Baden culture

Short description: Copper Age culture in south-central Europe (c. 3520–2690 BC)

Baden culture

Geographical range| East-Central Europe
Period| Chalcolithic, Bronze Age
Dates| c. 3600–2690 BC
Major sites| Vucedol
Preceded by| Lengyel culture, Bodrogkeresztúr culture, Coțofeni culture, Cernavodă culture, Funnelbeaker culture,
Followed by| Vučedol culture, Bell Beaker culture

The Baden culture or Baden-Pécel culture is a Chalcolithic archaeological culture dating to c. 3520–2690 BC.[1] It is found in Central and Southeast Europe, and is in particular known from Moravia (Czech Republic), Romania, Hungary, southern Poland, Slovakia, northern Croatia and eastern Austria. Imports of Baden pottery have also been found in Germany and Switzerland (Arbon-Bleiche III). It is often grouped together with the Coțofeni culture as part of the Baden-Coțofeni culture.

## Contents

* 1 History of research
* 2 Chronology
* 3 Settlement
* 4 Economy
* 4.1 Wheeled Wagons
* 5 Burial
* 6 Interpretation
* 7 Gallery
* 8 Genetics
* 9 See also
* 10 Notes
* 11 Sources
* 12 External links

## History of research

Copper pectoral, Czech Republic

The Baden culture was named after Baden near Vienna by the Austrian prehistorian Oswald Menghin. It is also known as the Ossarn group[2] or Pecel culture. The first monographic treatment was produced by J. Banner in 1956. Other important scholars are E. Neustupny, Ida Bognar-Kutzian and Vera Nemejcova-Pavukova.

Baden has been interpreted as part of a much larger archaeological complex encompassing cultures at the mouth of the Danube (Ezero-Cernavodă III) and the Troad. In 1963, Nándor Kalicz had proposed a connection between the Baden culture and Troy, based on the anthropomorphic urns from Ózd-Centre (Hungary). This interpretation cannot be maintained in the face of radiocarbon dates. The author himself (2004) has called this interpretation a "cul-de-sac", based on a misguided historical methodology.

## Chronology

Baden developed out of the late Lengyel culture in the western Carpathian Basin. Němejcová-Pavuková proposes a polygenetic origin, including southeastern elements transmitted by the Ezero culture of the early Bronze Age (Ezero, layers XIII-VII) and Cernavodă III/Coțofeni. Ecsedy parallelises Baden with Early Helladic II in Thessaly, Parzinger with Sitagroi IV. Baden was approximately contemporaneous with the late Funnelbeaker culture, the Globular Amphora culture and the early Corded Ware culture. The following phases are known: Balaton-Lasinya, Baden-Boleráz, Post-Boleráz (divided into early, Fonyod/Tekovský Hrádok and late, Červený Hrádok/Szeghalom-Dioér by Vera Němejcová-Pavuková) and classical Baden.

Phase  | Subgroups  | Date  | sites

|
|
|

Balaton-Lasinya  | \-  | 3700 BC cal  | \-
Boleráz  | \-  | 3500 BC  | Pilismarot
Ia  | Štúrovo  | \-  | Letkès
Ib  | Nitriansky Hrádok  | \-  | Lánycsok, Vysoki breh
Ic  | Zlkovce  | \-  | Balatonboglár
Post-Boleraz  |  | \-  |
early  | Fonyod/Tekovský Hrádok  | \-  | \-
late  | Červený Hrádok/Szeghalom-Dioér  | \-  | \-
Classical Baden  |  | 3400 BC  | \-
II, III  | older  | \-  | Nevidzany, Viss
IV  | younger  | \-  | Uny, Chlaba, Ózd

For radiocarbon dates: Horváth, Tünde & Svingor, Éva & Molnár, Mihály. (2008). New Radiocarbon Dates for the Baden Culture. Radiocarbon. 50. 447-458. 10.1017/S0033822200053546.

## Settlement

Modern sculpture of a Baden culture wagon/cart model dating from c. 3300 BC, Hungary.[3][4]

Before the Baden culture, there was no culture that was centralized in the Carpathian Basin and completely filled it, but the Baden-Pécel culture transcends the Carpathian Basin, which proves that it was a populous and unified culture. It can be observed that in the centre of some settlements, a larger building was constructed, and crown-like decorations were also found in some cemeteries, perhaps indicating that a kind of patronage society was characteristic of the culture.[5]

Examining the Balatonőszöd artefacts, archaeologists have concluded that although the settlements were large, they were seasonal "towns", and their inhabitants were constantly changing. This would explain why we find such a high number of settlements linked to the culture. However, the archaeological evidence shows that there were also settlements that were fortified and served as a kind of centre, and were permanently inhabited. These settlements were mainly found on hilltops.[5]

## Economy

Bronze axes, Serbia

The economy was mixed. Full-scale agriculture was present, along with the keeping of domestic stock—pigs, goats, etc.

### Wheeled Wagons

The Baden culture has some of the earliest attestation of often wheeled, wagon-shaped models in pottery, sometimes with a handle. There are burials of pairs of cattle that have been interpreted as draft animals. Though there are no finds of actual wagons, some scholars take these finds together as proof for the presence of real wagons.

## Burial

Both inhumations and cremations are known. In Slovakia and Hungary, the burned remains were often placed in anthropomorphic urns (Slána, Ózd-Center). In Nitriansky Hrádok, a mass grave was uncovered. There are also burials of cattle. Up to now, the only cemetery known from the early Boleráz-phase is Pilismarót (Hungary), which also contained a few examples of stroke-ornamented pottery.

In Serbia, anthropomorphic urns were found in the towns of Dobanovci, Gomolava, Perlez and Zemun.[6]

## Interpretation

In the Kurgan hypothesis espoused by Marija Gimbutas, the Baden culture is seen as being Indo-Europeanized. However, according to Grandpierre K. Endre, it is possible that kurgan burials developed in parallel in the Carpathian Basin, before the arrival of the Indo-Europeans.[citation needed]

## Gallery

* Baden culture ceramic vessel.[7]

* Zoomorphic vessel from Vác, Hungary

* Metal axes, Hungary

* Large pottery, Poland

* Large pottery, Poland

* Pedestal bowl, Hungary

* Ceramic cups, Poland

* Ceramic dish, Serbia

* Ceramics, Serbia

* Error creating thumbnail:

Ceramic wagon model, 3500-3000 BC, Hungary

* Error creating thumbnail:

Ceramic cups, Czech Republic

* Error creating thumbnail:

Anthropomorphic ceramic vessels[8]

* Error creating thumbnail:

Anthropomorphic ceramic vessel

* Error creating thumbnail:

Various artefacts

* The Ljubljana Marshes Wheel, c. 3200 BC

## Genetics

PCA and ADMIXTURE analysis showing that Baden individuals predominantly belong to European Neolithic populations of Anatolian ancestry, per Gelabert et al. 2022.

In three genetic studies the remains of fifteen individuals roughly from 3600 to 2850 BCE ascribed to the Baden culture were analyzed.[9] Of the nine (plus one Proto-Boleraz) samples of Y-DNA, five belonged to various subclades of haplogroup G2a2 (G2a2b2a1a1c-CTS342, G2a2a2b-Z36525, G2a2b2a1a1b-L497, G2a2a1a2a1a-L166, G2a2b2a1a-PF3346), and four belonged to haplogroup I2 subclades (3x I2a1a1a1-Y11222, I2-P37). The mtDNA extracted included subclades of U5a1, U5b, U8b1a1, J1c, J1c2, J2a1a1, H, H26a, T2, T2b, T2c1d1, HV, K1a and W,[10][9] summing up the earlier ones, in particular.[11]

According to ADMIXTURE analysis they had approximately 78-91% Early European Farmers, 6-17% Western Hunter-Gatherer and 0-8% Western Steppe Herders-related ancestry,[9] implying that the Indo-European influence on the local population was predominantly cultural and not biological.

## See also

* Prehistoric Europe
* Ezero culture
* Coțofeni culture
* Prehistory of Transylvania
* Vučedol culture

## Notes

1. ↑ Tünde Horváth, S. Éva Svingor, Mihály Molnár : NEW RADIOCARBON DATES FOR THE BADEN CULTURE . RADIOCARBON, Vol 50, Nr. 3, 2008, p 447–458. © 2008 by the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona.
2. ↑ Colledge, Sue; Conolly, James (2007). The Origins and Spread of Domestic Plants in Southwest Asia and Europe. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press. p. 214. ISBN 978-1-59874-988-5. https://archive.org/details/originsspreadofd0000unse/page/214. "The Ossarn group represents a later phase of the Baden culture, with sites located in Lower Austria south of the Danube and in northern and central Burgenland."
3. ↑ Bondar, Maria (2012). "Prehistoric wagon models in the Carpathian Basin, 3500-1500 BC". https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236166787.
4. ↑ "Wagon model, Hungary, 3500–3000 BCE". https://isaw.nyu.edu/exhibitions/ritual-and-memory/objects/wagon-model-szigetszentmarton.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Horváth, Tünde (in Hungarian). A badeni kultúráról – rendhagyó módon. http://real.mtak.hu/7810/1/badenrend.pdf.
6. ↑ Dragoslav Srejović, "Kulture bakarnog i ranog bronzanog doba na tlu Srbije"
7. ↑ "Anthropomorphic vessel". https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/anthropomorphic-vessel-unknown/EwH1dmzN5sR4zg.
8. ↑ "HUNGARIAN ARCHAEOLOGY AT THE TURN OF THE MILLENNIUM, p.136". http://www.ace.hu/curric/elte-archeometria/irodalom/Hungarian_archeology.pdf.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Patterson 2022.
10. ↑ Narasimhan 2019.
11. ↑ Lipson 2017.

## Sources

* J. Banner, "Die Peceler Kultur. Arch. Hungarica 35, 1956.
* Vera Němejcová-Pavuková 1984. "K problematike trvania a konca boleazkej skupiny na Slovensku". Slovenska Arch. 34, 1986, 133–176.
* J. P. Mallory, "Baden Culture", Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, (Fitzroy Dearborn), 1997.
* Lipson, Mark (November 16, 2017). "Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers". Nature (Nature Research) 551 (7680): 368–372. doi:10.1038/nature24476. PMID 29144465. Bibcode: 2017Natur.551..368L.
* Narasimhan, Vagheesh M. (September 6, 2019). "The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia". Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science) 365 (6457). doi:10.1126/science.aat7487. PMID 31488661.
* Patterson, Nick et al. (2022). "Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age". Nature 601 (7894): 588–594. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04287-4. PMID 34937049. PMC 8889665. Bibcode: 2022Natur.601..588P. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04287-4_reference.pdf.

## External links

* Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture: Baden culture (p.43-44)
* Prehistoric wagon models in the Carpathian Basin, 3500-1500 BC (Bondar 2012)
* Baden culture mask
* Baden culture milk churn
* Baden culture copper pectoral and grave goods
* Baden culture copper diadem

* v
* t
* e

Neolithic Europe (including the Chalcolithic)

↑ Mesolithic Europe ↑

Horizons|

* Cardium pottery
* Corded Ware culture
* First Temperate Neolithic
* Linear Pottery culture (LBK)

Cultures|

* Baden
* Beaker
* Boian
* Butmir
* Cernavodă
* Cerny
* Chasséen
* Cortaillod
* Coțofeni
* Cucuteni–Trypillia
* Decea Mureşului
* Dudești
* Funnelbeaker
* Gaudo
* Globular Amphora
* Gorneşti
* Gumelnița–Karanovo
* Hamangia
* Horgen
* Kakanj
* Karanovo
* Lengyel
* Narva
* Petreşti
* Pit–Comb Ware
* Pitted Ware
* Pfyn
* Rössen
* Seine–Oise–Marne
* Sesklo
* Sredny Stog
* Starčevo–Kőrös–Criș

* Starčevo
* Körös
* Criş

* Tisza
* Tiszapolgár
* Varna
* Vinča
* Vučedol
* Wartberg
* Windmill Hill

Monumental
architecture|

* Bank barrow
* Causewayed enclosure
* Cist
* Cursus
* Dolmen
* Great dolmen
* Guardian stones
* Henge
* Long barrow
* Megalith
* Megalithic entrance
* Menhir
* Passage grave
* Polygonal dolmen
* Rectangular dolmen
* Rondel
* Round barrow
* Simple dolmen
* Statue menhir
* Stone circle
* Stone row
* Timber circle
* Tor enclosure
* Unchambered long barrow

Technology|

* Grooved ware
* Lithic industries
* Metallurgy
* Neolithic long house
* Unstan ware

Concepts|

* Danubian culture
* Secondary products revolution
* Old Europe
* Proto-Indo-Europeans

↓ Bronze Age Europe ↓

* v
* t
* e

Prehistoric technology

* Prehistory
* Timeline
* Outline
* Stone Age
* Subdivisions
* New Stone Age
* Technology
* history
* Glossary

Tools

| Farming|

* Neolithic Revolution
* Founder crops
* New World crops
* Ard / plough
* Celt
* Digging stick
* Domestication
* Goad
* Irrigation
* Secondary products
* Sickle
* Terracing

|

Food processing
(Paleolithic diet)|

* Fire
* Basket
* Cooking
* Earth oven
* Granaries
* Grinding slab
* Ground stone
* Hearth
* Aşıklı Höyük
* Qesem cave
* Manos
* Metate
* Mortar and pestle
* Pottery
* Quern-stone
* Storage pits

Hunting|

* Arrow
* Boomerang
* throwing stick
* Bow and arrow
* history
* Nets
* Spear
* spear-thrower
* baton
* harpoon
* Schöningen
* woomera

Projectile points|

* Arrowhead
* Transverse
* Bare Island
* Cascade
* Clovis
* Cresswell
* Cumberland
* Eden
* Folsom
* Lamoka
* Manis Mastodon
* Plano

Systems|

* Game drive system
* Buffalo jump

Toolmaking|

* Earliest toolmaking
* Oldowan
* Acheulean
* Mousterian
* Aurignacian
* Clovis culture
* Cupstone
* Fire hardening
* Gravettian culture
* Hafting
* Hand axe
* Grooves
* Langdale axe industry
* Levallois technique
* Lithic core
* Lithic reduction
* analysis
* debitage
* flake
* Lithic technology
* Magdalenian culture
* Metallurgy
* Microblade technology
* Mining
* Prepared-core technique
* Solutrean industry
* Striking platform
* Tool stone
* Uniface
* Yubetsu technique

Other tools|

* Adze
* Awl
* bone
* Axe
* Bannerstone
* Blade
* prismatic
* Bone tool
* Bow drill
* Burin
* Canoe
* Oar
* Pesse canoe
* Chopper
* tool
* Cleaver
* Denticulate tool
* Fire plough
* Fire-saw
* Hammerstone
* Knife
* Microlith
* Quern-stone
* Racloir
* Rope
* Scraper
* side
* Stone tool
* Tally stick
* Weapons
* Wheel
* illustration

Architecture

| Ceremonial|

* Kiva
* Pyramid
* Standing stones
* megalith
* row
* Stonehenge

|

Dwellings|

* Neolithic architecture
* long house
* British megalith architecture
* Nordic megalith architecture
* Burdei
* Cave
* Cliff dwelling
* Dugout
* Hut
* Quiggly hole
* Jacal
* Longhouse
* Mudbrick
* Mehrgarh
* Pit-house
* Pueblitos
* Pueblo
* Rock shelter
* Blombos Cave
* Abri de la Madeleine
* Sibudu Cave
* Roundhouse
* Stilt house
* Alp pile dwellings
* Stone roof
* Wattle and daub

Water management|

* Check dam
* Cistern
* Flush toilet
* Reservoir
* Well

Other architecture|

* Archaeological features
* Broch
* Burnt mound
* fulacht fiadh
* Causewayed enclosure
* Tor enclosure
* Circular enclosure
* Goseck
* Cursus
* Henge
* Thornborough
* Megalithic architectural elements
* Midden
* Oldest extant buildings
* Timber circle
* Timber trackway
* Sweet Track

Arts and culture

| Material goods|

* Baskets
* Beadwork
* Beds
* Chalcolithic
* Clothing/textiles
* timeline
* Cosmetics
* Glue
* Hides
* shoes
* Ötzi
* Jewelry
* amber use
* Mirrors
* Pottery
* Cardium
* Cord-marked
* Grooved ware
* Jōmon
* Linear
* Unstan ware
* Sewing needle
* Weaving
* Wine
* winery
* wine press

|

Prehistoric art|

* Art of the Upper Paleolithic
* Art of the Middle Paleolithic
* Blombos Cave
* List of Stone Age art
* Bird stone
* Cairn
* Carved stone balls
* Cave paintings
* Cup and ring mark
* Geoglyph
* Hill figure
* Golden hats
* Guardian stones
* Gwion Gwion rock paintings
* painting
* pigment
* Megalithic art
* Petroform
* Petroglyph
* Petrosomatoglyph
* Pictogram
* Rock art
* Rock cupule
* Stone carving
* Sculpture
* Statue menhir
* Stone circle
* list
* British Isles and Brittany
* Venus figurine

Prehistoric music|

* Evolutionary musicology
* music archaeology
* Alligator drum
* Paleolithic flute
* Divje Babe flute
* Gudi

Prehistoric religion|

* Evolutionary origin of religion
* Paleolithic religion
* Spiritual drug use

Burial|

* Burial mounds
* Bowl barrow
* Round barrow
* Mound Builders culture
* U.S. sites
* Chamber tomb
* Cotswold-Severn
* Cist
* Dartmoor kistvaens
* Clava cairn
* Court cairn
* Cremation
* Dolmen
* Great dolmen
* Funeral pyre
* Gallery grave
* transepted
* wedge-shaped
* Grave goods
* Jar burial
* Kuyavian long barrows
* Long barrow
* unchambered
* Grønsalen
* Megalithic tomb
* Mummy
* Passage grave
* Rectangular dolmen
* Ring cairn
* Simple dolmen
* Stone box grave
* Tor cairn
* Unchambered long cairn

Other cultural|

* Archaeoastronomy
* sites
* lunar calendar
* Behavioral modernity
* Origin of language
* Prehistoric counting
* Prehistoric medicine
* trepanning
* Prehistoric warfare
* Symbols
* symbolism

0.00

(0 votes)

Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden culture. Read more

|

Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=History:Baden_culture&oldid=4039824"
*[c.]: circa
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template