New Kingdom of Granada

Short description: Colombia in the Spanish Empire

New Kingdom of Granada

Nuevo Reino de Granada
Nuevo Reyno de Granada

1550–1821

Arms of Santa Fe de Bogotá

The New Kingdom of Granada

Status|

* Realm of Castile (1550Template:Nbnd1715)
Realm of Spain (1715Template:Nbnd1821)

Capital| Santa Fe de Bogotá
Official languages| Spanish
Indigenous languages|

* Chibchan languages
* Arawakan languages
* Cariban languages
* Chocoan languages
* Barbacoan languages

Religion

| Catholicism
Government|

* Colonial Province
(1538–1550)
* Colonial Kingdom
(1550–1717)
* Colonial Viceroyalty
(1717–1723)
* Colonial Kingdom
(1723–1739)
* Colonial Viceroyalty
(1739–1810)

King|
Viceroy|
Legislature| Council of the Indies
Historical era| Spanish colonization of the Americas

• Established

| October 12 1550

• Viceroyalty established

| May 27, 1717

• Muisca conquest, finalization of the Spanish conquest of New Granada

| 1540

• Viceroyalty suppressed; kingdom autonomous again

| November 5, 1723

• Disestablished

| September 27 1821
Population

• 1650

| 750,000 (Inc. Popayán Province)[1]
Currency| Real

Preceded by | Succeeded by

|

|  | Muisca Confederation

|

| Pijao people
| Tairona
| Paez people
| Quimbaya
File:Flag of New Spain.svg | Province of Tierra Firme
| Providence Island colony
| Viceroyalty of New Granada | File:Flag of Spain (1785-1873 and 1875-1931).svg

|

Today part of| Colombia
Panama

Template:History of Colombia The New Kingdom of Granada (Spanish: Nuevo Reino de Granada), or Kingdom of New Granada, was the name given to a group of colonial-era Spanish ultramarine provinces in northern South America governed by the president of the Real Audiencia of Santa Fe, an area corresponding mainly to modern-day Colombia. The conquistadors originally organized it as a province with a Real Audiencia within the Viceroyalty of Peru and thus having a certain level of independence from it. The audiencia was established by the crown in 1549.[citation needed]

Later, the kingdom became the Viceroyalty of New Granada, first in 1717, and permanently in 1739. After several attempts to set up independent states in the 1810s, the kingdom and the viceroyalty ceased to exist altogether around 1819 with the establishment of the first Republic of Colombia.[2]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 European colonization
* 1.2 Regularization of the government
* 2 Demographics
* 3 List of governors
* 4 Real Audiencia
* 5 Presidents of the Real Audiencia of Bogotá
* 6 Administrative divisions
* 7 See also
* 8 Further reading
* 9 References
* 10 External links

## History

### European colonization

In 1514, the Spanish first permanently settled in the area. With Santa Marta (founded on July 29, 1525, by the Spanish conquistador Rodrigo de Bastidas) and Cartagena (1533), Spanish control of the coast was established, and the extension of colonial control into the interior could begin. Starting in 1536, the conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada explored the extensive highlands of the interior of the region by following the Magdalena River into the Andean cordillera. There his force defeated the powerful Muisca and founded the city of Santa Fe de Bogotá, naming the region El nuevo reino de Granada, "the new kingdom of Granada", in honor of the last part of Spain to be recaptured from the Moors, home to the brothers de Quesada. After Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada left for Spain in May 1539, the reign of the colony was transferred to his brother Hernán. De Quesada, however, lost control of the province when Emperor Charles V granted the right to rule over the area to rival conquistador Sebastián de Belalcázar in 1540, who had entered the region from what is today Ecuador, and named himself governor of Popayán.[3]

### Regularization of the government

Charles V ordered the establishment of an audiencia, a type of superior court that combined executive and judicial authority, at Santa Fe de Bogotá in 1549.

## Demographics

In 1650, the population of the New Kingdom of Granada (including the Province of Popayán) was estimated to be around 750,000, with Indians numbering 600,000 people, or 80% of the population.[4] This is far lower than the Pre-Columbian population in which the population was estimated at 6,000,000 people.[5]

## List of governors

Start  | End  | Governor

|
|

1538  | 1539  | Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
1539  | 1542  | Hernán Pérez de Quesada
1542  | 1544  | Alonso Luis Fernández de Lugo
1544  | 1545  | Lope Montalvo de Lugo
1545  | 1546  | Pedro de Ursúa
1546  | 1550  | Miguel Díez de Armendáriz
1551  | 1558  | Juan de Montaño

## Real Audiencia

The Real Audiencia was created by a royal decree of July 17, 1549. It was given authority over the provinces of Santa Marta, Río de San Juan, Popayán, Guayana and Cartagena de Indias. The Audiencia was charged primarily with dispensing justice, but it was also to oversee the running of government and the settlement of the territory. It held its first session on April 7, 1550, in a mansion on the Plaza Mayor (today, Plaza de Bolívar) at the site which today houses the Colombian Palace of Justice.[6]

Law VIII ("Royal Audiencia and Chancery of Santa Fe in the New Kingdom of Granada") of Title XV ("Of the Royal Audiencias and Chanceries of the Indies") of Book II of the Recopilación de Leyes de las Indias of 1680—which compiles the decrees of July 17, 1549; May 10, 1554; and August 1, 1572—describes the final limits and functions of the Audiencia.[7]

> In Santa Fé de Bogotá of the New Kingdom of Granada shall reside another Royal Audiencia and Chancery of ours, with a president, governor and captain general; five judges of civil cases [oidores], who shall also be judges of criminal cases [alcaldes del crimen]; a crown attorney [fiscal]; a bailiff [alguacil mayor]; a lieutenant of the Gran Chancellor; and the other necessary ministers and officials, and which will have for district the provinces of the New Kingdom and those of Santa Marta, Río de San Juan, and of Popayán, except those places of the latter which are marked for the Royal Audiencia of Quito; and of Guayana, or El Dorado, it shall have that which is not of the Audienicia of Hispaniola, and all of the Province of Cartagena; sharing borders: on the south with said Audiencia of Quito and the undiscovered lands, on the west and north with the North Sea and the provinces which belong to the Royal Audiencia of Hispaniola, on the west with the one of Tierra Firme. And we order that the Governor and Captain General of said provinces and president of their Royal Audiencia, have, use and exercise by himself the government of all the district of that Audiencia, in the same manner as our Viceroys of New Spain and appoint the repartimiento of Indians and other offices that need to be appointed, and attend to all the matters and business that belong to the government, and that the oidores of said Audiencia do not interfere with this, and that all sign what in matters of justice is provided for, sentenced and carried out.

One further change came as part of the Bourbon Reforms of the eighteenth century. Because of the slowness in communications between Lima and Bogotá, the Bourbons decided to establish an independent Viceroyalty of New Granada in 1717 (which was re-established in 1739 after a short interruption). The governor-president of Bogotá became the viceroy of the new entity, with military and executive oversight over the neighboring Presidency of Quito and the provinces of Venezuela.[8]

## Presidents of the Real Audiencia of Bogotá

(The president of the Royal Audiencia of Bogotá was also governor general of the New Kingdom of Granada.)

* Vacant between 1550 and 1564
* Andrés Díaz Venero de Leiva (1564–1574)
* Francisco Briceño (1574–1575)
* Lope Díez de Aux y Armendáriz (1578–1580)
* Francisco Guillén Chaparro
* Antonio González (1590–1597)
* Francisco de Sande (1597–1602)
* Juan Buenaventura de Borja y Armendia (1605–1628)
* Sancho Girón de Narváez (1630–1637)
* Martín de Saavedra Galindo de Guzmán (1637–1645)
* Juan Fernández de Córdoba y Coalla (1645–1652)
* Dionisio Pérez Manrique de Lara (1654–1659, 1660)
* Diego de Egües y Beaumont (1662–1664)
* Diego del Corro y Carrascal (1666–1667)
* Diego de Villalba y Toledo (1667–1671)
* Melchor Liñán y Cisneros (1671–1674)
* Francisco Castillo de la Concha (1679–1685)
* Gil de Cabrera y Dávalos (1686–1691, 1694–1703)
* Diego Córdoba Lasso de la Vega (1703–1710, 1711–1712)
* Francisco de Otero y Cossío (1710–1711)
* Francisco Meneses Bravo de Saravia (1712–1715)
* Francisco del Rincón (1717–1718)
* Antonio de la Pedrosa y Guerrero (1718–1719)
* Jorge de Villalonga (1719–1723), also Viceroy of New Granada
* Antonio Manso Maldonado (1724–1731)
* Rafael de Eslava (1733–1737)
* Antonio González Manrique (1738)
* Francisco González Manrique (1739–1740)

## Administrative divisions

The Kingdom of New Granada was made up of the various Spanish colonial provinces that were administered under the authority of the Real Audiencia of Santa Fe de Bogotá. Some of those provinces are listed in the following table:

Provinces within the Real Audiencia of New Granada in Santa Fe de Bogotá  Province  | Capital  | Part of New Granada  | Founder  | Founded in

|
|
|
|

From  | To
Province of Santa Marta  | Santa Marta  | 1550  | 1819  | Rodrigo de Bastidas  | 1525
Province of Cartagena de Indias  | Cartagena de Indias  | 1550  | 1810  | Pedro de Heredia  | 1533
Province of Popayán  | Popayán  | 1564  | 1717  | Sebastián de Belalcázar  | 1537
Province of Santa Fe de Bogotá  | Santa Fe de Bogotá  | 1550  | 1810  | Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada  | 1538
Province of Tunja  | Tunja  | 1550  | 1810  | Gonzalo Suárez Rendón  | 1539
Province of Antioquia  | Santa Fe de Antioquia  | 1550  | 1810  | Jorge Robledo  | 1541
Province of Guayana  | Angostura  | 1595  | 1717  | Antonio de Berrío  | 1595
Province of Chocó  | Citará  | 1648  | 1810  | Manuel Cañizales  | 1648

## See also

* Viceroyalty of New Granada
* Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada (founder)
* Viceroyalty of Peru
* Patria Boba
* United Provinces of New Granada
* Gran Colombia

## Further reading

* Avellaneda Navas, José Ignacio. The Conquerors of the New Kingdom of Granada. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995.
* Cobo Betancourt, Juan F. (2024). The Coming of the Kingdom: The Muisca, Catholic Reform, and Spanish Colonialism in the New Kingdom of Granada. Open access. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781009314053
* Cook, Karoline P. "Religious Identity, Race and Status in New Granada." Race and Blood in the Iberian World; 3 (2012): 81.
* Fisher, John R., Allan J. Keuthe, and Anthony McFarlane, eds. Reform and Insurrection in Bourbon New Granada and Peru. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1990. ISBN 978-0-8071-1654-8
* Francis, J. Michael. 2007. Invading Colombia: Accounts of the Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada Expedition of Conquest. University Park: Penn State University Press.
* Graff, Gary W. "Spanish Parishes in Colonial New Granada: Their Role in Town-Building on the Spanish-American Frontier." The Americas (1976): 336–351. [ in JSTOR]
* Grahn, Lance Raymond. The Political Economy of Smuggling: regional informal economies in early Bourbon New Granada. Boulder: Westview Press, 1997.
* Kuethe, Allan J. Military Reform and Society in New Granada, 1773–1808. Gainesville: University Presses of Florida, 1978. ISBN 978-0-8130-0570-6
* Markham, Clements. The Conquest of New Granada (1912) online
* McFarlane, Anthony. Colombia Before Independence: Economy, Society and Politics under Bourbon Rule. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. ISBN 978-0-521-41641-2
* Phelan, John Leddy. The People and the King: The Comunero Revolution in Colombia, 1781. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978. ISBN 978-0-299-07290-2
* Ramírez, Susan Elizabeth. "Institutions of the Spanish American Empire in the Habsburg Era." in A Companion to Latin American History (2008): 106–23.
* Rodríguez Freyle, Juan. The Conquest of New Granada. London: Folio Society, 1961.

## References

1. ↑ Rosenblat, 1954: 59
2. ↑ Avellaneda Navas; José Ignacio (1995). The conquerors of the New Kingdom of Granada. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
3. ↑ "The New Kingdom of Granada and Spanish Colonialism". https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com/f7ca9afb-82c2-002a-a423-84e111d5b498/9701e140-e39b-4f43-bec9-a24d57997d54/978-1-4780-3184-0_601.pdf?fm=webp&auto=format&lossless=true.
4. ↑ Rosenblat, 1954: 59
5. ↑ "Caída de la población indígena en Colombia, 1500-1630: tres escenarios". Banco de la República. https://www.banrep.gov.co/sites/default/files/paginas/lbr_colonial_graficos3.pdf.
6. ↑ "New Kingdom of Granada" (in en). https://history-maps.com/story/History-of-Colombia/event/New-Kingdom-of-Granada.
7. ↑ Spain (1680). Recopilación de las Leyes de Indias. Titulo Quince. De las Audiencias y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias. Madrid. Spanish-language facsimile of the original.
8. ↑ Kessler, P. L.. "American Colonies - New Granada" (in en). https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsAmericas/SouthColombia.htm.

## External links

* The Educated Vassal in the State of the New Kingdom of Granada, and His Respective Duties — written 1789.

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