Korean era name

Short description: Names given to the regnal eras of Korean monarchs

Korean era name

Hangul|

Hanja|

Revised Romanization| yeonho
McCune–Reischauer| yŏnho

Korean era names were titles adopted in historical Korea for the purpose of year identification and numbering. Era names were used during the period of Silla, Goguryeo, Balhae, Taebong, Goryeo, Joseon, and the Korean Empire. Various Korean regimes officially adopted the era names of Chinese dynasties.

Era names originated in 140 BCE in China, during the reign of the Emperor Wu of Han.[1][2] Since the middle of the 6th century CE, various Korean regimes started to use era names.[2][3][4]

## Contents

* 1 List of Korean era names
* 1.1 Goguryeo
* 1.2 Silla
* 1.2.1 Other regimes contemporaneous with Silla
* 1.3 Balhae
* 1.4 Later Baekje
* 1.5 Taebong
* 1.6 Goryeo
* 1.6.1 Other regimes contemporaneous with Goryeo
* 1.7 Joseon
* 1.8 Korean Empire
* 1.9 Korea under Japanese rule
* 2 Modern era systems
* 2.1 Republic of Korea
* 2.2 Democratic People's Republic of Korea
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 Bibliography

## List of Korean era names

This is a list of era names used by historical regimes on the Korean Peninsula. Several of these regimes officially adopted the era names of China; in such instances, the Chinese renditions of the era names are stated in parentheses.

### Goguryeo

Era name  | Period of use  | Length of use  | Remark

|
|
|

King Gwanggaeto of Goguryeo
(r. 391–413 CE)
Yeongnak

영락 | 391–412 CE  | 22 years  |
King Jangsu of Goguryeo
(r. 413–491 CE)
Yeonsu

연수 | 451 CE–?  | Unknown |
Disputed usage
Yeonggang

영강 | Unknown | Unknown | The 7th year of Yeonggang might be 396 CE, 418 CE, 483 CE, or 551 CE.
Geonheung

건흥 | Unknown | Unknown | The 5th year of Geonheung might be 476 CE, 536 CE, or 596 CE.
Yeon-ga

연가 | Unknown | Unknown | The 7th year of Yeon-ga might be 479 CE or 539 CE.

### Silla

Era name  | Period of use  | Length of use  | Remark

|
|
|

King Beopheung of Silla
(r. 514–540 CE)
Geonwon

건원 | 536–551 CE  | 16 years  | Usage continued by King Jinheung of Silla upon his ascension to the throne.
King Jinheung of Silla
(r. 540–576 CE)
Gaeguk

개국 | 551–568 CE  | 18 years  |
Daechang

대창 | 568–571 CE  | 3 years  |
Hongje

홍제 | 572–584 CE  | 12 years  | Usage continued by King Jinji of Silla and King Jinpyeong of Silla upon their ascension to the throne.
King Jinpyeong of Silla
(r. 579–632 CE)
Geonbok

건복 | 584–634 CE  | 51 years  | Usage continued by Queen Seondeok of Silla upon her ascension to the throne.
Queen Seondeok of Silla
(r. 632–647 CE)
Inpyeong

인평 | 634–647 CE  | 14 years  | Usage continued by Queen Jindeok of Silla upon her ascension to the throne.
Queen Jindeok of Silla
(r. 647–654 CE)
Taehwa

태화 | 647–650 CE  | 4 years  |
Yeonghwi (Yonghui)

영휘 | 650–654 CE  | 5 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
King Muyeol of Silla
(r. 654–661 CE)
Yeonghwi (Yonghui)

영휘 | 654–655 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Hyeongyeong (Xianqing)

현경 | 656–661 CE  | 6 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Yongsak (Longshuo)

용삭 | 661 CE  | 5 months  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
King Munmu of Silla
(r. 661–681 CE)
Yongsak (Longshuo)

용삭 | 661–663 CE  | 3 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Indeok (Linde)

인덕 | 664–665 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Geonbong (Qianfeng)

건봉 | 666–668 CE  | 3 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Chongjang (Zongzhang)

총장 | 668–670 CE  | 3 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Hamhyeong (Xianheng)

함형 | 670–674 CE  | 5 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Sangwon (Shangyuan)

상원 | 674–676 CE  | 3 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Uibong (Yifeng)

의봉 | 676–679 CE  | 4 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Joro (Tiaolu)

조로 | 679–680 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Yeongnyung (Yonglong)

영륭 | 680–681 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
King Sinmun of Silla
(r. 681–692 CE)
Yeongnyung (Yonglong)

영륭 | 681 CE  | 3 months  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Gaeyo (Kaiyao)

개요 | 681–682 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Yeongsun (Yongchun)

영순 | 682–683 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Hongdo (Hongdao)

홍도 | 683 CE  | 1 month  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Saseong (Sisheng)

사성 | 684 CE  | 2 months  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Munmyeong (Wenming)

문명 | 684 CE  | 10 months  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Sugong (Chuigong)

수공 | 685–688 CE  | 4 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Yeongchang (Yongchang)

영창 | 689 CE  | 11 months  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Jaecho (Zaichu)

재초 | 689–690 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Cheonsu (Tianshou)

천수 | 690–692 CE  | 3 years  | Adopted the era name of the Wu Zhou dynasty of China.
Yeoui (Ruyi)

여의 | 692 CE  | 4 months  | Adopted the era name of the Wu Zhou dynasty of China.
King Hyoso of Silla
(r. 692–702 CE)
Yeoui (Ruyi)

여의 | 692 CE  | 3 months  | Adopted the era name of the Wu Zhou dynasty of China.
Jangsu (Changshou)

장수 | 692–694 CE  | 3 years  | Adopted the era name of the Wu Zhou dynasty of China.
Yeonjae (Yanzai)

연재 | 694 CE  | 8 months  | Adopted the era name of the Wu Zhou dynasty of China.
Jeungseong (Zhengsheng)

증성 | 695–696 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Wu Zhou dynasty of China.
Mansetongcheon (Wansuitongtian)
萬歲通天
만세통천 | 696–697 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Wu Zhou dynasty of China.
Singong (Shengong)

신공 | 697 CE  | 4 months  | Adopted the era name of the Wu Zhou dynasty of China.
Seongnyeok (Shengli)

성력 | 698–700 CE  | 3 years  | Adopted the era name of the Wu Zhou dynasty of China.
Gusi (Jiushi)

구시 | 700–701 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Wu Zhou dynasty of China.
Daejok (Dazu)

대족 | 701 CE  | 10 months  | Adopted the era name of the Wu Zhou dynasty of China.
Jang-an (Chang'an)

장안 | 701–702 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Wu Zhou dynasty of China.
King Seongdeok of Silla
(r. 702–737 CE)
Jang-an (Chang'an)

장안 | 702–704 CE  | 3 years  | Adopted the era name of the Wu Zhou dynasty of China.
Sillyong (Shenlong)

신룡 | 705–707 CE  | 3 years  | Adopted the era name of the Wu Zhou dynasty and Tang dynasty of China.
Gyeongnyong (Jinglong)

경룡 | 707–710 CE  | 4 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Dangnyung (Tanglong)

당륭 | 710 CE  | 2 months  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Gyeong-un (Jingyun)

경운 | 710–712 CE  | 3 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Taegeuk (Taiji)

태극 | 712 CE  | 4 months  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Yeonhwa (Yanhe)

연화 | 712 CE  | 4 months  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Gaewon (Kaiyuan)

개원 | 713–737 CE  | 25 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
King Hyoseong of Silla
(r. 737–742 CE)
Gaewon (Kaiyuan)

개원 | 737–741 CE  | 5 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Cheonbo (Tianbao)

천보 | 742 CE  | 5 months  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
King Gyeongdeok of Silla
(r. 742–765 CE)
Cheonbo (Tianbao)

천보 | 742–756 CE  | 15 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Jideok (Zhide)

지덕 | 757–758 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Geonwon (Qianyuan)

건원 | 758–760 CE  | 3 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Sangwon (Shangyuan)

상원 | 760–761 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Boeung (Baoying)

보응 | 762–763 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Gwangdeok (Guangde)

광덕 | 764 CE  | 1 year  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Yeongtae (Yongtai)

영태 | 765 CE  | 6 months  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
King Hyegong of Silla
(r. 765–780 CE)
Yeongtae (Yongtai)

영태 | 765–766 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Daeryeok (Dali)

대력 | 766–779 CE  | 14 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Geonjung (Jianzhong)

건중 | 780 CE  | 4 months  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
King Seondeok of Silla
(r. 780–785 CE)
Geonjung (Jianzhong)

건중 | 780–783 CE  | 4 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Heungwon (Xingyuan)

흥원 | 784 CE  | 1 year  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Jeongwon (Zhenyuan)

정원 | 785 CE  | 1 month  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
King Wonseong of Silla
(r. 785–798 CE)
Jeongwon (Zhenyuan)

정원 | 785–798 CE  | 14 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
King Soseong of Silla
(r. 798–800 CE)
Jeongwon (Zhenyuan)

정원 | 799–800 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
King Aejang of Silla
(r. 800–809 CE)
Jeongwon (Zhenyuan)

정원 | 800–805 CE  | 6 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Yeongjeong (Yongzhen)

영정 | 805 CE  | 5 months  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Wonhwa (Yuanhe)

원화 | 806–809 CE  | 4 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
King Heondeok of Silla
(r. 809–826 CE)
Wonhwa (Yuanhe)

원화 | 809–820 CE  | 12 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Janggyeong (Changqing)

장경 | 821–824 CE  | 4 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Boryeok (Baoli)

보력 | 825–826 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
King Heungdeok of Silla
(r. 826–836 CE)
Boryeok (Baoli)

보력 | 826–827 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Daehwa (Dahe)

대화 | 827–835 CE  | 9 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Gaeseong (Kaicheng)

개성 | 836 CE  | 1 year  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
King Huigang of Silla
(r. 836–838 CE)
Gaeseong (Kaicheng)

개성 | 836–838 CE  | 3 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
King Minae of Silla
(r. 838–839 CE)
Gaeseong (Kaicheng)

개성 | 838–839 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
King Sinmu of Silla
(r. 839 CE)
Gaeseong (Kaicheng)

개성 | 839 CE  | 7 months  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
King Munseong of Silla
(r. 839–857 CE)
Gaeseong (Kaicheng)

개성 | 839–840 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Hoechang (Huichang)

회창 | 841–846 CE  | 6 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Daejung (Dazhong)

대중 | 847–857 CE  | 11 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
King Heonan of Silla
(r. 857–861 CE)
Daejung (Dazhong)

대중 | 857–860 CE  | 4 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Hamtong (Xiantong)

함통 | 860–861 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
King Gyeongmun of Silla
(r. 861–875 CE)
Hamtong (Xiantong)

함통 | 861–875 CE  | 15 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Geonbu (Qianfu)

건부 | 875 CE  | 6 months  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
King Heongang of Silla
(r. 875–886 CE)
Geonbu (Qianfu)

건부 | 875–879 CE  | 5 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Gwangmyeong (Guangming)

광명 | 880–882 CE  | 3 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Junghwa (Zhonghe)

중화 | 882–886 CE  | 5 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Gwanggye (Guangqi)

광계 | 886 CE  | 2 months  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
King Jeonggang of Silla
(r. 886–887 CE)
Gwanggye (Guangqi)

광계 | 886–887 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Queen Jinseong of Silla
(r. 887–897 CE)
Gwanggye (Guangqi)

광계 | 887–888 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Mundeok (Wende)

문덕 | 888 CE  | 11 months  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Yonggi (Longji)

용기 | 889 CE  | 1 year  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Daesun (Dashun)

대순 | 890–892 CE  | 3 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Gyeongbok (Jingfu)

경복 | 893 CE  | 1 year  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Geonnyeong (Qianning)

건녕 | 894–897 CE  | 4 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
King Hyogong of Silla
(r. 897–912 CE)
Geonnyeong (Qianning)

건녕 | 897–898 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Gwanghwa (Guanghua)

광화 | 898–901 CE  | 4 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Cheonbok (Tianfu)

천복 | 901–904 CE  | 4 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Cheonu (Tianyou)

천우 | 904–907 CE  | 4 years  | Adopted the era name of the Tang dynasty of China.
Gaepyeong (Kaiping)

개평 | 907–911 CE  | 5 years  | Adopted the era name of the Later Liang dynasty of China.
Geonhwa (Qianhua)

건화 | 911–912 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Later Liang dynasty of China.
King Sindeok of Silla
(r. 912–917 CE)
Geonhwa (Qianhua)

건화 | 912–913 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Later Liang dynasty of China.
Bongnyeok (Fengli)

봉력 | 913 CE  | 2 months  | Adopted the era name of the Later Liang dynasty of China.
Geonhwa (Qianhua)

건화 | 913–915 CE  | 3 years  | Adopted the era name of the Later Liang dynasty of China.
Jeongmyeong (Zhenming)

정명 | 915–917 CE  | 3 years  | Adopted the era name of the Later Liang dynasty of China.
King Gyeongmyeong of Silla
(r. 917–924 CE)
Jeongmyeong (Zhenming)

정명 | 917–921 CE  | 5 years  | Adopted the era name of the Later Liang dynasty of China.
Yongdeok (Zhenming)

용덕 | 921–923 CE  | 3 years  | Adopted the era name of the Later Liang dynasty of China.
Donggwang (Tongguang)

동광 | 923–924 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Later Tang dynasty of China.
King Gyeongae of Silla
(r. 924–927 CE)
Donggwang (Tongguang)

동광 | 924–926 CE  | 3 years  | Adopted the era name of the Later Tang dynasty of China.
Cheonseong (Tiancheng)

천성 | 926–927 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Later Tang dynasty of China.
King Gyeongsun of Silla
(r. 927–935 CE)
Cheonseong (Tiancheng)

천성 | 927–930 CE  | 4 years  | Adopted the era name of the Later Tang dynasty of China.
Jangheung (Changxing)

장흥 | 930–933 CE  | 4 years  | Adopted the era name of the Later Tang dynasty of China.
Eungsun (Yingshun)

응순 | 934 CE  | 4 months  | Adopted the era name of the Later Tang dynasty of China.
Cheongtae (Qingtai)

청태 | 934–935 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Later Tang dynasty of China.

#### Other regimes contemporaneous with Silla

Era name  | Period of use  | Length of use  | Remark

|
|
|

Kim Hŏn-ch'ang
(r. 822 CE)
Gyeong-un

경운 | 822–825 CE  | 4 years  | Usage continued by Kim Pŏm-mun upon his ascension to the throne.

### Balhae

Era name  | Period of use  | Length of use  | Remark

|
|
|

King Mu of Balhae
(r. 719–737 CE)
Inan

인안 | 720–737 CE  | 18 years  | Usage might be from 718 CE to 737 CE, for a total length of 20 years; or from 719 CE to 737 CE, for a total length of 19 years.
King Mun of Balhae
(r. 737–793 CE)
Daeheung

대흥 | 738–794 CE  | 57 years  | Usage might be from 737 CE to 774 CE, then from 786 CE to 793 CE, for a total length of 45 years; or from 737 CE to 774 CE, then from 785 CE to 793 CE, for a total length of 46 years.
Boryeok

보력 | 774–785 CE  | 12 years  | Usage might be from 774 CE to 786 CE, for a total length of 13 years. Subsequently, reverted to Daeheung (大興; 대흥).
King Seong of Balhae
(r. 793–794 CE)
Jungheung

중흥 | 794 CE  | 1 year  |
King Gang of Balhae
(r. 794–809 CE)
Jeongnyeok

정력 | 795–809 CE  | 15 years  | Usage might be from 794 CE to 808 CE, for a total length of 15 years; or from 795 CE to 807 CE, for a total length of 13 years.
King Jeong of Balhae
(r. 809–812 CE)
Yeongdeok

영덕 | 810–812 CE  | 3 years  | Usage might be from 808 CE to 812 CE, for a total length of 5 years; or from 808 CE to 811 CE, for a total length of 4 years.
King Hui of Balhae
(r. 812–817 CE)
Jujak

주작 | 813–817 CE  | 5 years  | Usage might be from 812 CE to 817 CE, for a total length of 6 years; or from 812 CE to 816 CE, for a total length of 5 years.
King Gan of Balhae
(r. 817–818 CE)
Taesi

태시 | 818 CE  | 1 year  | Usage might be from 813 CE to 817 CE, for a total length of 5 years; or from 817 CE to 818 CE, for a total length of 2 years.
King Seon of Balhae
(r. 818–830 CE)
Geonheung

건흥 | 819–830 CE  | 12 years  | Usage might be from 818 CE to 830 CE, for a total length of 13 years.
Dae Ijin
(r. 830–857 CE)
Hamhwa

함화 | 831–857 CE  | 27 years  |

### Later Baekje

Era name  | Period of use  | Length of use  | Remark

|
|
|

Kyŏn Hwŏn
(r. 892–935 CE)
Jeonggae

정개 | 900–936 CE  | 37 years  | Usage continued by Kyŏn Sin-gŏm upon his ascension to the throne.

### Taebong

Era name  | Period of use  | Length of use  | Remark

|
|
|

Kung Ye
(r. 901–918 CE)
Mutae

무태 | 904–905 CE  | 2 years  |
Seongchaek

성책 | 905–911 CE  | 7 years  |
Sudeokmanse
水德萬歲
수덕만세 | 911–914 CE  | 4 years  |
Jeonggae

정개 | 914–918 CE  | 5 years  |

### Goryeo

Era name  | Period of use  | Length of use  | Remark

|
|
|

King Taejo of Goryeo
(r. 918–943 CE)
Cheonsu

천수 | 918–933 CE  | 16 years  |
Jangheung (Changxing)

장흥 | 933 CE  | 10 months  | Adopted the era name of the Later Tang dynasty of China.
Eungsun (Yingshun)

응순 | 934 CE  | 4 months  | Adopted the era name of the Later Tang dynasty of China.
Cheongtae (Qingtai)

청태 | 934–938 CE  | 5 years  | Adopted the era name of the Later Tang dynasty of China.
Cheonbok (Tianfu)

천복 | 938–943 CE  | 6 years  | Adopted the era name of the Later Jin dynasty of China.
King Hyejong of Goryeo
(r. 943–945 CE)
Cheonbok (Tianfu)

천복 | 944 CE  | 7 months  | Adopted the era name of the Later Jin dynasty of China.
Gaeun (Kaiyun)

개운 | 944–945 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Later Jin dynasty of China.
King Jeongjong of Goryeo
(r. 945–949 CE)
Gaeun (Kaiyun)

개운 | 946–948 CE  | 3 years  | Adopted the era name of the Later Jin dynasty of China.
Geonu (Qianyou)

건우 | 948–949 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Later Han dynasty of China.
King Gwangjong of Goryeo
(r. 949–975 CE)
Gwangdeok

광덕 | 949–952 CE  | 4 years  |
Gwangsun (Guangshun)

광순 | 952–954 CE  | 3 years  | Adopted the era name of the Later Zhou dynasty of China.
Hyeondeok (Xiande)

현덕 | 954–960 CE  | 7 years  | Adopted the era name of the Later Zhou dynasty of China.
Junpung

준풍 | 960–963 CE  | 4 years  |
Geondeok (Qiande)

건덕 | 963–968 CE  | 6 years  | Adopted the era name of the Northern Song dynasty of China.
Gaebo (Kaibao)

개보 | 968–975 CE  | 8 years  | Adopted the era name of the Northern Song dynasty of China.
King Gyeongjong of Goryeo
(r. 975–981 CE)
Gaebo (Kaibao)

개보 | 976 CE  | 1 year  | Adopted the era name of the Northern Song dynasty of China.
Taepyeongheungguk (Taipingxingguo)
太平興國
태평흥국 | 976–981 CE  | 6 years  | Adopted the era name of the Northern Song dynasty of China.
King Seongjong of Goryeo
(r. 981–997 CE)
Taepyeongheungguk (Taipingxingguo)
太平興國
태평흥국 | 982–984 CE  | 3 years  | Adopted the era name of the Northern Song dynasty of China.
Onghui (Yongxi)

옹희 | 984–987 CE  | 4 years  | Adopted the era name of the Northern Song dynasty of China.
Dangong (Duangong)

단공 | 988–989 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Northern Song dynasty of China.
Sunhwa (Chunhua)

순화 | 990–994 CE  | 5 years  | Adopted the era name of the Northern Song dynasty of China.
Tonghwa (Tonghe)

통화 | 994–997 CE  | 4 years  | Adopted the era name of the Liao dynasty of China.
King Mokjong of Goryeo
(r. 997–1009 CE)
Tonghwa (Tonghe)

통화 | 998–1009 CE  | 12 years  | Adopted the era name of the Liao dynasty of China.
King Hyeonjong of Goryeo
(r. 1009–1031 CE)
Tonghwa (Tonghe)

통화 | 1010–1012 CE  | 3 years  | Adopted the era name of the Liao dynasty of China.
Gaetae (Kaitai)

개태 | 1012–1015 CE  | 4 years  | Adopted the era name of the Liao dynasty of China.
Daejungsangbu (Dazhongxiangfu)
大中祥符
대중상부 | 1016 CE  | 1 year  | Adopted the era name of the Northern Song dynasty of China.
Cheonhui (Tianxi)

천희 | 1017–1022 CE  | 6 years  | Adopted the era name of the Northern Song dynasty of China.
Geonheung (Qianxing)

건흥 | 1022 CE  | 3 months  | Adopted the era name of the Northern Song dynasty of China.
Taepyeong (Taiping)

태평 | 1022–1031 CE  | 10 years  | Adopted the era name of the Liao dynasty of China.
King Deokjong of Goryeo
(r. 1031–1034 CE)
Taepyeong (Taiping)

태평 | 1032–1034 CE  | 3 years  | Adopted the era name of the Liao dynasty of China.
King Jeongjong of Goryeo
(r. 1034–1046 CE)
Taepyeong (Taiping)

태평 | 1035–1038 CE  | 4 years  | Adopted the era name of the Liao dynasty of China.
Junghui (Chongxi)

태평 | 1038–1046 CE  | 9 years  | Adopted the era name of the Liao dynasty of China.
King Munjong of Goryeo
(r. 1046–1083 CE)
Junghui (Chongxi)

태평 | 1047–1055 CE  | 9 years  | Adopted the era name of the Liao dynasty of China.
Cheongnyeong (Qingning)

청녕 | 1055–1064 CE  | 10 years  | Adopted the era name of the Liao dynasty of China.
Hamong (Xianyong)

함옹 | 1065–1074 CE  | 10 years  | Adopted the era name of the Liao dynasty of China.
Daegang (Dakang)

대강 | 1075–1082 CE  | 8 years  | Adopted the era name of the Liao dynasty of China.
King Sunjong of Goryeo
(r. 1083 CE)
Daegang (Dakang)

대강 | 1083 CE  | 1 year  | Adopted the era name of the Liao dynasty of China.
King Seonjong of Goryeo
(r. 1083–1094 CE)
Daegang (Dakang)

대강 | 1084 CE  | 1 year  | Adopted the era name of the Liao dynasty of China.
Daean (Da'an)

대안 | 1085–1094 CE  | 10 years  | Adopted the era name of the Liao dynasty of China.
King Heonjong of Goryeo
(r. 1094–1095 CE)
Suchang (Shouchang)

수창 | 1095 CE  | 1 year  | Adopted the era name of the Liao dynasty of China.
King Sukjong of Goryeo
(r. 1095–1105 CE)
Suchang (Shouchang)

수창 | 1096–1101 CE  | 6 years  | Adopted the era name of the Liao dynasty of China.
Geontong (Qiantong)

건통 | 1101–1105 CE  | 5 years  | Adopted the era name of the Liao dynasty of China.
King Yejong of Goryeo
(r. 1105–1122 CE)
Geontong (Qiantong)

건통 | 1106–1110 CE  | 5 years  | Adopted the era name of the Liao dynasty of China.
Cheongyeong (Tianqing)

천경 | 1111–1116 CE  | 6 years  | Adopted the era name of the Liao dynasty of China.
King Injong of Goryeo
(r. 1122–1146 CE)
Hwangtong (Huangtong)

황통 | 1141–1146 CE  | 6 years  | Adopted the era name of the Jin dynasty of China.
King Uijong of Goryeo
(r. 1146–1170 CE)
Hwangtong (Huangtong)

황통 | 1147–1149 CE  | 3 years  | Adopted the era name of the Jin dynasty of China.
Cheondeok (Tiande)

천덕 | 1149–1153 CE  | 5 years  | Adopted the era name of the Jin dynasty of China.
Jeongwon (Zhenyuan)

정원 | 1153–1156 CE  | 4 years  | Adopted the era name of the Jin dynasty of China.
Jeongnyung (Zhenglong)

정륭 | 1156–1161 CE  | 6 years  | Adopted the era name of the Jin dynasty of China.
Daejeong (Dading)

대정 | 1161–1170 CE  | 10 years  | Adopted the era name of the Jin dynasty of China.
King Myeongjong of Goryeo
(r. 1170–1197 CE)
Daejeong (Dading)

대정 | 1171–1189 CE  | 19 years  | Adopted the era name of the Jin dynasty of China.
Myeongchang (Mingchang)

명창 | 1190–1196 CE  | 7 years  | Adopted the era name of the Jin dynasty of China.
Seung-an (Cheng'an)

승안 | 1196–1197 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Jin dynasty of China.
King Sinjong of Goryeo
(r. 1197–1204 CE)
Seung-an (Cheng'an)

승안 | 1198–1200 CE  | 3 years  | Adopted the era name of the Jin dynasty of China.
Taehwa (Taihe)

태화 | 1201–1204 CE  | 4 years  | Adopted the era name of the Jin dynasty of China.
King Huijong of Goryeo
(r. 1204–1211 CE)
Taehwa (Taihe)

태화 | 1205–1208 CE  | 4 years  | Adopted the era name of the Jin dynasty of China.
Daean (Da'an)

대안 | 1209–1211 CE  | 3 years  | Adopted the era name of the Jin dynasty of China.
King Gangjong of Goryeo
(r. 1211–1213 CE)
Sunggyeong (Chongqing)

숭경 | 1212–1213 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Jin dynasty of China.
Jinyeong (Zhining)

지녕 | 1213 CE  | 5 months  | Adopted the era name of the Jin dynasty of China.
Jeongu (Zhenyou)

정우 | 1213 CE  | 3 months  | Adopted the era name of the Jin dynasty of China.
King Gojong of Goryeo
(r. 1213–1259 CE)
Jeongu (Zhenyou)

정우 | 1214–1224 CE  | 11 years  | Adopted the era name of the Jin dynasty of China.
King Wonjong of Goryeo
(r. 1260–1274 CE)
Jungtong (Zhongtong)

중통 | 1260–1264 CE  | 5 years  | Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
Jiwon (Zhiyuan)

지원 | 1264–1274 CE  | 11 years  | Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
King Chungnyeol of Goryeo
(r. 1274–1308 CE)
Jiwon (Zhiyuan)

지원 | 1275–1294 CE  | 20 years  | Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
Wonjeong (Yuanzhen)

원정 | 1295–1297 CE  | 3 years  | Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
Daedeok (Dade)

대덕 | 1297–1307 CE  | 11 years  | Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
Jidae (Zhida)

지대 | 1308 CE  | 1 year  | Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
King Chungseon of Goryeo
(r. 1308–1313 CE)
Jidae (Zhida)

지대 | 1309–1311 CE  | 3 years  | Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
Hwanggyeong (Huangqing)

황경 | 1312–1313 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
King Chungsuk of Goryeo
(r. 1313–1330 CE; first reign)
Yeonu (Yanyou)

연우 | 1314–1320 CE  | 7 years  | Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
Jichi (Zhizhi)

지치 | 1321–1323 CE  | 4 years  | Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
Taejeong (Taiding)

태정 | 1324–1328 CE  | 5 years  | Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
Chihwa (Zhihe)

치화 | 1328 CE  | 8 months  | Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
Cheonsun (Tianshun)

천순 | 1328 CE  | 1 month  | Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
Cheollyeok (Tianli)

천력 | 1328–1330 CE  | 3 years  | Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
Jisun (Zhishun)

지순 | 1330 CE  | 8 months  | Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
King Chunghye of Goryeo
(r. 1330–1332 CE; first reign)
Jisun (Zhishun)

지순 | 1331–1332 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
King Chungsuk of Goryeo
(r. 1332–1339 CE; second reign)
Jisun (Zhishun)

지순 | 1332–1333 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
Wontong (Yuantong)

원통 | 1333–1335 CE  | 3 years  | Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
Jiwon (Zhiyuan)

지원 | 1335–1339 CE  | 5 years  | Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
King Chunghye of Goryeo
(r. 1339–1344 CE; second reign)
Jiwon (Zhiyuan)

지원 | 1340 CE  | 1 year  | Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
Jijeong (Zhizheng)

지정 | 1341–1344 CE  | 4 years  | Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
King Chungmok of Goryeo
(r. 1344–1348 CE)
Jijeong (Zhizheng)

지정 | 1345–1348 CE  | 4 years  | Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
King Chungjeong of Goryeo
(r. 1349–1351 CE)
Jijeong (Zhizheng)

지정 | 1349–1351 CE  | 3 years  | Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty of China.
King Gongmin of Goryeo
(r. 1351–1374 CE)
Jijeong (Zhizheng)

지정 | 1352–1369 CE  | 18 years  | Adopted the era name of the Yuan dynasty and Northern Yuan dynasty of China.
Hongmu (Hongwu)

홍무 | 1370–1374 CE  | 5 years  | Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
Wang U
(r. 1374–1388 CE)
Hongmu (Hongwu)

홍무 | 1375–1377 CE  | 3 years  | Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
Seongwang (Xuanguang)

선광 | 1377–1378 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Northern Yuan dynasty of China.
Hongmu (Hongwu)

홍무 | 1378–1388 CE  | 11 years  | Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
Wang Chang
(r. 1388–1389 CE)
Hongmu (Hongwu)

홍무 | 1388–1389 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
King Gongyang of Goryeo
(r. 1389–1392 CE)
Hongmu (Hongwu)

홍무 | 1389–1392 CE  | 4 years  | Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.

#### Other regimes contemporaneous with Goryeo

Era name  | Period of use  | Length of use  | Remark

|
|
|

Myocheong
(r. 1135 CE)
Cheongae

천개 | 1135 CE  | 1 year  |

### Joseon

Era name  | Period of use  | Length of use  | Remark

|
|
|

King Taejo of Joseon
(r. 1392–1398 CE)
Hongmu (Hongwu)

홍무 | 1392–1398 CE  | 7 years  | Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
King Jeongjong of Joseon
(r. 1398–1400 CE)
Geonmun (Jianwen)

건문 | 1399–1400 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
King Taejong of Joseon
(r. 1400–1418 CE)
Geonmun (Jianwen)

건문 | 1401–1402 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
Hongmu (Hongwu)

홍무 | 1402 CE  | 7 months  | Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
Yeongnak (Yongle)

영락 | 1403–1418 CE  | 16 years  | Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
King Sejong of Joseon
(r. 1418–1450 CE)
Yeongnak (Yongle)

영락 | 1419–1424 CE  | 6 years  | Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
Honghui (Hongxi)

홍희 | 1425 CE  | 1 year  | Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
Seondeok (Xuande)

선덕 | 1426–1435 CE  | 10 years  | Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
Jeongtong (Zhengtong)

정통 | 1436–1449 CE  | 14 years  | Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
Gyeongtae (Jingtai)

경태 | 1450 CE  | 1 year  | Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
King Munjong of Joseon
(r. 1450–1452 CE)
Gyeongtae (Jingtai)

경태 | 1451–1452 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
King Danjong of Joseon
(r. 1452–1455 CE)
Gyeongtae (Jingtai)

경태 | 1453–1455 CE  | 3 years  | Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
King Sejo of Joseon
(r. 1455–1468 CE)
Gyeongtae (Jingtai)

경태 | 1455–1457 CE  | 3 years  | Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
Cheonsun (Tianshun)

천순 | 1457–1464 CE  | 8 years  | Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
Seonghwa (Chenghua)

성화 | 1465–1468 CE  | 4 years  | Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
King Yejong of Joseon
(r. 1468–1469 CE)
Seonghwa (Chenghua)

성화 | 1469 CE  | 1 year  | Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
King Seongjong of Joseon
(r. 1469–1494 CE)
Seonghwa (Chenghua)

성화 | 1470–1487 CE  | 18 year  | Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
Hongchi (Hongzhi)

홍치 | 1488–1494 CE  | 7 year  | Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
Yi Yung
(r. 1494–1506 CE)
Hongchi (Hongzhi)

홍치 | 1495–1505 CE  | 11 year  | Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
Jeongdeok (Zhengde)

정덕 | 1506 CE  | 9 months  | Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
King Jungjong of Joseon
(r. 1506–1544 CE)
Jeongdeok (Zhengde)

정덕 | 1506–1521 CE  | 16 years  | Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
Gajeong (Jiajing)

가정 | 1522–1544 CE  | 23 years  | Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
King Injong of Joseon
(r. 1544–1545 CE)
Gajeong (Jiajing)

가정 | 1545 CE  | 1 year  | Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
King Myeongjong of Joseon
(r. 1545–1567 CE)
Gajeong (Jiajing)

가정 | 1546–1566 CE  | 21 years  | Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
Yunggyeong (Longqing)

융경 | 1567 CE  | 1 year  | Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
King Seonjo of Joseon
(r. 1567–1608 CE)
Yunggyeong (Longqing)

융경 | 1568–1572 CE  | 5 years  | Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
Mallyeok (Wanli)

만력 | 1573–1608 CE  | 36 years  | Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
Yi Hon
(r. 1608–1623 CE)
Mallyeok (Wanli)

만력 | 1609–1620 CE  | 12 years  | Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
Taechang (Taichang)

태창 | 1620–1621 CE  | 4 months  | Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
Cheongye (Tianqi)

천계 | 1621–1623 CE  | 3 years  | Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
King Injo of Joseon
(r. 1623–1649 CE)
Cheongye (Tianqi)

천계 | 1623–1627 CE  | 5 years  | Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China.
Sungjeong (Chongzhen)

숭정 | 1628–1637 CE  | 10 years  | Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty of China. Usage continued informally within the Joseon royal court after 1637 CE well into the 19th century CE.[5]
Sungdeok (Chongde)

숭덕 | 1637–1643 CE  | 7 years  | Adopted the era name of the Qing dynasty of China.
Sunchi (Shunzhi)

순치 | 1644–1649 CE  | 6 years  | Adopted the era name of the Qing dynasty of China.
King Hyojong of Joseon
(r. 1649–1659 CE)
Sunchi (Shunzhi)

순치 | 1650–1659 CE  | 10 years  | Adopted the era name of the Qing dynasty of China.
King Hyeonjong of Joseon
(r. 1659–1674 CE)
Sunchi (Shunzhi)

순치 | 1660–1661 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Qing dynasty of China.
Ganghui (Kangxi)

강희 | 1662–1674 CE  | 13 years  | Adopted the era name of the Qing dynasty of China.
King Sukjong of Joseon
(r. 1674–1720 CE)
Ganghui (Kangxi)

강희 | 1675–1720 CE  | 46 years  | Adopted the era name of the Qing dynasty of China.
King Gyeongjong of Joseon
(r. 1720–1724 CE)
Ganghui (Kangxi)

강희 | 1721–1722 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Qing dynasty of China.
Ongjeong (Yongzheng)

옹정 | 1723–1724 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Qing dynasty of China.
King Yeongjo of Joseon
(r. 1724–1776 CE)
Ongjeong (Yongzheng)

옹정 | 1725–1735 CE  | 11 years  | Adopted the era name of the Qing dynasty of China.
Geollyung (Qianlong)

건륭 | 1736–1776 CE  | 41 years  | Adopted the era name of the Qing dynasty of China.
King Jeongjo of Joseon
(r. 1776–1800 CE)
Geollyung (Qianlong)

건륭 | 1777–1795 CE  | 19 years  | Adopted the era name of the Qing dynasty of China.
Gagyeong (Jiaqing)

가경 | 1796–1800 CE  | 5 years  | Adopted the era name of the Qing dynasty of China.
King Sunjo of Joseon
(r. 1800–1834 CE)
Gagyeong (Jiaqing)

가경 | 1801–1820 CE  | 20 years  | Adopted the era name of the Qing dynasty of China.
Dogwang (Daoguang)

도광 | 1821–1834 CE  | 14 years  | Adopted the era name of the Qing dynasty of China.
King Heonjong of Joseon
(r. 1834–1849 CE)
Dogwang (Daoguang)

도광 | 1835–1849 CE  | 15 years  | Adopted the era name of the Qing dynasty of China.
King Cheoljong of Joseon
(r. 1849–1864 CE)
Dogwang (Daoguang)

도광 | 1850 CE  | 1 year  | Adopted the era name of the Qing dynasty of China.
Hampung (Xianfeng)

함풍 | 1851–1861 CE  | 11 years  | Adopted the era name of the Qing dynasty of China.
Dongchi (Tongzhi)

동치 | 1862–1863 CE  | 2 years  | Adopted the era name of the Qing dynasty of China.
King Gojong of Joseon
(r. 1864–1897 CE; as King of Joseon)
Dongchi (Tongzhi)

동치 | 1864–1874 CE  | 10 years  | Adopted the era name of the Qing dynasty of China.
Gwangseo (Guangxu)

광서 | 1875–1894 CE  | 20 years  | Adopted the era name of the Qing dynasty of China.
Gaeguk

개국 | 1894–1895 CE  | 2 years  | The 1st year of Gaeguk was officially taken to be 1392 CE; 1894 CE was therefore the 503rd year of Gaeguk.
Geonyang

건양 | 1896–1897 CE  | 2 years  |

### Korean Empire

Era name  | Period of use  | Length of use  | Remark

|
|
|

Emperor Gojong of Korea
(r. 1897–1907 CE; as Emperor of Korean Empire)
Gwangmu

광무 | 1897–1907 CE  | 11 years  |
Emperor Sunjong of Korea
(r. 1907–1910 CE)
Yunghui

융희 | 1907–1910 CE  | 4 years  |

### Korea under Japanese rule

The Japanese renditions of the era names are stated in parentheses.

Era name  | Period of use  | Length of use  | Remark

|
|
|

Myeongchi (Meiji)

명치 | 1910–1912 CE  | 3 years  | Era name of the Emperor Meiji. 1910 CE was the 43rd year of Meiji.
Daejeong (Taishō)

대정 | 1912–1926 CE  | 15 years  | Era name of the Emperor Taishō.
Sohwa (Shōwa)

소화 | 1926–1945 CE  | 20 years  | Era name of the Emperor Shōwa.

## Modern era systems

### Republic of Korea

Era name  | Period of use  | Length of use  | Remark

|
|
|

Daehanminguk
대한민국
大韓民國 | 1919-1948 CE  | 29 years  | "Daehanminguk" literally means "Republic of Korea". Start to use from Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea to before establish First Republic of Korea.
Dangun-giwon
단군기원
檀君紀元 | 1948–1961 CE  | 13 years  | "Dangun-giwon" means "Age of Lord Dangun". Years were counted from the foundation of Gojoseon in 2333 BC (regarded as year one), the date of the legendary founding of Korea by Dangun, hence these Dangi (단기; 檀紀) years were 4278 to 4294.
Seoryeokgiwon
서력기원
西曆紀元 | 1962-present  | Current era  | "Age of Seoryeok", i.e. "Common Era"

### Democratic People's Republic of Korea

Era name  | Period of use  | Length of use  | Remark

|
|
|

Juche
주체 | 1997-present  | Current era  | 1912 (Kim Il-sung's birth date) is designated as the first year and has been used since 1997.

The North Korean government and associated organizations use a variation of the Gregorian calendar with a Juche year based on April 15, 1912 CE, the date of birth of Kim Il-sung, as year 1. There is no Juche year 0. The calendar was introduced in 1997. Months are unchanged from those in the standard Gregorian calendar. In many instances, the Juche year is given after the CE year, for example, 9 May 2026 Juche 115. But in North Korean publications, the Juche year is usually placed before the corresponding CE year, as in Juche 115 (2026).

## See also

* History of Korea
* List of monarchs of Korea
* Korean imperial titles
* Korean calendar
* Chinese era name

## References

1. ↑ Lü, Zongli (2003). Power of the words: Chen prophecy in Chinese politics, AD 265-618. ISBN 9783906769561. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvYvAQAAIAAJ&q=era+name+nian+hao+origin.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Sogner, Sølvi (2001). Making Sense of Global History: The 19th International Congress of the Historical Sciences, Oslo 2000, Commemorative Volume. ISBN 9788215001067. https://books.google.com/books?id=7nsWAQAAIAAJ&q=era+name+china+Korea+Japan+vietnam+making+sense+of+global+history.
3. ↑ "International Congress of Historical Sciences". International Congress of Historical Sciences 19. 2000. ISBN 9788299561419. https://books.google.com/books?id=0ervAAAAMAAJ&q=era+name+china+Korea+Japan+vietnam. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
4. ↑ "Ancient tradition carries forward with Japan's new era". https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Japan-s-Reiwa-era/Ancient-tradition-carries-forward-with-Japan-s-new-era.
5. ↑ Kim Haboush, JaHyun (2005), "Contesting Chinese Time, Nationalizing Temporal Space: Temporal Inscription in Late Chosŏn Korea", in Lynn A. Struve, Time, Temporality, and Imperial Transition, Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, pp. 115-141, ISBN 0-8248-2827-5 .

## Bibliography

* https://web.archive.org/web/20070928031555/http://tiny.britannica.co.kr/bol/topic.asp?article_id=b15a3467a
* https://web.archive.org/web/20070928031307/http://tiny.britannica.co.kr/bol/view-table.asp?med_id=b15a346701t1.html
* https://web.archive.org/web/20070930193917/http://wondreams.hihome.com/temasogo_goguryeo2.htm
* http://100.empas.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?i=171244
* https://web.archive.org/web/20070930061902/http://www.ikgu.com/tt/717
* A Guide to Korean Characters, 2nd Revised Edition, Bruce K. Grant, Hollym Publishing, Seoul, South Korea, 1982.
* Sources of Korean Tradition, Volume One, Peter H. Lee, Yongho Choe, Hugh H.W. Kang (Eds), Columbia University Press, 1996 (Reign Name Translations, p. 21).

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