022 and the 2024 Summer Olympics coverage in Paris speculated to be the most watched special television events in history.[896][897]

#### Animated

Japanese anime continued to rise in global popularity and appeal during the decade,[898][899] with works such as Jujutsu Kaisen, Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba, Beastars, Chainsaw Man, Spy × Family, Cyberpunk: Edgerunners, Hell's Paradise: Jigokuraku, Oshi no Ko, Baki, Delicious in Dungeon, Record of Ragnarok, Frieren, Dandadan, Solo Leveling, Scott Pilgrim Takes Off, Tokyo Revengers, Vinland Saga, Witch Watch, Kaiju No. 8, Gachiakuta, Bleach: Thousand-Year Blood War, Sakamoto Days, Attack on Titan, Jojo's Bizarre Adventure and One Piece reaching large international audiences.

New and critically acclaimed teen and adult animated shows like Harley Quinn, Hazbin Hotel, Primal, Love, Death & Robots, Blood of Zeus, Invincible, Arcane, Devil May Cry, and Smiling Friends, as well as the web series The Amazing Digital Circus, were launched in the 2020s, along with other animated shows such as Bluey, Batwheels, Hilda, The Owl House, Kiff, X-Men '97, Amphibia, and Star Wars: Visions.[900]

#### Live-action

A variety of shows on streaming services such as Squid Game, Severance, Never Have I Ever, Tulsa King, Ted Lasso, Beef, The Boys, Extraordinary Attorney Woo, Only Murders in the Building, Wednesday, The Sex Lives of College Girls, Euphoria, Abbott Elementary, The Bear, Heartstopper, Love, Victor, The Pitt, Shōgun, The Witcher, The White Lotus, Alice in Borderland, Hacks, The Diplomat, Yellowstone, The Last of Us, Succession, Heated Rivalry and Tiger King gained popularity. Many different shows on many different competing streaming services resulted in what has been called the "streaming wars" of the early 2020s. Miniseries also gained popularity such as The Queen's Gambit, Dahmer – Monster: The Jeffrey Dahmer Story, Daisy Jones & the Six, Beef, Mr Bates vs The Post Office, Mrs. America, Mare of Easttown, and Pam & Tommy.[901]

Also released in the 2020s, the reality game show The Traitors achieved popularity and became a global success.[902][903]

Several TV shows based on films include American Gigolo, The Penguin, live-action Star Wars series (such as The Mandalorian, Ahsoka, and Andor), Peacemaker, Mr. & Mrs. Smith, and Ted.

### Music

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By 2020, TikTok, an online video service, had become extremely popular as a music platform on social media.[904] Users on streaming platforms such as Spotify, YouTube Music, Deezer, Amazon Music, and Apple Music have increased due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Festivals such as Coachella were cancelled because of the virus. The COVID-19 pandemic devastated the touring business.[905][906]

The 2020s saw the continued impact of streaming on the record industry, a trend that began in the 2010s. Platforms like Spotify played a central role in shaping music trends, driving the success of both mainstream and emerging genres. Social media, particularly TikTok, further amplified music with viral trends, while popular genres like pop, hip-hop, R&B, rock music including pop punk and shoegaze, country, K-pop and indie music dominated the Billboard Hot 100 charts. At the same time, underground genres like hyperpop, plugg, jersey club, phonk and rage thrived in niche communities.[907][908][909][910][911]

Pop, hip-hop, rock music including pop punk and shoegaze, Eurodance, indies, K-pop, R&B,[912] trance, and synth-pop[913] all dominated the early part of the decade, with the most popular artists being Ariana Grande, Lizzo, Drake, Kendrick Lamar, Nicki Minaj, Dua Lipa, Ice Spice, Charli XCX, the Weeknd, Justin Bieber, Taylor Swift, Chappell Roan, Doja Cat, Olivia Rodrigo, Billie Eilish, Playboi Carti, Morgan Wallen, Beyoncé, Sabrina Carpenter, Jelly Roll, and more.[914] The early 20s also saw the one-off return of the Beatles and the Rolling Stones with a new song and album, respectively, which topped out the charts immediately upon release.[915] 2022 saw a revival in Kate Bush's song "Running Up That Hill", due to its appearance in the Netflix series Stranger Things.[916] Starting around 2023, country music has seen a rise in popularity with artists such as Luke Combs and Morgan Wallen topping the charts along with artists such as Beyoncé and Post Malone releasing country albums.

### Video games

The ninth generation of consoles began in 2020. The industry remains dominated by Nintendo, Sony, and Microsoft with the release of the Xbox Series X/S and the PlayStation 5, while the Nintendo Switch continues to be popular from the previous decade. Technological advancements in consoles included support for real-time ray tracing graphics and output for 4K or even 8K resolution. Physical media continued to be replaced by online distribution of games, with the Xbox Series S and the PlayStation 5 Digital Edition lacking an optical drive.[7] The Steam Deck was released in 2022 as Valve's attempt to bring PC-level gaming to a Nintendo Switch-style handheld format.[917][918]

During the decade PC gaming would continue growing rapidly with the console gaming market remaining more stagnant.[919] The growing majority of video game developers would also primarily focus on developing their projects for PC.[920] Mobile gaming remained the largest sector of the video game industry during the decade, accounting for roughly half of the industry's revenue.[921]

Critically successful games such as Elden Ring, Ghost of Tsushima, God of War Ragnarök, Baldur's Gate 3, Software:Black Myth: Wukong, Astro Bot, Software:Clair Obscur: Expedition 33, Cyberpunk 2077, and The Last of Us Part II were released and won multiple best game of the year awards, signaling a shift towards narrative-driven and single-played focused gaming compared with the end of the 2010s where popularity of multiplayer gaming dominated.[922] Nonetheless, widely successful multiplayer games includes Among Us, EA Sports FC, Software:Call of Duty: Warzone, Fall Guys, Fate/Grand Order, Fortnite, Genshin Impact, Software:Honkai: Star Rail, It Takes Two, Counter-Strike 2, Software:Umamusume: Pretty Derby, Minecraft, Terraria, Roblox, Tetris Effect, Dead by Daylight, Overwatch 2, League of Legends, and Valorant surged in popularity in the decade and became a global sensation since the COVID-19 pandemic.[8]

### Architecture

There is a revival in expressionist architecture. The SoFi Stadium and Intuit Dome were completed in September 2020 and August 2024, there are a component of Hollywood Park, a master-planned neighborhood in development in Inglewood, California. The venue serves as a home to the Los Angeles Clippers, the Rams, and the Chargers. Both they hosted the Super Bowl LVI in February 2022, the 2026 NBA All-Star Game in February 2026, and the 2026 FIFA World Cup in June 2026.[923][924] The stadium and arena is also set to host the opening and closing ceremonies, aquatic events (swimming and diving), and basketball events for the 2028 Summer Olympics, which will be hosted in Los Angeles, California, United States.[925]

The developments in Port Melbourne, Victoria of the West Gate Tunnel continued from 2020, which is designed to provide an alternative to the West Gate Bridge, it is expected to be completed in 2025.[926][927]

The Unity Tower in Kraków was finally completed on 30 September 2020. The construction of the building originally started in 1975 but stopped permanently in 1981 because of economic constraints and political unrest at the time. Due to the unfinished building's resemblance to a skeleton, it was nicknamed after Skeletor, the arch-villain in He-Man and the Masters of the Universe, which was popular in Poland at the time construction began.[928]

Several developments in Saudi Arabia to achieve the Saudi Vision 2030, such as the 2034 FIFA World Cup stadiums, Qiddiya City, Neom's The Line, Jeddah Tower, Roshn, and Riyadh's Expo 2030 site.[929][930][931] The Jeddah Tower would become the world’s tallest building or structure, after a long-delayed construction progress and resumed in 2025, standing at least 180 metres (590 ft) taller than the Burj Khalifa.[932][933]

The Grand Ring was built and designed by the Japanese firms Tohata Architects and Azusa Sekkei, the building became the symbol of the famous Expo 2025 in Osaka, Japan.[934][935] It was recognized by the Guinness World Records as the world's largest architectural structure (certified area: 61,035.55 m2).[936][937][934][938][939]

Between October 2025 and February 2026, the Sagrada Família became the world's tallest church when a part of its central tower was lifted into place and reached 162.91 m, surpassing Ulm Minster (161.53 m),[940][941] and the cathedral reached its final height of 172.5 metres (566 ft).[942] The cathedral also became the longest period of construction history since 1882, and reached its maximum height though the magnum opus of Catalan architect Antoni Gaudí's legacy remains years away from completion.[943]

### Sports

Since the COVID-19 pandemic impacted major sporting events led to the postponement and cancellations in the early-2020s, technological advances growing popularity throughout the decade like digital live broadcasts from the successful 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris. Football, horse racing, basketball, athletics, tennis, volleyball, baseball, and cricket became more popular for digital audiences during the decade.[944]

The COVID-19 pandemic led to the cancellation or rescheduling of numerous sporting events globally. The 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in Tokyo were postponed to July–August 2021. This was the first Olympic Games to be postponed rather than cancelled in history since World War II.[945]

Zimbabwean sports administrator and politician Kirsty Coventry became the first woman, the first multicultural, and the first African President of the International Olympic Committee, following the resignation of Thomas Bach.[946][947] She is also the second youngest person and second Olympic medallist to be elected to the position since Pierre de Coubertin and Thomas Bach, her achievements are focused on feminism and gender equality in sports.

The International Olympic Committee has begun a new policy of authorizing up to 5 additional sports per edition of the Olympic Games, and this rule applies to both the Summer and Winter Games. This rule came into effect starting with the 2020 Summer Olympics.[948]

#### Football

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Football's popularity has continued global dominance, while also undergoing significant shifts due to various factors, Argentina and Spain won the 2022 FIFA World Cup and the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup by defeating France and England,[949][950] with Lionel Messi and Aitana Bonmatí winning the Golden Balls,[951][952] while Hinata Miyazawa and Kylian Mbappé winning the Golden Boots.[953][954]

#### Baseball

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Baseball had a notable resurgence, particularly within its traditional strongholds, Japan and the United States. Japan defeated the United States in the 2023 World Baseball Classic with a score of 3–2, winning their 3rd title in the event.[955][956][956][957] Japanese baseball player Shohei Ohtani was named the MVP of the tournament. He became the first player in MLB history to record 50 home runs and 50 stolen bases in a season and was unanimously named the 2024 National League MVP. Rivaling Aaron Judge of the New York Yankees, Ohtani led the Los Angeles Dodgers to victory in the 2024 World Series, and again in 2025 over Toronto Blue Jays.[958][959][960]

Venezuela had landslide victories over Japan and Italy in the quarterfinal and semifinal and won this year's World Baseball Classic tournament, beating the United States 3–2 in the 2026 World Baseball Classic championship, with Eugenio Suarez hitting a go-ahead double in the top of the 9th to clinch their first title. It was the first major international sporting competition won by Venezuela since the 1945 Amateur World Series, and the second time in Latin America since 2013.[961] Maikel García of Venezuela was named the MVP of the tournament.[962]

The tournament has hit new high levels in attendance and US Television viewership: the 2023 attendance record was broken before the pool play was ended, and US viewership of the final hit 10 million viewers for the first time ever.[963][964]

Shohei Otani and Mookie Betts met with US president Donald Trump at the White House in April 2025.[965]

#### Basketball

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Shortly into the decade, on January 26, 2020, 5-time NBA champion, 2008 NBA MVP, two-time Olympic gold medalist and Los Angeles Lakers great Kobe Bryant, and his 13-year-old daughter Gianna, died in a California helicopter crash along with seven other people.[966][967][968] A number of tributes and memorials subsequently followed, and the All-Star Game MVP Award was renamed in Bryant's honor.[969]

Basketball has been characterized by significant global growth and dominance in strong youth engagement, the 2023 FIBA World Cup followed by Germany won by defeating Serbia.[970]

On February 7, 2023, LeBron James, playing for the Los Angeles Lakers, scored his 38,388th career point in a game against the Oklahoma City Thunder, surpassing Kareem Abdul-Jabbar to become the all-time leading scorer in NBA history.

### Food

Food delivery apps such as Deliveroo, DoorDash, Instacart, Menulog, Uber Eats, Grubhub, Bolt Food, Wolt, and Just Eat Takeaway became more popular since to the COVID-19 pandemic.[971][972] Indoor dining was also closed in many countries due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and upon re-opening the usage of QR codes and other technologies in the restaurant industry increased compared to the 2010s in order to comply with pandemic restrictions.[973][974]

Due to the COVID-19 restrictions, online grocery shopping has substantially grown and in the first few months of the pandemic, online grocery shopping increased by 300%.[975] Before the pandemic occurred, food shopping activity accounted for 9% of the market, now 63% of consumers worldwide have purchased more groceries online after the outbreak than they did before they were socially isolated.[976]

### Literature

## See also

* List of decades
* 2020s in political history

### Timeline

The following articles contain brief timelines which list the most prominent events of the decade:

* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* 2023
* 2024
* 2025
* 2026
* 2027
* 2028
* 2029

## Notes

## References

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3. ↑ Script error: No such module "cite".
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7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "COP26: First day ends with Queen's message of statesmanship". Financial Times. 1 November 2021. https://www.ft.com/content/e9f81272-3986-44de-9715-e83ec9be2bd2.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Cop26: Biden urges unity in 'decisive decade' for planet". The Guardian. 1 November 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/video/2021/nov/01/cop26-biden-urges-unity-in-decisive-decade-for-planet-video.
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17. ↑ "Number one target: How Israel assassinated Iran’s ‘de-facto leader' Larijani | The Jerusalem Post" (in en). 2026-03-17. https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/iran-news/article-890273.
18. ↑ Bariz, Yama; Fraser, Simon (17 March 2026). "Pakistan air strike kills at least 100 at Kabul drug rehab centre" (in en-GB). https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4g8n7e0l40o. "The UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (Unama) condemned the strike, which it said had been carried out by Pakistani forces on the Omid Addiction Treatment Hospital."
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133. ↑ Phillips, Tom; Torres, Patricia (3 August 2024). "'Maduro has lost the streets': In Venezuela's barrios, former loyal voters risk all in protests". The Guardian. The Observer. https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/aug/03/maduro-has-lost-the-streets-in-venezuelas-barrios-former-loyal-voters-risk-all-in-protests.
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136. ↑ White, Nadine (5 August 2024). "Street beatings, stabbing and mosques under siege: the horrifying racist attacks carried out by far-right mobs". The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/riots-uk-muslim-asians-rotherham-manvers-hotel-b2591159.html. "A Black man beaten by a mob, an Asian man stabbed at a train station and mosques under siege – just some of the horrifying racist incidents carried out by far-right thugs in England this week. The country has been engulfed by racist riots over the past few days, in the wake of the killings of three young girls in Southport on Monday."
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142. ↑ Fouda, Malek (2 December 2025). "Bulgaria's government fully withdraws controversial budget plan after latest protests". Euronews. https://www.euronews.com/2025/12/02/bulgarias-government-withdraws-controversial-budget-plan-after-protests.
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147. ↑ Morse, Dan; Munro, Dana; Hermann, Peter; Uber, Emma; Alexander, Keith L. (2025-04-05). "Thousands rally in D.C. as Trump protesters gather across U.S.". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2025/04/05/hands-off-protest-trump-washington/.
148. ↑ "'No Kings' protests: where does Democratic opposition go next?". BBC News. October 19, 2025. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj3zemk2j4ro.
149. ↑ Frank, BrieAnna J.. "'No Kings' organizers concerned about protests. But 'courage is contagious.'". https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2025/10/17/protest-organizers-concerned-hopeful-no-kings-rallies/86671786007/.
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165. ↑ Scarr, Charlotte; Fraser, Simon; Ethirajan, Anbarasan (9 September 2025). "Nepal parliament set on fire after PM resigns over anti-corruption protests". BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0m4vjwrdwgo.
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206. ↑ Ghodsee, Kristen (2017). Red Hangover: Legacies of Twentieth-Century Communism. Duke University Press. pp. xix–xx, 134, 197–99. ISBN 978-0822369493. https://www.dukeupress.edu/red-hangover.
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208. ↑ De Pinto, Jennifer; Salvanto, Anthony; Backus, Fred; Khanna, Kabir (January 19, 2025). "Biden's presidency viewed negatively by most Americans — CBS News poll". CBS News. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/biden-presidency-opinion-poll-2025-01-19/.
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213. ↑ "Exit poll results 2024". CNN. November 6, 2024. https://www.cnn.com/election/2024/exit-polls/national-results/general/president/0.
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217. ↑ Script error: No such module "cite".
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225. ↑ "RSP’s Balendra Shah scores landslide in Nepal polls, set to become PM". National Herald. 8 March 2026. https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/international/rsps-balendra-shah-scores-landslide-in-nepal-polls-set-to-become-pm.
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232. ↑ Yoonjung, Seo; Bae, Gawon; Valerio, Mike; Yeung, Jessie (4 April 2025). "South Korea's impeached president is removed from office, four months after declaring martial law". https://www.cnn.com/2025/04/03/asia/yoon-impeachment-verdict-south-korea-intl-hnk/index.html.
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238. ↑ "Hegseth says more US forces arriving in Middle East as Iran war ramps up". 4 March 2026. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/4/hegseth-says-more-us-forces-arriving-in-middle-east-as-iran-war-ramps-up.
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240. ↑ Newman, Andy (October 29, 2025). "Would Mamdani Be New York's First Immigrant Mayor? Not by a Long Shot." (in en). The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2025/10/29/nyregion/nyc-immigrant-mayors-mamdani.html.
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242. ↑ Gerstle, Gary (2022). The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order: America and the World in the Free Market Era. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0197519646. https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-neoliberal-order-9780197519646. Retrieved August 1, 2024. "The most sweeping account of how neoliberalism came to dominate American politics for nearly a half century before crashing against the forces of Trumpism on the right and a new progressivism on the left."
243. ↑ Williams, Aime (August 6, 2025). "Donald Trump's new tariff regime deepens global trade war". Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/9f642686-d9bf-4d16-a2f6-2d2ab8fb43d2. "Donald Trump's global tariffs took effect at 12.01am in Washington on Thursday, pushing American import duties to their highest level in a century as the US president launched a new era of trade rivalry."
244. ↑ Goldman, David (August 1, 2025). "Trump's new tariffs have no precedent in the modern era". CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2025/08/01/economy/tariff-policy-trump-trade.
245. ↑ Romm, Tony (August 7, 2025). "Staggering U.S. Tariffs Begin as Trump Widens Trade War". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2025/08/07/business/economy/trump-tariffs-trade-war.html.
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247. ↑ Script error: No such module "cite".
248. ↑ "Labour has become the Party of Britain's rich". The Economist. September 11, 2025. https://www.economist.com/britain/2025/09/11/labour-has-become-the-party-of-britains-rich. "This is the first such study conducted since [the] hard-right Reform UK party surged into first place in polls earlier this year. ... The party is particularly popular with older voters and those who did not attend university. Less than one in 20 supporters are non-white ... and 57% are men."
249. ↑ Script error: No such module "cite".
250. ↑ Script error: No such module "cite".
251. ↑ "Educated voters' leftward shift is surprisingly old and international". The Economist. May 29, 2021. https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2021/05/29/educated-voters-leftward-shift-is-surprisingly-old-and-international.
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253. ↑ Hirsch, Michael (12 March 2022). "Putin's Thousand-Year War". Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/03/12/putins-thousand-year-war/.
254. ↑ "The cocktail of ideologies behind Vladimir Putin". 24 March 2022. https://www.dw.com/en/the-cocktail-of-ideologies-behind-vladimir-putin/a-61242466.
255. ↑ McFaul, Michael; Person, Robert (2 April 2024). Brands, Hal. ed (in en). War in Ukraine: Conflict, Strategy, and the Return of a Fractured World. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-4214-4985-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=0n72EAAAQBAJ&dq=On+February+24,+2022,+Russian+president+Vladimir+Putin+launched+a+full-+scale+invasion+of+Ukraine,+expanding+dramatically+the+war+against+Ukraine+he+be+gan+in+2014+and+starting+the+largest+war+in+Europe+since+World+War+II.&pg=PA34. "On February 24, 2022, Russian president Vladimir Putin launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, expanding dramatically the war against Ukraine he began in 2014 and starting the largest war in Europe since World War II."
256. ↑ 256.0 256.1 Script error: No such module "cite".
257. ↑ Bloch, Matthew; Collins, Keith; Gebeloff, Robert; Hernandez, Marco; Khurana, Malika; Levitt, Zach (November 6, 2024). "Election Results Show a Red Shift Across the U.S.". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/11/06/us/politics/presidential-election-2024-red-shift.html.
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259. ↑ "Biden VP pick: Kamala Harris chosen as running mate". August 11, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53739323.
260. ↑ "Read Vice President Kamala Harris' Full Concession Speech". TIME. November 6, 2024. https://time.com/7173617/kamala-harris-concession-speech-full-transcript/. Retrieved 2024-11-07.
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263. ↑ Stokes, Bruce (19 December 2016). "Analysis: Europe's far-right anger is moving mainstream". Chicago Tribune. http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-europe-far-right-movement-20161219-story.html.
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269. ↑ Zreik, Mohamad (14 August 2019). "Marine Le Pen's Nationalist Ideology and the Rise of Right-Wing Parties in Europe" (in en-US). https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2019/08/14/marine-le-pens-nationalist-ideology-and-the-rise-of-right-wing-parties-in-europe/.
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273. ↑ Stevenson, Chris (1 January 2019). "Some cheer, some feel fear in Brazil as far-right president Jair Bolsonaro is sworn in" (in en). https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/jair-bolsonaro-brazil-trump-president-inauguration-congress-far-right-populist-a8707066.html.
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278. ↑ "Rodrigo Paz wins presidential runoff, becoming Bolivia's first conservative leader in decades" (in en-US). PBS News. 25 October 2025. ISSN 0190-8286. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/rodrigo-paz-wins-presidential-runoff-becoming-bolivias-first-conservative-leader-in-decades.
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280. ↑ Córdoba, Javier (2 February 2026). "Conservative populist Laura Fernández wins Costa Rican presidency, preliminary results show". AP News. https://apnews.com/article/costa-rica-election-results-fernandez-chaves-f072f4e01cde74a2f037072cc03293d5.
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282. ↑ "How Democrats and Republicans see each other". The Economist. August 17, 2022. ISSN 0013-0613. https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2022/08/17/how-democrats-and-republicans-see-each-other.
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284. ↑ Burn-Murdoch, John (November 7, 2024). "Democrats join 2024's graveyard of incumbents". Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/e8ac09ea-c300-4249-af7d-109003afb893. "That different politicians, different parties, different policies and different rhetoric deployed in different countries have all met similar fortunes suggests that a large part of Tuesday's American result was locked in regardless of the messenger or the message. The wide variety of places and people who swung towards Trump also suggests an outcome that was more inevitable than contingent."
285. ↑ "Mali coup: Military promises elections after ousting president". 19 August 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53833925.
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288. ↑ "UN calls for immediate release of Mali President Bah Ndaw". BBC News. 24 May 2021. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-57236104.
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292. ↑ "Sudan's PM and other leaders detained in apparent coup attempt", The Guardian (Sudan), 25 October 2021, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/25/sudan-coup-fears-amid-claims-military-have-arrested-senior-government-officials, retrieved 25 October 2021
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296. ↑ Script error: No such module "cite".
297. ↑ Kirby, Paul (7 December 2022). "Germany arrests 25 accused of plotting coup". BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63885028.
298. ↑ "Presidente Pedro Castillo disuelve temporalmente el Congreso de Perú" (in es). 7 December 2022. https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2022/12/07/presidente-pedro-castillo-cierra-temporalmente-el-congreso-de-peru/.
299. ↑ Chillitupa Tantas, Rodrigo (7 December 2022). "Presidente de Perú disuelve Congreso, declara "gobierno de excepción" y llama a elecciones" (in es). https://www.vozdeamerica.com/a/presidente-de-peru-pedro-castillo-disuelve-el-congreso-/6866334.html.
300. ↑ Script error: No such module "cite".
301. ↑ Phillips, Tom (26 November 2024). "Bolsonaro allies nearly launched military coup in 2022, police report says". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/nov/26/brazil-almost-suffered-far-right-military-coup-police-report-claims.
302. ↑ "Niger soldiers declare coup on national TV". BBC News. July 26, 2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66320895.
303. ↑ "Gabon officers declare military coup, President Ali Bongo detained". BBC News. August 30, 2023. https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/gabonese-military-officers-announce-they-have-seized-power-2023-08-30/.
304. ↑ Script error: No such module "cite".
305. ↑ "Military coup attempt in Bolivia fails, president urges people to mobilize against democracy threat". June 26, 2024. https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/bolivia-military-capital-1.7247637.
306. ↑ "Madagascar's president is ousted in a military coup after weeks of youth-led protests". October 14, 2025. https://apnews.com/article/madagascar-protests-rajoelina-ab1e1eb1aca45fe7e80e81314ebdb0c6.
307. ↑ "Guinea-Bissau soldiers say they have taken power after reports of president's arrest". November 26, 2025. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0edww3qgq2o.
308. ↑ "Benin coup attempt foiled by loyalist troops, interior minister says". December 7, 2025. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c62v7n9wzkyo.
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311. ↑ Script error: No such module "cite".
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338. ↑ Otis, John; Kahn, Carrie (26 July 2024). "What to know about Venezuela's election, as Maduro faces stiff opposition". NPR. https://www.npr.org/2024/07/26/nx-s1-5051813/venezuela-election-nicolas-maduro-opposition-edmundo-gonzalez.
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483. ↑ McElwee, Joshua (21 April 2025). "Pope Francis has died, Vatican says in video statement". https://www.reuters.com/world/pope-francis-has-died-vatican-says-video-statement-2025-04-21.
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485. ↑ Rajvanshi, Astha (21 April 2025). "Pope Francis dies at age 88". https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/pope-francis-dies-rcna192559.
486. ↑ Nicole Winfield (21 April 2025). "Pope Francis, first Latin American pontiff who ministered with a charming, humble style, dies at 88". AP News. https://apnews.com/article/vatican-pope-francis-dead-01ca7d73c3c48d25fd1504ba076e2e2a.
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568. ↑ Ellis-Petersen, Hannah; Baloch, Shah Meer (22 May 2020). "Dozens killed as passenger plane crashes near Karachi airport". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/22/pakistan-passenger-plane-crashes-near-karachi.
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580. ↑ "2,750 Tonnes Of Ammonium Nitrate Exploded: Lebanon PM On Beirut Blasts". https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/lebanon-pm-hassan-diab-on-beirut-blasts-2-750-tonnes-of-ammonium-nitrate-exploded-2274291.
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587. ↑ "Russia-Ukraine war live: evacuations under way near Kherson after destruction of dam prompts flooding". The Guardian. 6 June 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/jun/06/russia-ukraine-war-live-dam-near-kherson-blown-up-by-russian-forces-ukrainian-military-says.
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597. ↑ "Pain and anger grip N. Macedonia town after fire tragedy". RFI. 18 March 2025. https://www.rfi.fr/en/international-news/20250318-pain-and-anger-grip-n-macedonia-town-after-fire-tragedy.
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626. ↑ "A year after Greece's worst train disaster, railway safety fears persist". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/year-after-greeces-worst-train-disaster-railway-safety-fears-persist-2024-02-28/.
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628. ↑ MR, Senjo (2 September 2023). "Odisha train accident: CBI charges 3 railway officials with culpable homicide". Rediff. https://m.rediff.com/news/report/odisha-train-accident-cbi-charges-3-railway-officials-with-culpable-homicide/20230902.htm.
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655. ↑ "Turkey reports at least 120 aftershocks following Monday's powerful earthquake". CNN. 6 February 2023. https://edition.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/turkey-earthquake-latest-020623/index.html.
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