Japanese era name

Short description: Name given to the regnal years of a Japanese emperor

"Nengo" redirects here. For the software, see Neural Engineering Object.

Template:History of Japan The Japanese era name (Japanese: 元号, Hepburn: gengō; "era name") or nengō (年号, year name), is the first of the two elements that identify years in the Japanese era calendar scheme. The second element is a number which indicates the year number within the era (with the first year being "gan (元)", meaning "origin, basis"), followed by the literal "nen (年)" meaning "year".

Era names originated in 140 BCE in Imperial China, during the reign of the Emperor Wu of Han.[1][2] As elsewhere in the Sinosphere, the use of era names was originally derived from Chinese imperial practice,[2][3][4] although the Japanese system is independent of the Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese era name systems. Unlike its other Sinosphere counterparts, Japanese era names are still in official use. Government offices usually require era names and years for official papers.

The five era names used since the end of the Edo period in 1868 can be abbreviated by taking the first letter of their romanized names. For example, S55 means Shōwa 55 (i.e. 1980), and H22 stands for Heisei 22 (2010). At 62 years and 2 weeks, Shōwa is the longest era to date.

The Reiwa (令和)[5] era May 2019, the day of accession of Naruhito to the throne as the 126th Emperor of Japan,[6] following the day of the planned and voluntary abdication[7] of his father, the 125th Emperor, Akihito. Emperor Akihito had received special permission to abdicate,[8] rather than serving in his role until his death, as is the rule.[9] The Reiwa era follows the 31st and final year of the Heisei era (平成31年), which had started on the day after the death of Emperor Hirohito on 8 January 1989.

## Contents

* 1 Overview
* 1.1 Historical nengō
* 1.2 Nengō in modern Japan
* 2 Periods without era names
* 3 Unofficial era name system
* 3.1 Kyūshū nengō
* 4 Software support
* 4.1 Character sets
* 4.2 Calendar libraries
* 4.3 Support for the new era in Japanese imperial transition of 2019
* 5 List of Japanese era names
* 5.1 Asuka period
* 5.2 Nara period
* 5.3 Heian period
* 5.4 Kamakura period
* 5.5 Nanboku-chō period
* 5.5.1 Southern Court
* 5.5.2 Northern Court
* 5.6 Muromachi period
* 5.7 Azuchi–Momoyama period
* 5.8 Edo period
* 5.9 Modern Japan
* 6 Non-Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". periods
* 7 See also
* 8 Notes
* 9 Citations
* 10 References
* 11 External links

## Overview

Keizō Obuchi, Chief Cabinet Secretary, announces the name of the new era "Heisei" (平成), on 7 January 1989. Yoshihide Suga, Chief Cabinet Secretary, announces the name of the new era "Reiwa" (令和) at the Prime Minister's Official Residence, on 1 April 2019. 1729 Japanese calendar, which used the Jōkyō calendar procedure, published by Ise Grand Shrine

The system on which the Japanese era names are based originated in China in 140 BCE, and was adopted by Japan in 645 CE, during the reign of Emperor Kōtoku.

The first era name to be assigned was "Taika" (大化), celebrating the political and organizational changes which were to flow from the great Taika reform (大化の改新) of 645. Although the regular practice of proclaiming successive era names was interrupted in the late seventh century, it was permanently re-adopted in 701 during the reign of Emperor Monmu (697–707). Since then, era names have been used continuously up through the present day.[10]

### Historical nengō

Prior to the Meiji period, era names were decided by court officials and were subjected to frequent change. A new era name was usually proclaimed within a year or two after the ascension of a new emperor. A new era name was also often designated on the first, fifth and 58th years of the sexagenary cycle, because they were inauspicious years in Onmyōdō. These three years are respectively known as kakurei, kakuun, and kakumei, and collectively known as sankaku. Era names were also changed due to other felicitous events or natural disasters.

In historical practice, the first day of a nengō (元年, gannen) starts whenever the emperor chooses; and the first year continues until the next lunar new year, which is understood to be the start of the nengō's second year.[11]

Era names indicate the various reasons for their adoption. For instance, the nengō Wadō (和銅), during the Nara period, was declared due to the discovery of copper deposits in Chichibu. Most nengō are composed of two kanji, except for a short time during the Nara period when four-kanji names were sometimes adopted to follow the Chinese trend. Tenpyō Kanpō (天平感宝), Tenpyō Shōhō (天平勝宝), Tenpyō Hōji (天平宝字) and Tenpyō Jingo (天平神護) are some famous nengō names that use four characters. Since the Heian period, Confucian thoughts and ideas have been reflected in era names, such as Daidō (大同), Kōnin (弘仁) and Tenchō (天長). Although there currently exist a total of 248 Japanese era names, only 73 kanji have been used in composing them. Out of these 73 kanji, 31 of them have been used only once, while the rest have been used repeatedly in different combinations.

The vast majority of Japanese era names were used for less than 10 years, with two being used for less than a year. Only 28 have been used for more than 10 years and less than 30 years. Only Heisei, Ōei, Meiji, and Shōwa have been used for more than 30 years.

### Nengō in modern Japan

Mutsuhito assumed the throne in 1867, during the third year of the Keiō (慶応) era. On 23 October 1868, the era name was changed to "Meiji" (明治), and a "one reign, one era name" (一世一元, issei-ichigen) system was adopted, wherein era names would change only upon immediate imperial succession. This system is similar to the now-defunct Chinese system used since the days of the Ming dynasty, in which the era name was not updated until the year following the emperor's death.

In modern practice, the first year of a nengō (元年, gannen) starts immediately upon the emperor's accession and ends on 31 December. Subsequent years follow the Gregorian calendar. For example, the Meiji era lasted until 30 July 1912, when the Emperor died and the Taishō (大正) era was proclaimed. 1912 is therefore known as both "Meiji 45" and "Taishō 1" (大正元年, Taishō gannen), although Meiji technically ended on 30 July with Mutsuhito's death.

This practice, implemented successfully since the days of Meiji but never formalized, became law in 1979 with the passage of the Era Name Law (元号法, gengō-hō). Thus, since 1868, there have only been five era names assigned: Meiji, Taishō, Shōwa, Heisei, and Reiwa, each corresponding with the rule of only one emperor. Upon death, the emperor is thereafter referred to by the era of his reign. For example, Mutsuhito is posthumously known as "Emperor Meiji" (明治天皇, Meiji Tennō).

It is protocol in Japan that the reigning emperor be referred to as Tennō Heika (天皇陛下; "His Majesty the Emperor") or Kinjō Tennō (今上天皇; "current emperor"). To call the current emperor by the current era name, i.e. "Reiwa", even in English, is a faux pas, as this is – and will be – his posthumous name. Use of the emperor's given name (i.e., "Naruhito") is rare, and is considered vulgar behaviour in Japanese.

The Emperor Akihito abdicated on 30 April 2019, necessitating a change in nengō. The new name, made public on the morning of 1 April of the same year, is Reiwa (令和).[5]

## Periods without era names

The era name system that was introduced by Emperor Kōtoku was abandoned after his death; no era names were designated between 654 and 686. The system was briefly reinstated by Emperor Tenmu in 686, but was again abandoned upon his death about two months later. In 701, Emperor Monmu once again reinstated the era name system, and it has continued uninterrupted through today.

Although use of the Gregorian calendar for historical dates became increasingly common in Japan, the traditional Japanese system demands that dates be written in reference to era names. The apparent problem introduced by the lack of era names was resolved by identifying the years of an imperial reign as a period.[12]

Although in modern Japan posthumous imperial names correspond with the eras of their reign, this is a relatively recent practice, introduced during the Meiji period and instituted by law in 1979. Therefore, the posthumous names of the emperors and empresses who reigned prior to 1868 may not be taken as era names by themselves. For example, the year 572—the year in which Emperor Bidatsu assumed the Chrysanthemum Throne – is properly written as "敏達天皇元年" (Bidatsu-Tennō Gannen, "the first year of Emperor Bidatsu"), and not "敏達元年" (Bidatsu Gannen, "the first year of Bidatsu"), although it may be abbreviated as such.[13] By incorporating both proper era names and posthumous imperial names in this manner, it is possible to extend the nengō system to cover all dates from 660 BCE through today.[14]

## Unofficial era name system

In addition to the official era name system, in which the era names are selected by the imperial court, one also observes—primarily in the ancient documents and epigraphs of shrines and temples—unofficial era names called shinengō (私年号; "personal era name"), also known as ginengō (偽年号) or inengō (異年号). Currently, there are over 40 confirmed shinengō, most of them dating from the Middle Ages. Shinengō used prior to the reestablishment of the era name system in 701 are usually called itsunengō (逸年号).[lower-alpha 1]

Because official records of shinengō are lacking, the range of dates to which they apply is often unclear. For example, the well-known itsunengō Hakuhō (白鳳) is normally said to refer to 650–654 CE; a poetic synonym for the Hakuchi era. However, alternate interpretations exist. For example, in the Nichūreki, Hakuhō refers to 661–683 CE, and in some medieval temple documents, Hakuhō refers to 672–685 CE. Thus, shinengō may be used as an alternative way of dating periods for which there is no official era name.

Other well-known itsunengō and shinengō include Hōkō (法興) (591–621+ CE), Suzaku (朱雀) (686), Entoku (延徳) (1460), Miroku (弥勒) (1506–1507 or 1507–1509) and Meiroku (命禄) (1540–1543).

The most recent shinengō is Seiro (征露) (1904–1905), named for the Russo-Japanese War.

### Kyūshū nengō

Edo period scholar Tsurumine Shigenobu proposed that Kyūshū nengō (九州年号), said to have been used in ancient Kumaso, should also be considered a form of shinengō. This claim is not generally recognized by the academic community. Lists of the proposed Kyūshū nengō can be seen in the Japanese language entries 鶴峯戊申 and 九州王朝説.

## Software support

### Character sets

Certain era names have specific characters assigned to them, for instance ㋿ for the Reiwa period, which can also be written as 令和. These are included in Unicode: Code points U+32FF (㋿), U+337B (㍻), U+337C (㍼), U+337D (㍽) and U+337E (㍾) are used for the Reiwa, Heisei, Shōwa, Taishō and Meiji eras, respectively.

### Calendar libraries

Certain calendar libraries support the conversion from and to the era system, as well as rendering of dates using it.

Since the release of Java 8, the Japanese calendar is supported in the new Date and time API for the year Meiji 6 (1873) onwards.[15]

### Support for the new era in Japanese imperial transition of 2019

Main article: Japanese calendar era bug

Computers and software manufacturers needed to test their systems in preparation for the new era which began on 1 May 2019. Windows provided a test mechanism to simulate a new era ahead of time.[16] Java Development Kit 11 supported this era using the placeholders "元号" for Japanese, "NewEra" for other languages.[17] The final name was added in JDK 12.0.1, after it was announced by the Japanese government.[18]

Unicode code point U+32FF (㋿) was reserved for representing the new era name, Reiwa.[19][20][21][22][23][24]

## List of Japanese era names

The list of Japanese era names is the result of a periodization system which was established by Emperor Kōtoku in 645. The system of Japanese era names (年号, nengō; "year name") was irregular until the beginning of the 8th century.[25] After 701, sequential era names developed without interruption across a span of centuries.[10] As of 1 April 2019, there have been 239 era names.

To convert a Japanese year to a Gregorian calendar year, find the first year of the Japanese era name (also called nengō). When found, add the number of the Japanese year, then subtract 1.

### Asuka period

Era name  | Period of use  | Length of use  | Derived from  | Remark

|
|
|
|

Emperor Kōtoku[26]
孝徳天皇
(r. 645–654 CE)
Taika
大化 | 645–650 CE  | 5 years  | Book of Documents,
Book of Han,
Book of Song |
Hakuchi
白雉 | 650–654 CE  | 4 years  | Book of Han |
Emperor Tenmu[27]
天武天皇
(r. 673–686 CE)
Shuchō
朱鳥 | 686 CE  | 3 months  | Book of Rites | Also rendered as Suchō, Akamitori, and Akamidori.
Emperor Monmu[28]
文武天皇
(r. 697–707 CE)
Taihō
大宝 | 701–704 CE  | 3 years  | Classic of Changes | Also rendered as Daihō.
Keiun
慶雲 | 704–708 CE  | 4 years  | Selections of Refined Literature,
Book of Jin | Also rendered as Kyōun. Usage continued by the Empress Genmei upon her ascension to the throne.
Empress Genmei[29]
元明天皇
(r. 707–715 CE)
Wadō
和銅 | 708–715 CE  | 9 years  |  |

### Nara period

Era name  | Period of use  | Length of use  | Derived from  | Remark

|
|
|
|

Empress Genshō[30]
元正天皇
(r. 715–724 CE)
Reiki
霊亀 | 715–717 CE  | 3 years  | Classic of Changes |
Yōrō
養老 | 717–724 CE  | 8 years  | Book of Rites |
Emperor Shōmu[31]
聖武天皇
(r. 724–749 CE)
Jinki
神亀 | 724–729 CE  | 6 years  | Book of Rites with Commentaries of Dai De (大戴禮記),
The Literary Expositor |
Tenpyō
天平 | 729–749 CE  | 21 years  | Classic of Changes,
Great Learning | Also rendered as Tenbyō and Tenhei.
Tenpyō-kanpō
天平感宝 | 749 CE  | 4 months  |  | Also rendered as Tenbyō-kanpō and Tenhei-kanpō.
Empress Kōken[32]
孝謙天皇
(r. 749–758 CE; first reign)
Tenpyō-shōhō
天平勝宝 | 749–757 CE  | 9 years  |  | Also rendered as Tenbyō-shōhō and Tenpei-shōhō.
Tenpyō-hōji
天平宝字 | 757–765 CE  | 9 years  |  | Also rendered as Tenbyō-hōji and Tenpei-hōji. Usage continued by the Emperor Junnin and the Empress Shōtoku upon their ascension to the throne.
Empress Shōtoku[33]
称徳天皇
(r. 764–770 CE; second reign)
Tenpyō-jingo
天平神護 | 765–767 CE  | 3 years  |  | Also rendered as Tenbyō-jingo and Tenhei-jingo.
Jingo-keiun
神護景雲 | 767–770 CE  | 4 years  |  | Usage continued by the Emperor Kōnin upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Kōnin[34]
光仁天皇
(r. 770–781 CE)
Hōki
宝亀 | 770–781 CE  | 12 years  | Book of Rites |
Emperor Kanmu[35]
桓武天皇
(r. 781–806 CE)
Ten'ō
天応 | 781–782 CE  | 2 years  | Classic of Changes |
Enryaku
延暦 | 782–806 CE  | 25 years  | Book of Later Han | Usage continued by the Emperor Heizei upon his ascension to the throne.

### Heian period

Era name  | Period of use  | Length of use  | Derived from  | Remark

|
|
|
|

Emperor Heizei[36]
平城天皇
(r. 806–809 CE)
Daidō
大同 | 806–810 CE  | 5 years  | Book of Rites | Usage continued by the Emperor Saga upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Saga[37]
嵯峨天皇
(r. 809–823 CE)
Kōnin
弘仁 | 810–824 CE  | 15 years  |  | Usage continued by the Emperor Junna upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Junna[38]
淳和天皇
(r. 823–833 CE)
Tenchō
天長 | 824–834 CE  | 11 years  |  | Usage continued by the Emperor Ninmyō upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Ninmyō[39]
仁明天皇
(r. 833–850 CE)
Jōwa
承和 | 834–848 CE  | 15 years  |  | Also rendered as Shōwa and Sōwa.
Kashō
嘉祥 | 848–851 CE  | 4 years  |  | Also rendered as Kajō. Usage continued by the Emperor Montoku upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Montoku[40]
文徳天皇
(r. 850–858 CE)
Ninju
仁寿 | 851–854 CE  | 4 years  |  |
Saikō
斉衡 | 854–857 CE  | 4 years  |  |
Ten'an
天安 | 857–859 CE  | 3 years  |  | Also rendered as Tennan. Usage continued by the Emperor Seiwa upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Seiwa[41]
清和天皇
(r. 858–876 CE)
Jōgan
貞観 | 859–877 CE  | 19 years  | Classic of Changes | Usage continued by the Emperor Yōzei upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Yōzei[42]
陽成天皇
(r. 876–884 CE)
Gangyō
元慶 | 877–885 CE  | 9 years  |  | Also rendered as Gankyō and Genkei. Usage continued by the Emperor Kōkō upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Kōkō[43]
光孝天皇
(r. 884–887 CE)
Ninna
仁和 | 885–889 CE  | 5 years  |  | Also rendered as Ninwa. Usage continued by the Emperor Uda upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Uda[44]
宇多天皇
(r. 887–897 CE)
Kanpyō
寛平 | 889–898 CE  | 10 years  |  | Also rendered as Kanpei, Kanbyō, Kanbei, and Kanhei. Usage continued by the Emperor Daigo upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Daigo[45]
醍醐天皇
(r. 897–930 CE)
Shōtai
昌泰 | 898–901 CE  | 4 years  |  |
Engi
延喜 | 901–923 CE  | 23 years  | Book of Documents |
Enchō
延長 | 923–931 CE  | 9 years  | Selections of Refined Literature | Usage continued by the Emperor Suzaku upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Suzaku[46]
朱雀天皇
(r. 930–946 CE)
Jōhei
承平 | 931–938 CE  | 8 years  | Book of Han | Also rendered as Shōhei.
Tengyō
天慶 | 938–947 CE  | 10 years  | Book of Han | Also rendered as Tenkei and Tenkyō. Usage continued by the Emperor Murakami upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Murakami[47]
村上天皇
(r. 946–967 CE)
Tenryaku
天暦 | 947–957 CE  | 11 years  | Analects | Also rendered as Tenreki.
Tentoku
天徳 | 957–961 CE  | 5 years  | Classic of Changes |
Ōwa
応和 | 961–964 CE  | 4 years  | Book of Jin |
Kōhō
康保 | 964–968 CE  | 5 years  | Book of Documents | Usage continued by the Emperor Reizei upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Reizei[48]
冷泉天皇
(r. 967–969 CE)
Anna
安和 | 968–970 CE  | 3 years  | Book of Rites | Also rendered as Anwa. Usage continued by the Emperor En'yū upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor En'yū[49]
円融天皇
(r. 969–984 CE)
Tenroku
天禄 | 970–974 CE  | 5 years  |  |
Ten'en
天延 | 974–976 CE  | 3 years  |  |
Jōgen
貞元 | 976–978 CE  | 3 years  |  | Also rendered as Teigen.
Tengen
天元 | 978–983 CE  | 6 years  |  |
Eikan
永観 | 983–985 CE  | 3 years  | Book of Documents | Also rendered as Yōkan. Usage continued by the Emperor Kazan upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Kazan[50]
花山天皇
(r. 984–986 CE)
Kanna
寛和 | 985–987 CE  | 3 years  |  | Also rendered as Kanwa. Usage continued by the Emperor Ichijō upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Ichijō[51]
一条天皇
(r. 986–1011 CE)
Eien
永延 | 987–989 CE  | 3 years  | Book of Han,
Book of Later Han | Also rendered as Yōen.
Eiso
永祚 | 989–990 CE  | 2 years  | Book of Jin,
Old Book of Tang | Also rendered as Yōso.
Shōryaku
正暦 | 990–995 CE  | 6 years  |  | Also rendered as Jōryaku and Shōreki.
Chōtoku
長徳 | 995–999 CE  | 5 years  | Admonishment by the Colonel of the City Gates (城門校尉箴)  | Also rendered as Jōryaku and Shōreki.
Chōhō
長保 | 999–1004 CE  | 6 years  | Discourses of the States |
Kankō
寛弘 | 1004–1012 CE  | 9 years  | Book of Han | Usage continued by the Emperor Sanjō upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Sanjō[52]
三条天皇
(r. 1011–1016 CE)
Chōwa
長和 | 1012–1017 CE  | 6 years  | Book of Rites | Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Ichijō upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Ichijō[53]
後一条天皇
(r. 1016–1036 CE)
Kannin
寛仁 | 1017–1021 CE  | 5 years  | Records of Kuaiji (會稽記)  |
Jian
治安 | 1021–1024 CE  | 4 years  | Book of Han | Also rendered as Chian.
Manju
万寿 | 1024–1028 CE  | 5 years  | Classic of Poetry |
Chōgen
長元 | 1028–1037 CE  | 10 years  | Six Secret Teachings | Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Suzaku upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Suzaku[54]
後朱雀天皇
(r. 1036–1045 CE)
Chōryaku
長暦 | 1037–1040 CE  | 4 years  | Spring and Autumn Annals,
Book of Jin | Also rendered as Chōreki.
Chōkyū
長久 | 1040–1044 CE  | 5 years  | Book of the Way and of Virtue |
Kantoku
寛徳 | 1044–1046 CE  | 3 years  | Book of Later Han | Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Reizei upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Reizei[55]
後冷泉天皇
(r. 1045–1068 CE)
Eishō
永承 | 1046–1053 CE  | 8 years  | Book of Documents,
Book of Jin,
Book of Song | Also rendered as Eijō and Yōjō.
Tengi
天喜 | 1053–1058 CE  | 6 years  | Book of the Master Who Embraces Simplicity | Also rendered as Tenki.
Kōhei
康平 | 1058–1065 CE  | 8 years  | Book of Later Han |
Jiryaku
治暦 | 1065–1069 CE  | 5 years  | Correct Interpretation of the Book of Documents (尚書正義)  | Also rendered as Chiryaku. Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Sanjō upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Sanjō[56]
後三条天皇
(r. 1068–1073 CE)
Enkyū
延久 | 1069–1074 CE  | 6 years  | Book of Documents | Usage continued by the Emperor Shirakawa upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Shirakawa[57]
白河天皇
(r. 1073–1087 CE)
Jōhō
承保 | 1074–1077 CE  | 4 years  | Book of Documents | Also rendered as Shōhō and Shōho.
Jōryaku
承暦 | 1077–1081 CE  | 5 years  | Weicheng Dianxun (維城典訓)  | Also rendered as Shōryaku and Shōreki.
Eihō
永保 | 1081–1084 CE  | 4 years  | Book of Documents | Also rendered as Yōhō.
Ōtoku
応徳 | 1084–1087 CE  | 4 years  | Comprehensive Meaning of White Tiger Pavilion | Usage continued by the Emperor Horikawa upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Horikawa[58]
堀河天皇
(r. 1087–1107 CE)
Kanji
寛治 | 1087–1094 CE  | 8 years  | Book of Rites |
Kahō
嘉保 | 1094–1096 CE  | 3 years  | Records of the Grand Historian |
Eichō
永長 | 1096–1097 CE  | 2 years  | Book of Later Han | Also rendered as Yōchō.
Jōtoku
承徳 | 1097–1099 CE  | 3 years  | Classic of Changes | Also rendered as Shōtoku.
Kōwa
康和 | 1099–1104 CE  | 6 years  | Theories of Politics (政論)  |
Chōji
長治 | 1104–1106 CE  | 3 years  | Book of Han |
Kajō
嘉承 | 1106–1108 CE  | 3 years  | Book of Han | Usage continued by the Emperor Toba upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Toba[59]
鳥羽天皇
(r. 1107–1123 CE)
Tennin
天仁 | 1108–1110 CE  | 3 years  | Selections of Refined Literature |
Ten'ei
天永 | 1110–1113 CE  | 4 years  | Book of Documents | Also rendered as Ten'yō.
Eikyū
永久 | 1113–1118 CE  | 6 years  | Mao Commentary | Also rendered as Yōkyū.
Gen'ei
元永 | 1118–1120 CE  | 3 years  |  | Also rendered as Gen'yō.
Hōan
保安 | 1120–1124 CE  | 5 years  |  | Usage continued by the Emperor Sutoku upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Sutoku[60]
崇徳天皇
(r. 1123–1142 CE)
Tenji
天治 | 1124–1126 CE  | 3 years  | Classic of Changes | Also rendered as Tenchi.
Daiji
大治 | 1126–1131 CE  | 6 years  | Hetu Tingzuofu (河圖挺佐輔)  | Also rendered as Taiji.
Tenshō
天承 | 1131–1132 CE  | 2 years  | Book of Han | Also rendered as Tenjō.
Chōshō
長承 | 1132–1135 CE  | 4 years  | Records of the Grand Historian | Also rendered as Chōjō.
Hōen
保延 | 1135–1141 CE  | 7 years  | Selections of Refined Literature |
Eiji
永治 | 1141–1142 CE  | 2 years  | On the Standards for Literature (典論),
Book of Jin | Usage continued by the Emperor Konoe upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Konoe[61]
近衛天皇
(r. 1142–1155 CE)
Kōji
康治 | 1142–1144 CE  | 3 years  | Book of Song |
Ten'yō
天養 | 1144–1145 CE  | 2 years  | Book of Later Han | Also rendered as Tennyō.
Kyūan
久安 | 1145–1151 CE  | 7 years  | Book of Jin |
Ninpei
仁平 | 1151–1154 CE  | 4 years  | Book of Later Han | Also rendered as Ninpyō, Ninbyō, Ninhyō, and Ninhei.
Kyūju
久寿 | 1154–1156 CE  | 3 years  | Book of the Master Who Embraces Simplicity | Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Shirakawa upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Shirakawa[62]
後白河天皇
(r. 1155–1158 CE)
Hōgen
保元 | 1156–1159 CE  | 4 years  | Instructions for the Yan Clan (顏氏家訓)  | Also rendered as Hogen. Usage continued by the Emperor Nijō upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Nijō[63]
二条天皇
(r. 1158–1165 CE)
Heiji
平治 | 1159–1160 CE  | 2 years  | Records of the Grand Historian | Also rendered as Byōji.
Eiryaku
永暦 | 1160–1161 CE  | 2 years  | Book of Later Han | Also rendered as Yōryaku.
Ōhō
応保 | 1161–1163 CE  | 3 years  | Book of Documents | Also rendered as Ōpō.
Chōkan
長寛 | 1163–1165 CE  | 3 years  | Weicheng Dianxun (維城典訓)  | Also rendered as Chōgan.
Eiman
永万 | 1165–1166 CE  | 2 years  | Book of Han | Also rendered as Yōman. Usage continued by the Emperor Rokujō upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Rokujō[64]
六条天皇
(r. 1165–1168 CE)
Nin'an
仁安 | 1166–1169 CE  | 4 years  | Correct Interpretation of the Mao Commentary (毛詩正義)  | Also rendered as Ninnan. Usage continued by the Emperor Takakura upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Takakura[64]
高倉天皇
(r. 1168–1180 CE)
Kaō
嘉応 | 1169–1171 CE  | 3 years  | Book of Han |
Jōan
承安 | 1171–1175 CE  | 5 years  | Book of Documents | Also rendered as Shōan.
Angen
安元 | 1175–1177 CE  | 3 years  | Book of Han |
Jishō
治承 | 1177–1181 CE  | 5 years  | Hetu Tingzuofu (河圖挺作輔)  | Also rendered as Jijō and Chishō. Usage continued by the Emperor Antoku upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Antoku[65]
安徳天皇
(r. 1180–1185 CE)
Yōwa
養和 | 1181–1182 CE  | 2 years  | Book of Later Han |
Juei
寿永 | 1182–1185 CE  | 4 years  | Classic of Poetry | Also used by the Emperor Go-Toba from 1183 CE to 1184 CE.
Emperor Go-Toba[66]
後鳥羽天皇
(r. 1183–1198 CE)
Juei
寿永 | 1183–1184 CE  | 2 years  | Classic of Poetry | Also used by the Emperor Antoku from 1182 to 1185 CE.
Genryaku
元暦 | 1184–1185 CE  | 2 years  | Shangshu Kaolingyao (尚書考靈耀)  |

### Kamakura period

Era name  | Period of use  | Length of use  | Derived from  | Remark

|
|
|
|

Emperor Go-Toba
後鳥羽天皇
(r. 1183–1198 CE)
Bunji
文治 | 1185–1190 CE  | 6 years  | Book of Rites | Also rendered as Monchi.
Kenkyū
建久 | 1190–1199 CE  | 10 years  | Book of Jin | Usage continued by the Emperor Tsuchimikado upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Tsuchimikado[67]
土御門天皇
(r. 1198–1210 CE)
Shōji
正治 | 1199–1201 CE  | 3 years  | Zhuangzi | Also rendered as Shōchi.
Kennin
建仁 | 1201–1204 CE  | 4 years  | Selections of Refined Literature |
Genkyū
元久 | 1204–1206 CE  | 3 years  | Correct Interpretation of the Mao Commentary (毛詩正義)  |
Ken'ei
建永 | 1206–1207 CE  | 2 years  | Selections of Refined Literature | Also rendered as Ken'yō.
Jōgen
承元 | 1207–1211 CE  | 5 years  | Comprehensive Institutions | Also rendered as Shōgen. Usage continued by the Emperor Juntoku upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Juntoku[68]
順徳天皇
(r. 1210–1221 CE)
Kenryaku
建暦 | 1211–1213 CE  | 3 years  | Book of Later Han | Also rendered as Kenreki.
Kempo
建保 | 1213–1219 CE  | 7 years  | Book of Documents | Also rendered as Kenhō.
Jōkyū
承久 | 1219–1222 CE  | 4 years  | Apocrypha of the Classic of Poetry (詩緯)  | Also rendered as Shōkyū. Usage continued by the Emperor Chūkyō and the Emperor Go-Horikawa upon their ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Horikawa[69]
後堀河天皇
(r. 1221–1232 CE)
Jōō
貞応 | 1222–1224 CE  | 3 years  | Classic of Changes | Also rendered as Teiō.
Gennin
元仁 | 1224–1225 CE  | 2 years  | Classic of Changes |
Karoku
嘉禄 | 1225–1227 CE  | 3 years  | Records of Diverse Matters |
Antei
安貞 | 1227–1229 CE  | 3 years  | Classic of Changes | Also rendered as Anjō.
Kangi
寛喜 | 1229–1232 CE  | 4 years  | Book of Wei | Also rendered as Kanki.
Jōei
貞永 | 1232–1233 CE  | 2 years  | Classic of Changes | Also rendered as Teiei. Usage continued by the Emperor Shijō upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Shijō[70]
四条天皇
(r. 1232–1242 CE)
Tenpuku
天福 | 1233–1234 CE  | 2 years  | Book of Documents | Also rendered as Tenfuku.
Bunryaku
文暦 | 1234–1235 CE  | 2 years  | Selections of Refined Literature | Also rendered as Monryaku and Monreki.
Katei
嘉禎 | 1235–1238 CE  | 4 years  | Book of Northern Qi |
Ryakunin
暦仁 | 1238–1239 CE  | 2 years  | Book of Sui | Also rendered as Rekinin.
En'ō
延応 | 1239–1240 CE  | 2 years  | Selections of Refined Literature | Also rendered as Ennō.
Ninji
仁治 | 1240–1243 CE  | 4 years  | New Book of Tang | Also rendered as Ninchi. Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Saga upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Saga[71]
後嵯峨天皇
(r. 1242–1246 CE)
Kangen
寛元 | 1243–1247 CE  | 5 years  | Book of Song | Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Fukakusa upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Fukakusa[72]
後深草天皇
(r. 1246–1260 CE)
Hōji
宝治 | 1247–1249 CE  | 3 years  | Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals |
Kenchō
建長 | 1249–1256 CE  | 8 years  | Book of Later Han |
Kōgen
康元 | 1256–1257 CE  | 2 years  |  |
Shōka
正嘉 | 1257–1259 CE  | 3 years  | Classified Collection Based on the Classics and Other Literature |
Shōgen
正元 | 1259–1260 CE  | 2 years  | Apocrypha of the Classic of Poetry (詩緯)  | Usage continued by the Emperor Kameyama upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Kameyama[73]
亀山天皇
(r. 1260–1274 CE)
Bun'ō
文応 | 1260–1261 CE  | 2 years  | Book of Jin | Also rendered as Bunnō.
Kōchō
弘長 | 1261–1264 CE  | 4 years  | The Political Program of the Zhenguan Period (貞觀政要)  |
Bun'ei
文永 | 1264–1275 CE  | 12 years  | Book of Later Han | Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Uda upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Uda[74]
後宇多天皇
(r. 1274–1287 CE)
Kenji
建治 | 1275–1278 CE  | 4 years  | Rites of Zhou |
Kōan
弘安 | 1278–1288 CE  | 11 years  | Veritable Records of the Emperor Taizong of Tang (唐太宗實錄)  | Usage continued by the Emperor Fushimi upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Fushimi[75]
伏見天皇
(r. 1287–1298 CE)
Shōō
正応 | 1288–1293 CE  | 6 years  | Notes on the Mao Commentary (毛詩注)  |
Einin
永仁 | 1293–1299 CE  | 7 years  | Book of Jin | Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Fushimi upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Fushimi[76]
後伏見天皇
(r. 1298–1301 CE)
Shōan
正安 | 1299–1302 CE  | 4 years  | The School Sayings of Confucius | Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Nijō upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Nijō[77]
後二条天皇
(r. 1301–1308 CE)
Kengen
乾元 | 1302–1303 CE  | 2 years  | Classic of Changes |
Kagen
嘉元 | 1303–1306 CE  | 4 years  | Classified Collection Based on the Classics and Other Literature |
Tokuji
徳治 | 1306–1308 CE  | 3 years  | The Commentary of Zuo | Usage continued by the Emperor Hanazono upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Hanazono[78]
花園天皇
(r. 1308–1318 CE)
Enkyō
延慶 | 1308–1311 CE  | 4 years  | Book of Later Han | Also rendered as Engyō and Enkei.
Ōchō
応長 | 1311–1312 CE  | 2 years  | Old Book of Tang |
Shōwa
正和 | 1312–1317 CE  | 6 years  | Old Book of Tang |
Bunpō
文保 | 1317–1319 CE  | 3 years  | Book of Liang | Also rendered as Bunhō. Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Daigo upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Daigo[79]
後醍醐天皇
(r. 1318–1339 CE)
Gen'ō
元応 | 1319–1321 CE  | 3 years  | Old Book of Tang | Also rendered as Gennō.
Genkō
元亨 | 1321–1324 CE  | 4 years  | Classic of Changes |
Shōchū
正中 | 1324–1326 CE  | 3 years  | Classic of Changes |
Karyaku
嘉暦 | 1326–1329 CE  | 4 years  | Old Book of Tang |
Gentoku
元徳 | 1329–1332 CE  | 4 years  | Classic of Changes,
Correct Interpretation of the Classic of Changes (周易正義)  |
Genkō
元弘 | 1331–1334 CE  | 4 years  | Classified Collection Based on the Classics and Other Literature |

### Nanboku-chō period

#### Southern Court

Era name  | Period of use  | Length of use  | Derived from  | Remark

|
|
|
|

Emperor Go-Daigo
後醍醐天皇
(r. 1318–1339 CE)
Kenmu
建武 | 1334–1336 CE  | 3 years  | Book of Later Han | Also rendered as Kenbu. Also used by the Emperor Kōmyō from 1336 CE to 1338 CE.
Engen
延元 | 1336–1340 CE  | 5 years  | Book of Liang | Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Murakami upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Murakami
後村上天皇
(r. 1339–1368 CE)
Kōkoku
興国 | 1340–1347 CE  | 8 years  | The Commentary of Zuo,
Selections of Refined Literature,
New History of the Five Dynasties |
Shōhei
正平 | 1347–1370 CE  | 24 years  | Book of Song | Usage continued by the Emperor Chōkei upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Chōkei
長慶天皇
(r. 1368–1383 CE)
Kentoku
建徳 | 1370–1372 CE  | 3 years  | Selections of Refined Literature |
Bunchū
文中 | 1372–1375 CE  | 4 years  | Classic of Changes |
Tenju
天授 | 1375–1381 CE  | 7 years  | Records of the Grand Historian |
Kōwa
弘和 | 1381–1384 CE  | 4 years  | Book of Documents | Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Kameyama upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Kameyama
後亀山天皇
(r. 1383–1392 CE)
Genchū
元中 | 1384–1392 CE  | 9 years  | Classic of Changes | Genchū 9 was superseded by Meitoku 3 in 1392 CE.

#### Northern Court

Era name  | Period of use  | Length of use  | Derived from  | Remark

|
|
|
|

Emperor Kōgon
光厳天皇
(r. 1331–1333 CE)
Shōkyō
正慶 | 1332–1333 CE  | 2 years  | Correct Interpretation of the Classic of Changes (周易正義)  | Also rendered as Shōkyō.
Emperor Kōmyō
光明天皇
(r. 1336–1348 CE)
Kenmu
建武 | 1336–1338 CE  | 3 years  | Book of Later Han | Also rendered as Kenbu. Also used by the Emperor Go-Daigo from 1334 CE to 1336 CE.
Ryakuō
暦応 | 1338–1342 CE  | 5 years  | Records of Emperors and Kings (帝王世紀)  | Also rendered as Rekiō.
Kōei
康永 | 1342–1345 CE  | 4 years  | Book of Han |
Jōwa
貞和 | 1345–1350 CE  | 6 years  | Classified Collection Based on the Classics and Other Literature | Also rendered as Teiwa. Usage continued by the Emperor Sukō upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Sukō
崇光天皇
(r. 1348–1351 CE)
Kannō
観応 | 1350–1352 CE  | 3 years  | Zhuangzi | Also rendered as Kan'ō. Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Kōgon upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Kōgon
後光厳天皇
(r. 1352–1371 CE)
Bunna
文和 | 1352–1356 CE  | 5 years  | Records of the Three Kingdoms,
Old Book of Tang | Also rendered as Bunwa.
Enbun
延文 | 1356–1361 CE  | 6 years  | Book of Han |
Kōan
康安 | 1361–1362 CE  | 2 years  | Correct Interpretation of the Records of the Grand Historian (史記正義),
Old Book of Tang |
Jōji
貞治 | 1362–1368 CE  | 7 years  | Classic of Changes | Also rendered as Teiji.
Ōan
応安 | 1368–1375 CE  | 8 years  | Correct Interpretation of the Mao Commentary (毛詩正義)  | Usage continued by the Emperor Go-En'yū upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-En'yū
後円融天皇
(r. 1371–1382 CE)
Eiwa
永和 | 1375–1379 CE  | 5 years  | Book of Documents,
Classified Collection Based on the Classics and Other Literature |
Kōryaku
康暦 | 1379–1381 CE  | 3 years  | Old Book of Tang |
Eitoku
永徳 | 1381–1384 CE  | 4 years  | The Governing Principles of Ancient China (羣書治要)  | Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Komatsu upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Komatsu
後小松天皇
(r. 1382–1412 CE)
Shitoku
至徳 | 1384–1387 CE  | 4 years  | Classic of Filial Piety | Also rendered as Meitoku
Kakei
嘉慶 | 1387–1389 CE  | 3 years  | Correct Interpretation of the Mao Commentary (毛詩正義)  | Also rendered as Kakyō.
Kōō
康応 | 1389–1390 CE  | 2 years  | Selections of Refined Literature |
Meitoku
明徳 | 1390–1394 CE  | 5 years  | Book of Rites | Meitoku 3 superseded Genchū 9 in 1392 CE.

### Muromachi period

Era name  | Period of use  | Length of use  | Derived from  | Remark

|
|
|
|

Emperor Go-Komatsu
後小松天皇
(r. 1382–1412 CE)
Ōei
応永 | 1394–1428 CE  | 35 years  | Institutional History of Tang | Usage continued by the Emperor Shōkō upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Shōkō[80]
称光天皇
(r. 1412–1428 CE)
Shōchō
正長 | 1428–1429 CE  | 2 years  | Correct Interpretation of the Book of Rites (禮記正義)  | Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Hanazono upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Hanazono[81]
後花園天皇
(r. 1428–1464 CE)
Eikyō
永享 | 1429–1441 CE  | 13 years  | Book of Later Han | Also rendered as Eikō.
Kakitsu
嘉吉 | 1441–1444 CE  | 4 years  | Classic of Changes | Also rendered as Kakichi.
Bun'an
文安 | 1444–1449 CE  | 6 years  | Book of Documents,
Book of Jin | Also rendered as Bunnan.
Hōtoku
宝徳 | 1449–1452 CE  | 4 years  | Old Book of Tang |
Kyōtoku
享徳 | 1452–1455 CE  | 4 years  | Book of Documents |
Kōshō
康正 | 1455–1457 CE  | 3 years  | Book of Documents,
Records of the Grand Historian |
Chōroku
長禄 | 1457–1460 CE  | 4 years  | Han Feizi |
Kanshō
寛正 | 1460–1466 CE  | 7 years  | The School Sayings of Confucius | Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado[82]
後土御門天皇
(r. 1464–1500 CE)
Bunshō
文正 | 1466–1467 CE  | 2 years  | Xunzi | Also rendered as Monshō.
Ōnin
応仁 | 1467–1469 CE  | 3 years  | Weicheng Dianxun (維城典訓)  |
Bunmei
文明 | 1469–1487 CE  | 19 years  | Classic of Changes |
Chōkyō
長享 | 1487–1489 CE  | 3 years  | Selections of Refined Literature,
The Commentary of Zuo,
Book of Later Han |
Entoku
延徳 | 1489–1492 CE  | 4 years  | Mencius |
Meiō
明応 | 1492–1501 CE  | 10 years  | Classic of Changes | Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Kashiwabara upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Kashiwabara[83]
後柏原天皇
(r. 1500–1526 CE)
Bunki
文亀 | 1501–1504 CE  | 4 years  | The Literary Expositor |
Eishō
永正 | 1504–1521 CE  | 18 years  | Apocrypha of the Classic of Changes (周易緯)  |
Daiei
大永 | 1521–1528 CE  | 8 years  | Comprehensive Institutions | Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Nara upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Nara[84]
後奈良天皇
(r. 1526–1557 CE)
Kyōroku
享禄 | 1528–1532 CE  | 5 years  | Classic of Changes |
Tenbun
天文 | 1532–1555 CE  | 24 years  | Classic of Changes | Also rendered as Tenmon.
Kōji
弘治 | 1555–1558 CE  | 4 years  | Book of Northern Qi | Usage continued by the Emperor Ōgimachi upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Ōgimachi[85]
正親町天皇
(r. 1557–1586 CE)
Eiroku
永禄 | 1558–1570 CE  | 13 years  | The Governing Principles of Ancient China (羣書治要)  | Also rendered as Yōroku.
Genki
元亀 | 1570–1573 CE  | 4 years  | Mao Commentary,
Selections of Refined Literature |

### Azuchi–Momoyama period

Era name  | Period of use  | Length of use  | Derived from  | Remark

|
|
|
|

Emperor Ōgimachi
正親町天皇
(r. 1557–1586 CE)
Tenshō
天正 | 1573–1592 CE  | 20 years  | Selections of Refined Literature,
Book of the Way and of Virtue | Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Yōzei upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Yōzei[86]
後陽成天皇
(r. 1586–1611 CE)
Bunroku
文禄 | 1592–1596 CE  | 5 years  | Comprehensive Institutions |
Keichō
慶長 | 1596–1615 CE  | 20 years  | Correct Interpretation of the Mao Commentary (毛詩注疏)  | Also rendered as Kyōchō. Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Mizunoo upon his ascension to the throne.

### Edo period

Era name  | Period of use  | Length of use  | Derived from  | Remark

|
|
|
|

Emperor Go-Mizunoo[87]
後水尾天皇
(r. 1611–1629 CE)
Genna
元和 | 1615–1624 CE  | 10 years  | Era name of the Emperor Xianzong of Tang  | Also rendered as Genwa.
Kan'ei
寛永 | 1624–1644 CE  | 21 years  | Collected Commentaries on the Classic of Poetry (詩集傳)  | Usage continued by the Empress Meishō and the Emperor Go-Kōmyō upon their ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Kōmyō[88]
後光明天皇
(r. 1643–1654 CE)
Shōhō
正保 | 1645–1648 CE  | 4 years  | Book of Documents |
Keian
慶安 | 1648–1652 CE  | 5 years  | Classic of Changes | Also rendered as Kyōan.
Jōō
承応 | 1652–1655 CE  | 4 years  | Book of Jin | Also rendered as Shōō. Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Sai upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Sai[89]
後西天皇
(r. 1655–1663 CE)
Meireki
明暦 | 1655–1658 CE  | 4 years  | Book of Han,
Book of Later Han | Also rendered as Myōryaku and Meiryaku.
Manji
万治 | 1658–1661 CE  | 4 years  | Records of the Grand Historian,
The Political Program of the Zhenguan Period (貞觀政要)  | Also rendered as Manchi.
Kanbun
寛文 | 1661–1673 CE  | 13 years  | Xunzi | Usage continued by the Emperor Reigen upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Reigen[90]
霊元天皇
(r. 1663–1687 CE)
Enpō
延宝 | 1673–1681 CE  | 9 years  | Book of Sui | Also rendered as Enhō. Formerly written as "延寳" in kanji.
Tenna
天和 | 1681–1684 CE  | 4 years  | Book of Documents,
Book of Han,
Book of Later Han,
Zhuangzi | Also rendered as Tenwa.
Jōkyō
貞享 | 1684–1688 CE  | 5 years  | Classic of Changes | Usage continued by the Emperor Higashiyama upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Higashiyama[91]
東山天皇
(r. 1687–1709 CE)
Genroku
元禄 | 1688–1704 CE  | 16 years  | Selections of Refined Literature |
Hōei
宝永 | 1704–1711 CE  | 8 years  | Old Book of Tang | Usage continued by the Emperor Nakamikado upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Nakamikado[92]
中御門天皇
(r. 1709–1735 CE)
Shōtoku
正徳 | 1711–1716 CE  | 6 years  | Book of Documents |
Kyōhō
享保 | 1716–1736 CE  | 21 years  | Book of Zhou | Usage continued by the Emperor Sakuramachi upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Sakuramachi[93]
桜町天皇
(r. 1735–1747 CE)
Genbun
元文 | 1736–1741 CE  | 6 years  | Selections of Refined Literature |
Kanpō
寛保 | 1741–1744 CE  | 4 years  | Discourses of the States | Also rendered as Kanhō.
Enkyō
延享 | 1744–1748 CE  | 5 years  | Classified Collection Based on the Classics and Other Literature | Usage continued by the Emperor Momozono upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Momozono[94]
桃園天皇
(r. 1747–1762 CE)
Kan'en
寛延 | 1748–1751 CE  | 4 years  | Selections of Refined Literature |
Hōreki
宝暦 | 1751–1764 CE  | 14 years  | The Political Program of the Zhenguan Period (貞觀政要)  | Also rendered as Hōryaku. Usage continued by the Empress Go-Sakuramachi upon her ascension to the throne.
Empress Go-Sakuramachi[95]
後桜町天皇
(r. 1762–1771 CE)
Meiwa
明和 | 1764–1772 CE  | 9 years  | Book of Documents | Also rendered as Myōwa. Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Momozono upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Momozono[96]
後桃園天皇
(r. 1771–1779 CE)
An'ei
安永 | 1772–1781 CE  | 10 years  | Selections of Refined Literature | Usage continued by the Emperor Kōkaku upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Kōkaku[97]
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
(r. 1780–1817 CE)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Tenmei
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | 1781–1789 CE  | 9 years  | Book of Documents |
Kansei
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | 1789–1801 CE  | 13 years  | The Commentary of Zuo |
Kyōwa
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | 1801–1804 CE  | 4 years  | Selections of Refined Literature |
Bunka
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | 1804–1818 CE  | 15 years  | Classic of Changes,
Book of Later Han | Usage continued by the Emperor Ninkō upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Ninkō[98]
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
(r. 1817–1846 CE)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Bunsei
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | 1818–1830 CE  | 13 years  | Book of Documents |
Tenpō
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | 1830–1844 CE  | 15 years  | Book of Documents | Also rendered as Tenhō.
Kōka
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | 1844–1848 CE  | 5 years  | Book of Documents | Usage continued by the Emperor Kōmei upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Kōmei
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
(r. 1846–1867 CE)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Kaei
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | 1848–1854 CE  | 7 years  | Book of Song |
Ansei
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | 1854–1860 CE  | 7 years  | The Governing Principles of Ancient China (羣書治要)  |
Man'en
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | 1860–1861 CE  | 2 years  | Book of Later Han |
Bunkyū
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | 1861–1864 CE  | 4 years  | Book of Later Han |
Genji
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | 1864–1865 CE  | 2 years  | Classic of Changes,
Records of the Three Kingdoms |
Keiō
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | 1865–1868 CE  | 4 years  | Selections of Refined Literature | Usage continued by the Emperor Meiji upon his ascension to the throne.

### Modern Japan

The "one reign, one era name" (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".) system was implemented in 1868 CE.

Era name  | Period of use  | Length of use  | Derived from  | Remark

|
|
|
|

Emperor Meiji
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
(r. 1867–1912 CE)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Meiji
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | 1868–1912 CE  | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Classic of Changes | In 1873 Japan adopted the Seireki (西暦), the Common Era. Nowadays, Japanese people know it as well as the regnal eras. Prior to the introduction of the Gregorian calendar in 1873, the reference calendar was based on the lunisolar Chinese calendar.
Emperor Taishō
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
(r. 1912–1926 CE)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Taishō
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | 1912–1926 CE  | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Classic of Changes | Rejected proposals were Tenkō (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".), Kōka (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".), Eian (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".), Kentoku (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".), Shōtoku (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".).
Emperor Shōwa
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
(r. 1926–1989 CE)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Shōwa
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | 1926–1989 CE  | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Book of Documents | Rejected proposals were Jinka (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".), Genka (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".), Jinwa (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".), Dōwa (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".), Keimei (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".), Junmei (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".), Meiho (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".), Kan'an (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".), Gen'an (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".), Ryūsei (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".), Teigyō (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".), Kōbun (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".), Shōmei (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".), Kyōchū (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".).
Emperor Emeritus（Akihito）
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
(r. 1989–2019 CE)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Heisei
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | 1989–2019 CE  | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Records of the Grand Historian,
Book of Documents | Rejected proposals were Shūbun (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".), Seika (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".).
Emperor Naruhito
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
(r. 2019 CE–present)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Reiwa
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | 2019 CE–present  | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Man'yōshū | First Japanese era name extracted from Japanese literature instead of Chinese literature.[99][100][101][102] Rejected proposals were Eikō (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".), Kyūka (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".), Kōshi (also rendered as Kōji; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".), Banna (also rendered as Banwa; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".), Banpo (also rendered as Banhō; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".).

## Non-Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". periods

Unofficial non-Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". periods (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".) before 701 are called Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".. Pre-Taika chronology intervals include:

* Reign of Emperor Jimmu, 660–581 BCE
* Reign of Emperor Suizei, 581–548 BCE
* Reign of Emperor Annei, 548–510 BC
* Reign of Emperor Itoku, 510–475 BCE
* Reign of Emperor Kōshō, 475–392 BCE
* Reign of Emperor Kōan, 392–290 BC
* Reign of Emperor Kōrei, 290–214 BCE
* Reign of Emperor Kōgen, 214–157 BCE
* Reign of Emperor Kaika, 157–97 BCE
* Reign of Emperor Sujin, 97–29 BCE
* Reign of Emperor Suinin, 29 BCE– 71 CE
* Reign of Emperor Keikō, 71–131 CE
* Reign of Emperor Seimu, 131–192
* Reign of Emperor Chūai, 192–201
* Regency of Empress Jingū, 201–270
* Reign of Emperor Ōjin, 270–313
* Reign of Emperor Nintoku, 313–400
* Reign of Emperor Richū, 400–406
* Reign of Emperor Hanzei, 406–412
* Reign of Emperor Ingyō, 412–454
* Reign of Emperor Ankō, 454–457
* Reign of Emperor Yūryaku, 457–480
* Reign of Emperor Seinei, 480–485
* Reign of Emperor Kenzō, 485–488
* Reign of Emperor Ninken, 488–499
* Reign of Emperor Buretsu, 499–507
* Reign of Emperor Keitai, 507–534
* Reign of Emperor Ankan, 534–536
* Reign of Emperor Senka, 536–540
* Reign of Emperor Kinmei, 540–572
* Reign of Emperor Bidatsu, 572–586
* Reign of Emperor Yōmei, 586–588
* Reign of Emperor Sushun, 588–593
* Reign of Emperor Suiko, 593–629[lower-alpha 2]
* Reign of Emperor Jomei, 629–645

Post-Taika chronology intervals not covered by the Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". system include:

* Reign of Empress Saimei, 655–662[105] ... Saimei (period)[12]
* Reign of Emperor Tenji, 662–672[106] ... Tenji (period)[12]
* Reign of Emperor Kōbun, 672–673[107] ... Kōbun (period) or Sujaku[12] (or Suzaku)
* Reign of Emperor Tenmu, 673–686[108] ... Tenmu (period) or Hakuhō period[12][109]
* Reign of Empress Jitō, 687–697[110] ... Jitō (period)[12]
* Reign of Emperor Monmu, 697–701[111] ... Monmu (period)[12]

## See also

* Calendar
* Japanese calendar
* Japanese imperial year
* Jikkan Jūnishi (sexagenary cycle)
* Regnal name
* Regnal years worldwide
* Related systems:
* Chinese era name
* Korean era name
* Vietnamese era name

## Notes

1. ↑ A list of shinengō and more information can be seen in the Japanese language entry on 私年号.
2. ↑ The National Diet Library (NDL) website explains that "Japan organized its first calendar in the 12th year of Suiko (604)", which was a pre-Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". time frame.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".[103][104]

Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

## Citations

1. ↑ Lü, Zongli (2003). Power of the words: Chen prophecy in Chinese politics, AD 265-618. Peter Lang. ISBN 9783906769561. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvYvAQAAIAAJ&q=era+name+nian+hao+origin.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Sogner, Sølvi (2001). Making Sense of Global History: The 19th International Congress of the Historical Sciences, Oslo 2000, Commemorative Volume. Universitetsforlaget. ISBN 9788215001067. https://books.google.com/books?id=7nsWAQAAIAAJ&q=era+name+china+Korea+Japan+vietnam+making+sense+of+global+history.
3. ↑ Jølstad, Anders; Lunde, Marianne (2000). International Congress of Historical Sciences. 19. ISBN 9788299561419. https://books.google.com/books?id=0ervAAAAMAAJ&q=era+name+china+Korea+Japan+vietnam. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
4. ↑ "Ancient tradition carries forward with Japan's new era". https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Japan-s-Reiwa-era/Ancient-tradition-carries-forward-with-Japan-s-new-era.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine{{cbignore} n|title=Reiwa Nengō Announcement Footage|date=2019-04-01|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GFU9-8jQ2Nk}}
6. ↑ "Japan rings in new era as Naruhito becomes emperor". Al Jazeera. 30 April 2019. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/japan-rings-era-naruhito-emperor-190430180007614.html.
7. ↑ Rich, Motoko (30 April 2019). "Emperor Akihito, Who Gave Japan's Monarchy a Human Face, Abdicates Throne". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/30/world/asia/emperor-akihito-abdication-prince-naruhito.html.
8. ↑ "天皇陛下 「生前退位」の意向示される ("His Majesty The Emperor Indicates His Intention to 'Abdicate'")" (in ja). NHK. 13 July 2016. http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20160713/k10010594271000.html.
9. ↑ "Japanese Emperor Akihito 'wishes to abdicate'". BBC News. 13 July 2016. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-36784045.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Brown & Ishida (1979), p. 32.
11. ↑ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1956). Kyoto: the Old Capital of Japan, 794–1869, p. 321.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". p. 402, citing Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 54–55.The year-periods (nengō) do not ordinarily overlap with the reigns of the early monarchs; and generally, a new one was chosen whenever it was deemed necessary to commemorate an auspicious or ward off a malign event.
13. ↑ "The Japanese Calendar", National Diet Library, Japan
14. ↑ "年号一覧" (in ja). http://homepage1.nifty.com/gyouseinet/history/nengouichiran.htm.
15. ↑ "JapaneseDate (Java Platform SE 8 )". https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/time/chrono/JapaneseDate.html.
16. ↑ "The Japanese Calendar's Y2K Moment". 12 April 2018. https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/shawnste/2018/04/12/the-japanese-calendars-y2k-moment/.
17. ↑ "JDK 11 Release Notes, Important Changes, and Information". https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/11-relnote-issues-5012449.html#JDK-8202088. "Japanese calendars, both in java.time.chrono and java.util packages support the upcoming Japanese new era, which will be in effect from May 1st, 2019. While the name of the era was yet to be known, placeholder names ("Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24"." for Japanese, "NewEra" for other languages) are provided for its display names. The placeholder names will be replaced with the legitimate era name, Reiwa, in a future update, thus applications should not depend on those placeholder names."
18. ↑ Kishida, Naoki (14 July 2018). "Java 11 API Change Proposals" (in en). https://dzone.com/articles/java-11-api-changes-so-far.
19. ↑ Request to reserve the code point for square Japanese new era name, 2017-12-19, https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17429-sc2-n4577-japan-new-era.pdf
20. ↑ The Japan National Body (2018-05-23), Update on SC2 N4577 "Request to reserve the code point for square Japanese new era name", https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n4949-Japanese_new_era.pdf
21. ↑ Resolutions of the 23rd ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2 Plenary Meeting, 2018-06-28, https://isotc.iso.org/livelink/livelink?func=ll&objId=19813998&objAction=Open
22. ↑ Future Additions to ISO/IEC 10646 (January 2018), 2018-01-25, https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2018/18056-future-adds.pdf
23. ↑ "Proposed New Characters: Pipeline Table". Unicode Consortium. 2018-06-30. https://www.unicode.org/alloc/Pipeline.html.
24. ↑ Whistler, Ken (2018-07-16), Unicode 12.1 Planning Considerations, https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2018/18220-u121planning.txt
25. ↑ Tsuchihashi (1952), p. 16.
26. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 266–267; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 132–133; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 47–50
27. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 268–269; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 58–59
28. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 270–271; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 60–63
29. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". p. 271; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 63–65
30. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 271–272; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 65–67
31. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 272–273; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 67–73
32. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 274–275; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 73–75
33. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". p. 276; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 78–81
34. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 276–277; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 81–85
35. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 277–279; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 86–95
36. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 279–280; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 96–97
37. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 280–282; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 97–102
38. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 282–283; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 103–106
39. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 283–284; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 106–112
40. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 285–286; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 112–115
41. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 286–288; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 115–121
42. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 288–289; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 121–124
43. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". p. 289; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 124–125
44. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 289–290; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 125–129
45. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 290–293; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 129–134
46. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 294–295; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 134–138
47. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 295–298; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 139–142
48. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". p. 298; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 142–143
49. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 299–300; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 144–148
50. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 300–302; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 148–149
51. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 302–307; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 150–154
52. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". p. 307; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 154–155
53. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 307–310; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 156–160
54. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 310–311; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 160–162
55. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 311–314; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 162–166
56. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 314–315; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 166–168
57. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 315–317; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 169–171
58. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 317–320; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 172–178
59. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 320–322; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 178–181
60. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 322–324; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 181–185
61. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 324–326; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 186–188
62. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 326–327; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 188–190188–190.
63. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 327–329; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 191–194
64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 329–330; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 194–195
65. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 333–334; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 20–207
66. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 334–339; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 207–221
67. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 339–341; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 221–230
68. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 341–343; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 230–238
69. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 344–349; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 238–241
70. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 242–245
71. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 245–247
72. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 248–253
73. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 253–261
74. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 262–269
75. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 269–274
76. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 274–275
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78. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 278–281
79. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 281–286, 290–294
80. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 327–331
81. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 331–351
82. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 352–364
83. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 364–372
84. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 372–382
85. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 382–402
86. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 402–409
87. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 410–411
88. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 412–413
89. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". p. 413
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91. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 415–416
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94. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 418–419
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96. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 419–420
97. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". pp. 420–421
98. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". p. 421
99. ↑ McCurry, Justin. "Reiwa: how Japan's new era name is breaking tradition". https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/01/reiwa-how-japans-new-era-name-is-breaking-tradition.
100. ↑ Sim, Walter. "Sign of the times: Japan picks Reiwa to succeed Heisei as new imperial era from May 1". https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/japan-to-unveil-new-imperial-era-name-in-worlds-oldest-monarchy.
101. ↑ Osaki, Tomohiro. "Reiwa: Japan reveals name of new era ahead of Emperor's abdication".
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104. ↑ "Jikkan Jūnishi" p. 420.
105. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". (655) 斉明 Saimei
106. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". (622) 天智 Tenji
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108. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". (673) 弘文 Tenmu
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110. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". (687) 持統 Jitō
111. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". (697) 文武 Monmu

Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

## References

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* Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric (2005). Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5. OCLC 58053128.
* Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887
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* Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24"..
* Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24"..
* Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24"..
* Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24"..

## External links

* Nengō converter

Template:Japanese era names Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

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