Kingdom of Portugal

Short description: Kingdom in Southwestern Europe (1139–1910)

Kingdom of Portugal[lower-alpha 1]

Regnum Portugalliae (Latin)
Reino de Portugal (Portuguese)

1143–1910

Flag
(1830–1910)

Coat of arms
(1834–1910)

Motto: "In hoc signo vinces" (Latin)
"In this sign thou shalt conquer"

Anthem: "Hymno Patriótico" (1809–1834)
"Patriotic Anthem"

File:Hymno Patriotico.ogg

Hino da Carta (1834–1910)
"Anthem of the Charter"

File:Hino da Carta.ogg

The Kingdom of Portugal in 1800

The Kingdom of Portugal in 1800

Capital| Coimbra
(until 1255)
Lisbon
(1255–1910)[lower-alpha 2]
[ ⚑ ]  38°42′N 9°11′W﻿ / ﻿38.7°N 9.183°W﻿ / 38.7; -9.183
Official languages|

* Portuguese[lower-alpha 3]
Latin[lower-alpha 4]

Religion

| Roman Catholicism (official)[1]
Demonym(s)| Portuguese
Government| Feudal constitutional monarchy
(until 1698)
Absolute monarchy
(1698–1822; 1823–1826; 1828–1834)
Unitary parliamentary semi-constitutional monarchy
(1822–1823; 1826–1828; 1834–1910)
King|

• 1139–1185 (first)

| Afonso I

• 1908–1910 (last)

| Manuel II
Prime Minister|

• 1834–1835 (first)

| Marquis of Palmela

• 1910 (last)

| Teixeira de Sousa
Legislature| Cortes
(until 1706; 1816–1822)
None (rule by decree)
(1698–1822; 1823–1826; 1828–1834)
The General and Extraordinary Cortes of the Portuguese Nation
(1822–1822)
Cortes Gerais
(1822–1823; 1826–1828; 1834–1910)

• Upper house

| Chamber of Peers
(1822–1838; 1842–1910)
Chamber of Senators
(1838–1842)

• Lower house

| Chamber of Deputies
(1822–1910)
History|

• Battle of Ourique

| 25 July 1139

• Treaty of Zamora

| 5 October 1143

• Avis dynasty

| 15 October 1385

• Philippine dynasty

| 25 March 1581

• Restoration of Independence

| 1 December 1640

• Lisbon Regicide

| 1 February 1908

• Revolution of 1910

| 5 October 1910
Area
1300[2]| 90,000 km2 (35,000 sq mi)
Population

• 1300[2]

| 800,000

• 1800

| 9,270,000

• 1900

| 12,434,000
Currency| Portuguese dinheiro,
(until 1433)
Portuguese real
(1433–1910)

Preceded by | Succeeded by

|

|  | County of Portugal

|

| Couto Misto
| First Portuguese Republic |

|

Empire of Brazil | File:Flag of Empire of Brazil (1822-1870).svg

Template:History of Portugal

The Kingdom of Portugal[3] was a monarchy in the western Iberian Peninsula and the predecessor of the modern Portuguese Republic. Existing to various extents between the mid-12th century and the early 20th century, it was also known as the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves after 1471, and was the main constituent of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, which existed between 1815 and 1822. It coexisted with the Portuguese Empire, the realm's overseas colonies.

The nucleus of the Portuguese state was the County of Portugal, established in the 9th century as part of the Reconquista by Vímara Peres, a vassal of the King of Asturias. The county became part of the Kingdom of León in 1097, and the Counts of Portugal established themselves as rulers of an independent kingdom in the 12th century, following the Battle of São Mamede. The kingdom was ruled by the Afonsine Dynasty until the 1383–85 Crisis, after which the monarchy passed to the House of Aviz.

During the 15th and 16th century, Portuguese exploration established a vast colonial empire. From 1580 to 1640, the Kingdom of Portugal was in personal union with Habsburg Spain.

After the Portuguese Restoration War of 1640–1668, the kingdom passed to the House of Braganza and thereafter to the House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. From this time, the influence of Portugal declined, but it remained a major power due to its most valuable colony, Brazil. After the independence of Brazil, Portugal sought to establish itself in Africa, but was ultimately forced to halt its expansion due to the 1890 British Ultimatum, eventually leading to the collapse of the monarchy in the 5 October 1910 revolution and the establishment of the First Portuguese Republic.

Portugal was an absolute monarchy before 1822. It alternated between absolute and semi-constitutional monarchy from 1822 until 1834, when it would remain a semi-constitutional monarchy until its fall.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Origins
* 1.2 Medieval history
* 1.3 Renaissance and early modern history (1415–1777)
* 1.4 Modern history (1777–1910)
* 1.5 Fall of the Monarchy
* 2 Rulers
* 3 Gallery
* 3.1 Flags
* 3.2 Coat of arms
* 3.3 Shields
* 4 See also
* 5 Footnotes
* 6 Citations
* 7 References

## History

### Origins

The Kingdom of Portugal finds its origins in the County of Portugal. The Portuguese County was a semi-autonomous county of the Kingdom of León. Independence from León took place in three stages:

1. The first on 26 July 1139 when Afonso Henriques was acclaimed King of the Portuguese by his troops after the (possibly legendary)[4][5] Battle of Ourique.[6]
2. The second was on 5 October 1143, when Alfonso VII of León and Castile recognized Afonso Henriques as king through the Treaty of Zamora. This is generally considered the traditional founding of the kingdom in Portuguese historiography and popular imagination.
3. The third, in 1179, was the Papal Bull Manifestis Probatum, in which Portugal's independence was recognized by Pope Alexander III.

Once Portugal was independent, D. Afonso I's descendants, members of the Portuguese House of Burgundy, would rule Portugal until 1383. Even after the change in royal houses, all the monarchs of Portugal were descended from Afonso I, one way or another, through both legitimate and illegitimate links.

### Medieval history

### Renaissance and early modern history (1415–1777)

### Modern history (1777–1910)

### Fall of the Monarchy

With the start of the 20th century, Republicanism grew in numbers and support in Lisbon among progressive politicians and the influential press. However a minority with regard to the rest of the country, this height of republicanism would benefit politically from the Lisbon Regicide on 1 February 1908. While returning from the Ducal Palace at Vila Viçosa, King Charles and the Prince Royal Luís Filipe were assassinated in the Terreiro do Paço, in Lisbon. With the death of the King and his heir, Charles I's second son became monarch as King Manuel II. Manuel's reign was short-lived however, ending by force with the 5 October 1910 revolution, forcing the deposed king into immediate exile in the United Kingdom and giving way to the Portuguese First Republic.

On 19 January 1919, the Monarchy of the North was proclaimed in Porto, but its inability to gain strong popular support anywhere in the rest the country, coupled with its unorganised structure, led to its swift demise and the re-establishment of republican control in the north a month later.[7] No other monarchist counter-revolution in Portugal has occurred since.

After the republican revolution in October 1910, the remaining colonies of the empire became overseas provinces of the Portuguese Republic until the late 20th century when the last overseas territories of Portugal became independent, most notably in Portuguese Africa where the provinces of Angola and Mozambique achieved independence in 1975. The Portuguese Empire ended definitively with the handover of Macau to China in 1999.

## Rulers

## Gallery

### Flags

* Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal (1495–1521)

* Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal (1521–1578)

* Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal (1521–1640)

* Secondary flag of the Kingdom of Portugal (1616–1640)

* Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal (1640–1667)

### Coat of arms

* Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Portugal (1610–1815)

* Arms of the King of Portugal depicted in the Livro do Armeiro-Mor (c. 1509)

### Shields

* Shield of the Kingdom of Portugal (1185–1248)

* Shield of the Kingdom of Portugal (1248–1385)

* Shield of the Kingdom of Portugal (1385–1481)

* Shield of the Kingdom of Portugal (1481–1495)

## See also

* Kingdom of Algarve
* United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
* List of titles and honours of the Portuguese Crown
* Portuguese nobility
* Portuguese heraldry

## Footnotes

1. ↑ also known as the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves (Latin: Regnum Portugalliae et Algarbiae, Portuguese: Reino de Portugal e dos Algarves) after 1415, and as the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (Portuguese: Reino Unido de Portugal, Brasil e Algarves) between 1815 and 1822.
2. ↑ From 1808 to 1821 Rio de Janeiro was the seat of the Portuguese court and the de facto seat of government. Additionally, Antony I and Mary II ruled from Angra do Heroísmo between 1580 to 1582 and 1830 to 1834 respectively whilst their holds over the mainland were in dispute.
3. ↑ Galician-Portuguese (until 16th century)
Modern Portuguese (16th century onward)
4. ↑ Widely used for administrative and liturgical purposes. Medieval Latin replaced by Renaissance Latin by the 15th century.

## Citations

1. ↑ J. Havighurs, Robert (1969). Society and Education in Brazil. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 142. ISBN 978-0822974079. "Catholicism was the state religion of the Kingdom of Portugal"
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Reilly, Bernard F. (1993). The Medieval Spains. Cambridge University Press. p. 139. ISBN 978-0521397414. https://books.google.com/books?id=NdJjn1HpSy4C&pg=PA139. Retrieved 11 October 2019. "The new kingdom of Castile had roughly tripled in size to some 335,000 square kilometers by 1300 [...] Portugal swollen to 90,000 square kilometers and perhaps 800,000 inhabitants [...]"
3. ↑ (Latin: Regnum Portugalliae; Portuguese: Reino de Portugal)
4. ↑ Ferreira 2010, p. 24.
5. ↑ Smith 1996, p. 63.
6. ↑ Wilner, Hero, Weiner, p. 190
7. ↑ Rosas, Fernando (2007). Lisboa revolucionária: 1908-1975. Lisboa: Tinta da China Edições. ISBN 978-989-671-025-5.

## References

* Soriano, Simão José da Luz (1893) (in pt). Historia da Guerra Civil e do estabelecimento do governo parlamentar em Portugal: comprehedendo a historia diplomatica, militar e politica d'este reino desde 1777 até 1834. 9. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional. https://books.google.com/books?id=AiwLAAAAIAAJ.
* Miguel, Jacinto de São (1901) (in pt). Mosteiro de Belem: Relação da insigne e real casa de Santa Maria de Belem. Lisbon: Academia Real das Sciencias de Lisboa. https://archive.org/details/mosteirodebelem00fonsgoog.
* Serrão, Joaquim Veríssimo (1977) (in pt). História de Portugal: Do Mindelo à Regeneração (1832-1851). Lisbon: Editorial Verbo.
* Smith, Angel (1996), Mar-Molinero, Clare; Smith, Angel, eds., Nationalism and the Nation in the Iberian Peninsula: Competing and Conflicting Identities, Dulles, Virginia: Berg, ISBN 978-1-85973-175-8
* Hespanha, António Manuel, ed (1998) (in pt). O Antigo Regime (1620-1807). História de Portugal. 4. Lisboa: Ed. Estampa. ISBN 978-972-33-1311-6.
* Wheeler, Douglas L. (1998). Republican Portugal: a political history 1910-1926. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-07450-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=PkH9wfKMqHwC.
* Willner, Mark; Hero, George A.; Weiner, Jerry (2006). Global History Volume One: The Ancient World to the Age of Revolution. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's Educational Series. ISBN 978-0-7641-5811-7.
* Ferreira, João (2010) (in pt), Histórias Rocambolescas da História de Portugal (6th ed.), Lisbon, Portugal: A Esfera dos Livros, ISBN 978-989-626-216-7

Template:Portuguese Monarchy Topics

* v
* t
* e

Portuguese overseas empire

North Africa

15th century

|  1415–1640|  Ceuta

|

1458–1550|  Alcácer Ceguer (El Qsar es Seghir)
1471–1550|  Arzila (Asilah)
1471–1662|  Tangier
1485–1550|  Mazagan (El Jadida)
1487–16th century|  Ouadane
1488–1541|  Safim (Safi)
1489|  Graciosa

16th century

|  1505–1541|  Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué (Agadir)

|

1506–1525|  Mogador (Essaouira)
1506–1525|  Aguz (Souira Guedima)
1506–1769|  Mazagan (El Jadida)
1513–1541|  Azamor (Azemmour)
1515–1541|  São João da Mamora (Mehdya)
1577–1589|  Arzila (Asilah)

Sub-Saharan Africa

15th century

|  1455–1633|  Anguim

|

1462–1975|  Cape Verde
1470–1975|  São Tomé1
1471–1975|  Príncipe1
1474–1778|  Annobón
1478–1778|  Fernando Poo (Bioko)
1482–1637|  Elmina (São Jorge da Mina)
1482–1642|  Portuguese Gold Coast
1508–15472|  Madagascar3
1498–1540|  Mascarene Islands

16th century

|  1500–1630|  Malindi

|

1501–1975|  Portuguese Mozambique
1502–1659|  Saint Helena
1503–1698|  Zanzibar
1505–1512|  Quíloa (Kilwa)
1506–1511|  Socotra
1557–1578|  Accra
1575–1975|  Portuguese Angola
1588–1974|  Cacheu4
1593–1698|  Mombassa (Mombasa)

17th century

|  1645–1888|  Ziguinchor

|

1680–1961|  São João Baptista de Ajudá, Benin
1687–1974|  Bissau4

18th century

1728–1729|  Mombassa (Mombasa)

|

1753–1975|  Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe

19th century

1879–1974|  Portuguese Guinea

|

1885–1974|  Portuguese Congo5

* 1 Part of São Tomé and Príncipe from 1753.
* 2 Or 1600.
* 3 A factory (Anosy Region) and small temporary coastal bases.
* 4 Part of Portuguese Guinea from 1879.
* 5 Part of Portuguese Angola from the 1920s.

Middle East [Persian Gulf]

16th century

|  1506–1615|  Gamru (Bandar Abbas)

|

1507–1643|  Sohar
1515–1622|  Hormuz (Ormus)
1515–1648|  Quriyat
1515–?|  Qalhat
1515–1650|  Muscat
1515?–?|  Barka
1515–1633?|  Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah)
1521–1602|  Bahrain (Muharraq • Manama)
1521–1529?|  Qatif
1521?–1551?|  Tarut Island
1550–1551|  Qatif
1588–1648|  Matrah

17th century

|  1620–?|  Khor Fakkan

|

1621?–?|  As Sib
1621–1622|  Qeshm
1623–?|  Khasab
1623–?|  Libedia
1624–?|  Kalba
1624–?|  Madha
1624–1648|  Dibba Al-Hisn
1624?–?|  Bandar-e Kong

Indian subcontinent

15th century

|  1498–1545|

Laccadive Islands
(Lakshadweep)

|

16th century
Portuguese India

• 1500–1663|  Cochim (Kochi)

|

• 1501–1663|  Cannanore (Kannur)

• 1502–1658
1659–1661

Quilon
(Coulão / Kollam)

• 1502–1661|  Pallipuram (Cochin de Cima)
• 1507–1657|  Negapatam (Nagapatnam)
• 1510–1961|  Goa

• 1512–1525
1750

Calicut
(Kozhikode)

• 1518–1619|  Portuguese Paliacate outpost (Pulicat)
• 1521–1740|  Chaul

|  |  (Portuguese India)

|

• 1523–1662|  Mylapore
• 1528–1666|

Chittagong
(Porto Grande De Bengala)

• 1531–1571|  Chaul
• 1531–1571|  Chalé
• 1534–1601|  Salsette Island
• 1534–1661|  Bombay (Mumbai)
• 1535|  Ponnani
• 1535–1739|  Baçaím (Vasai-Virar)
• 1536–1662|  Cranganore (Kodungallur)
• 1540–1612|  Surat
• 1548–1658|  Tuticorin (Thoothukudi)
• 1559–1961|  Daman and Diu
• 1568–1659|  Mangalore

|  |  (Portuguese India)

|

• 1579–1632| Hugli
• 1598–1610| Masulipatnam (Machilipatnam)
1518–1521|  Maldives

|

1518–1658|  Portuguese Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
1558–1573|  Maldives

17th century
Portuguese India

• 1687–1749|  Mylapore

|

18th century
Portuguese India

• 1779–1954|  Dadra and Nagar Haveli

|

East Asia and Oceania

16th century

|  1511–1641|  Portuguese Malacca [Malaysia]

|

1512–1621|  Maluku [Indonesia]
• 1522–1575|  Ternate
• 1576–1605|  Ambon
• 1578–1650|  Tidore
1512–1665|  Makassar
1557–1999|  Macau [China]
1580–1586|  Nagasaki [Japan]

17th century

1642–1975|  Portuguese Timor (East Timor)1

|

19th century
Portuguese Macau

|  • 1864–1999|  Coloane

|

• 1851–1999|  Taipa
• 1890–1999|  Ilha Verde

20th century
Portuguese Macau

• 1938–1941|  Lapa and Montanha (Hengqin)

|

* 1 1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent invasion by Indonesia. In 2002, East Timor's independence was fully recognized.

North America & North Atlantic

15th century [Atlantic islands]

|  1420|  Madeira

|

1432|  Azores

16th century [Canada]

|  1500–1579?|  Terra Nova (Newfoundland)

|

1500–1579?|  Labrador
1516–1579?|  Nova Scotia

South America & Caribbean

16th century

|  1500–1822|  Brazil

|

• 1534–1549|  Captaincy Colonies of Brazil
• 1549–1572|  Brazil
• 1572–1578|  Bahia
• 1572–1578|  Rio de Janeiro
• 1578–1607|  Brazil
• 1621–1815|  Brazil
1536–1620|  Barbados

17th century

|  1621–1751|  Maranhão

|

1680–1777|  Nova Colónia do Sacramento

18th century

1751–1772|  Grão-Pará and Maranhão

|

1772–1775|  Grão-Pará and Rio Negro
1772–1775|  Maranhão and Piauí

19th century

|  1808–1822|  Cisplatina (Uruguay)

|

1809–1817|  Portuguese Guiana (Amapá)
1822|  Upper Peru (Bolivia)

* Armorial of Portuguese colonies
* Evolution of the Portuguese Empire
* Portuguese colonial architecture
* Portuguese colonialism in the East Indies
* Portuguese colonization of the Americas
* Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia

* v
* t
* e

European Middle Ages

Early Middle Ages|

* Migration Period
* Decline of the Western Roman Empire
* Late antiquity
* Decline of Hellenistic religion
* Christianization
* Rise of Islam
* First Bulgarian Empire
* Frankish Empire
* Kingdom of Croatia
* Anglo-Saxon England
* Viking Age
* Carolingian Empire
* Old Church Slavonic
* Civitas Schinesghe
* Kievan Rus'
* Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire

High Middle Ages|

* Holy Roman Empire
* Second Bulgarian Empire
* Georgian Empire
* Kingdom of Poland
* Feudalism
* Great Schism
* Investiture Controversy
* Crusades
* Scholasticism
* Monasticism
* Communalism
* Manorialism
* Medieval Warm Period
* Mongol invasion of Europe

Late Middle Ages|

* Hundred Years' War
* Wars of the Roses
* Hussite Wars
* Burgundy
* House of Habsburg
* Western Schism
* Fall of Constantinople
* Rise of the Ottoman Empire
* Swiss mercenaries
* Chivalry
* Renaissance Humanism
* Universities
* Crisis of the Late Middle Ages
* Little Ice Age

Culture|

* Architecture
* Art
* Church and State
* Cuisine
* Demography
* Household
* Literature
* Medicine
* Music
* Philosophy
* Poetry
* Science
* Slavery
* Technology
* Warfare

See also|

* Dark Ages
* Disability in the Middle Ages
* Basic topics list
* Medievalism
* Medieval reenactment
* Medieval studies
* Neo-medievalism
* Timeline
* Global history of same period of time

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