Indigenous data governance

Data governance in the context of Indigenous data involves supporting the data interests, gaps and priorities of Indigenous peoples, in order to enable Indigenous self-determination.[1] Generally, data governance refers to who has ownership, control and access over the use of data. [1] Indigenous data governance requires the data to surround Indigenous peoples and its purpose to reflect Indigenous needs and priorities, rather than omitting Indigenous peoples in the production of Indigenous data.[2]

## Contents

* 1 Overview
* 1.1 Definition of Indigenous data
* 2 Indigenous data sovereignty
* 2.1 CARE principles
* 3 See also
* 4 References

## Overview

Indigenous data governance is key in enabling Indigenous self-determinism and rebuilding strong Indigenous nations.[editorializing] Oftentimes, Indigenous peoples do not have access to relevant Indigenous data. Currently[when?] in Canada, much information on Indigenous peoples are considered government data that fall under Crown copyright, limiting access to relevant data such as archeological sites that are of significance to Indigenous nations.[3] Thus, Indigenous data that lacks strong data governance often misrepresent Indigenous peoples, help inform policies that have discriminatory impacts on Indigenous peoples, and uphold colonial practices.[2]

### Definition of Indigenous data

Indigenous data can include knowledge and information on census, health and other administrative data about Indigenous peoples, information on the environment, non-humans and resources, and information on cultural heritage such as oral histories, clan knowledge and cultural sites.[4] Indigenous data be produced by Indigenous people, governments, other institutions, and corporations.[4] In terms of rebuilding Indigenous nations, Indigenous data can be useful for tribal governments when making decisions about their resources and communities.[5]

## Indigenous data sovereignty

Companies and states often have the power in deciding what kind of data is produced and for what purposes.[6] Data sovereignty in the context of Indigenous data is about ensuring that Indigenous people have a say in the data that is produced about them, how this data is shared and the purpose behind sharing the data.[6] Data sovereignty holds significance for Indigenous peoples, as marginalized groups of people, because it allows them to protect their land, cultural heritage and knowledge.[6]

Indigenous data sovereignty has received formal recognition from the United Nations through the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP). [7] UNDRIP was formed by the United Nations in 2007.[4] UNDRIP provides a universal framework of human rights standards that should be met in relation to Indigenous peoples, in addition to existing human rights standards.[8]

### CARE principles

An early framework that addressed the lack of Indigenous peoples authority in the production of Indigenous data was the First Nations principles of OCAP.[9] More recently, The CARE principles of Indigenous data governance have been created by the Global Indigenous Data Alliance (GIDA 2019) as a framework for open data initiatives in incorporating Indigenous data sovereignty.[7] The CARE principles are an extension of the FAIR principles of open data, which focus on increasing data sharing and data accessibility devoid of historical context and power dynamics.[10] In contrast to the FAIR principles of open data, the CARE principles are people and purpose oriented rather than data oriented, and are rooted in Indigenous world views.[7][10]

## See also

* FAIR data
* Open data

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kukutai, T. and Taylor, J. (eds), Indigenous Data Sovereignty: Towards An Agenda. Australian National University Press, Canberra, p. 154
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kitchin, Rob (2022). The data revolution : a critical analysis of big data, open data & data infrastructures (2nd ed.). Los Angeles, CA. pp. 92. ISBN 978-1-5297-3375-4. OCLC 1285687714. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1285687714.
3. ↑ Gupta, Neha; Blair, Sue; Nicholas, Ramona (2020-02-20). "What We See, What We Don't See: Data Governance, Archaeological Spatial Databases and the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in an Age of Big Data" (in en). Journal of Field Archaeology 45 (sup1): S39–S50. doi:10.1080/00934690.2020.1713969. ISSN 0093-4690.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Carroll, Stephanie Russo; Garba, Ibrahim; Figueroa-Rodríguez, Oscar L.; Holbrook, Jarita; Lovett, Raymond; Materechera, Simeon; Parsons, Mark; Raseroka, Kay et al. (2020-11-04). "The CARE Principles for Indigenous Data Governance" (in en). Data Science Journal 19: 43. doi:10.5334/dsj-2020-043. ISSN 1683-1470.
5. ↑ Carroll, Stephanie Russo; Rodriguez-Lonebear, Desi; Martinez, Andrew (2019-07-08). "Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations" (in en). Data Science Journal 18 (1): 31. doi:10.5334/dsj-2019-031. ISSN 1683-1470. PMID 34764990.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Kitchin, Rob (2022). The data revolution : a critical analysis of big data, open data & data infrastructures (2nd ed.). Los Angeles, CA. pp. 294. ISBN 978-1-5297-3375-4. OCLC 1285687714. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1285687714.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Kitchin, Rob (2022). The data revolution : a critical analysis of big data, open data & data infrastructures (2nd ed.). Los Angeles, CA. pp. 295. ISBN 978-1-5297-3375-4. OCLC 1285687714. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1285687714.
8. ↑ "United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples". https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/declaration-on-the-rights-of-indigenous-peoples.html.
9. ↑ Walter, Maggie; Suina, Michele (2019-05-04). "Indigenous data, indigenous methodologies and indigenous data sovereignty" (in en). International Journal of Social Research Methodology 22 (3): 233–243. doi:10.1080/13645579.2018.1531228. ISSN 1364-5579. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13645579.2018.1531228.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "CARE Principles of Indigenous Data Governance — Global Indigenous Data Alliance". 2021-08-27. https://www.gida-global.org/care.

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