Archaeology in Brazil

Funerary urn of the Marajoara culture

Brazilian archeology is a work perspective within Archaeology that aims to work with the specific problems and conditions of archeology in Brazil.[1] Brazilian archeology proposes to combat Eurocentrism in the scientific production of the area in the country, seeking to rescue and preserve the Brazilian archaeological heritage. This perspective also began to work academically in the country through the expansion of archeology work, which used to be very concentrated in the South and Southeast regions, and which began to work throughout the country through training and performance centers in Brazilian universities.

There are several reasons for archaeology in Brazil has failed to integrate into a most prominent Latin American or worldwide context. Brazil has a large size of the territory, lacks government support, has tropical environments, lacks of monumental architecture, and Brazil's being Portuguese-speaking country; therefore, with all these factors combined, it was and still is difficult to form a well-structured Brazilian archeology.[2]

## History

Archeology can trace its intellectual trajectory from the 15th and 16th centuries, in the context of antiquarianism and Classicism, through the 18th century Enlightenment and emerging as a scientific discipline in the early 19th century.[3]

In Brazil, this development has taken place since the 19th century, since the passage from the Empire to the Republic, when people thought about the construction of national ideals, in addition to the discourses constructed to discover the origin and social organization of the Brazilian indigenous groups.[4] Currently, Brazilian archeology is increasingly turning to indigenous societies.[5]

The history of archaeology in Brazil has been divided into seven periods:[6]

* Colonial period from 1500 to 1822.
* Brazilian empire from 1822 to 1889
* Republic period from 1889 to 1920
* Formative or Modern period from 1920 to 1949
* Inception of university research period from 1950 to 1964
* Dictatorial military period from 1964 to 1985
* Democratic and pluralist archaeology from 1985 to present time.

## References

1. ↑ Barreto, Cristiana (1999). "A CONSTRUÇÃO DE UM PASSADO PRÉ-COLONIAL: UMA BREVE HISTÓRIA DA ARQUEOLOGIA NO BRASIL" (in pt). Revista USP (44): 32–51. doi:10.11606/issn.2316-9036.v0i44p32-51. ISSN 2316-9036. https://www.revistas.usp.br/revusp/article/view/30093.
2. ↑ Barreto, Cristiana (September 1998). "Brazilian archaeology from a Brazilian perspective" (in en). Antiquity 72 (277): 573–581. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00087007. ISSN 0003-598X. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/abs/brazilian-archaeology-from-a-brazilian-perspective/3851B1A5CC44623E6AE32084BC1E54DC.
3. ↑ Silva, Fabiola Andrea (2012-03-19). "AULA MAGNA: ARQUEOLOGIA COMO TRADUÇÃO DO PASSADO NO PRESENTE" (in pt). Amazônica - Revista de Antropologia 3 (2): 260–267. doi:10.18542/amazonica.v3i2.768. ISSN 2176-0675. https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/amazonica/article/view/768.
4. ↑ Bueno, Lucas de Melo Reis (2011-12-02). "Arqueologia, patrimônio e sociedade: quem define a agenda?" (in pt). Esboços: histórias em contextos globais 18 (26): 55–72. doi:10.5007/2175-7976.2011v18n26p55. ISSN 2175-7976. https://periodicos.ufsc.br/index.php/esbocos/article/view/2175-7976.2011v18n26p55.
5. ↑ Gomes, Denise Maria Cavalcante GomesDenise Maria Cavalcante (2022-10-27), "Indigenous Societies in Brazil before the European Arrival" (in en), Oxford Encyclopedia of Brazilian History and Culture (Oxford University Press), doi:10.1093/acref/9780190918699.001.0001/acref-9780190918699-e-558;jsessionid=53e551c44ffeda16c843a42af13622cf, ISBN 978-0-19-091869-9, https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780190918699.001.0001/acref-9780190918699-e-558;jsessionid=53E551C44FFEDA16C843A42AF13622CF, retrieved 2023-02-11
6. ↑ "A History of Archaeology in Brazil". https://academic.oup.com/book/40268/chapter-abstract/346725282?redirectedFrom=fulltext.

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Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures

Americas|

* Paleo-Indians
* Genetic history
* Archaeology of the Americas
* Indigenous peoples of the Americas

North America|

* North American pre-Columbian cultures
* Caddoan Mississippian
* Chichimeca
* Hopewell tradition
* Coles Creek
* Fremont
* Marksville
* Mississippian
* Mogollon
* Plaquemine
* Plum Bayou
* Poverty Point
* Troyville
* Weeden Island

Mesoamerica|

* Mesoamerican pre-Columbian chronology
* Capacha
* Chalcatzingo
* Cholula
* Coclé
* Epi-Olmec
* Huastec
* Izapa
* Mezcala
* Mixtec
* Olmec
* Pipil
* Quelepa
* Shaft tomb tradition
* Teuchitlan
* Purépecha
* Teotihuacan
* Tlatilco
* Tlaxcaltec
* Toltec
* Totonac
* Veracruz
* Xochipala
* Zapotec

South America|

* Andean civilizations
* South American Indigenous people
* El Abra
* Cañaris
* Chachapoya
* Chancay
* Chavín
* Chimú
* Chinchorro
* Cultural periods of Peru
* Hydraulic culture of mounds (Bolivia)
* Las Vegas
* Lima
* La Tolita (Tumaco)
* Manteño-Guancavilca
* Mapuche
* Moche
* Mollo
* Nariño
* Nazca
* Norte Chico
* Quimbaya
* San Agustín
* Shuar
* Sican
* Taíno
* Tairona
* Tiwanaku
* Tierradentro
* Valdivia
* Wankarani
* Wari
* Zenú

| | Aztec| Maya| Muisca| Inca

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Language|  Nahuatl|  Mayan languages|  Muysccubun|  Quechua
Writing|  Script|  Script|  Numerals|  Quipu
Religion|  Religion|  Religion|  Religion|  Religion
Mythology|  Mythology|  Mythology|  Mythology|  Mythology
Calendar|  Calendar|  Calendar|  Calendar|
Society|  Society|  Society|  Economy (Women)|  Society
Infrastructure|  Chinampas|  Architecture|  Architecture
Agriculture|  Architecture (road system)
Agriculture
History|  History|  History|  History|  Inca history
Neo-Inca State
People|  Moctezuma I
Moctezuma II
Cuitláhuac
Cuauhtémoc
|  K'inich Janaab' Pakal
Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil
Jasaw Chan K'awiil I|  Nemequene
Quemuenchatocha
Tisquesusa
Tundama
Zoratama|  Manco Cápac
Pachacuti
Atahualpa
Manco Inca Yupanqui
Túpac Amaru

Conquest|  Spanish conquest
(Hernán Cortés)|  Spanish conquest
Spanish conquest of Yucatán
(Francisco de Montejo)
Spanish conquest of Guatemala
(Pedro de Alvarado)|  Spanish conquest
(Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada)
(Hernán Pérez de Quesada)
(List of conquistadors)|  Spanish conquest
(Francisco Pizarro)

See also

* Aztecs
* Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
* Portal:Mesoamerica
* Columbian exchange
* Mesoamerican writing systems
* Native American cuisine
* Native American pottery
* Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas
* Pre‑Columbian art
* Painting in the Americas before European colonization

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