Internal hard-drive defect management

Internal hard-drive defect management is a system present in hard drives for handling of bad sectors. The systems are generally proprietary and vary from manufacturer to manufacturer, but typically consist of a "P" (for "permanent" or "primary") list of bad sectors detected in the manufacturing stage and a "G" (for "growth") list of bad sectors that crop up after manufacturing.[1] Many disk/controller subsystems reserve storage to remap defective disk sectors. The drive automatically creates its initial remapping information and has the additional ability to dynamically remap "grown" defects.[2] Because the drive is remapping its own bad sectors, software may not detect growing numbers of bad sectors until later stages of gradual hard-disk failure (which in some cases may not be until after the warranty period has expired.)

## References

1. ↑ "Hard disk defect management Definition from PC Magazine Encyclopedia". https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,2542,t=hard+disk+defect+management&i=55545,00.asp.
2. ↑ "Method and controller for defect tracking in a redundant array - US Patent 5974544 Description". http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/5974544/description.html.

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