Kelvin (microarchitecture)

Short description: GPU microarchitecture by Nvidia

Nvidia KelvinRelease date| 2001-2003 2001

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Architecture| Kelvin
Fabrication process| 150 nm
API support
Direct3D| 8.0
OpenGL| 1.2 (1.5)
History
Predecessor| Celsius
Successor| Rankine
Photo of Baron Kelvin, eponym of architecture

Kelvin is the codename for a GPU microarchitecture developed by Nvidia, and released in 2001, as the successor to Celsius[1] microarchitecture. It was named with reference to William Thomson (Baron Kelvin) and used with the GeForce 4 and 3 series.

## Contents

* 1 Graphics features
* 2 Chips
* 2.1 GeForce 3 (3xxx) series
* 2.2 GeForce 4 (4xxx) series
* 3 GPU list
* 3.1 GeForce 3 (3xxx) series
* 3.2 GeForce 4 (4xxx) series
* 4 See also
* 5 References

## Graphics features

* DirectX 8.0
* OpenGL 1.2 (1.5)[2][3]
* Shader Model 1.3
* Vertex Shader 1.1
* Max VRAM size bumped to 128MB
* New memory controller with Z compression[2]

## Chips

### GeForce 3 (3xxx) series

* NV20, 57 million transistor

### GeForce 4 (4xxx) series

* NV2A (Xbox GPU), 57 million transistor[4]
* NV25, 63 million transistor
* NV28, 36 million transistor[5]
* NV17
* NV18

## GPU list

### GeForce 3 (3xxx) series

Model  | Launch  | Code name | Fab (nm)  | Bus interface  | Core clock (MHz)  | Memory clock (MHz)  | Core config1 | Fillrate | Memory

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MOperations/s  | MPixels/s  | MTexels/s  | MVertices/s  | Size (MB)  | Bandwidth (GB/s)  | Bus type  | Bus width (bit)
GeForce3 Ti200  | October 1, 2001  | NV20  | TSMC 150 nm  | AGP 4×

PCI

| 175  | 200  | 4:1:8:4  | 700  | 700  | 1400  | 42.75  | 64

128

| 6.4  | DDR  | 128
GeForce3  | February 27, 2001  | 200  | 230  | 800  | 800  | 1600  | 50  | 64  | 7.36
GeForce3 Ti500  | October 1, 2001  | 240  | 250  | 960  | 960  | 1920  | 60  | 64

128

| 8

### GeForce 4 (4xxx) series

Model  | Launch  | Code name | Fab (nm)  | Bus interface  | Core clock (MHz)  | Memory clock (MHz)  | Core config1 | Fillrate | Memory  | Supported API version

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MOperations/s  | MPixels/s  | MTexels/s  | MVertices/s  | Size (MB)  | Bandwidth (GB/s)  | Bus type  | Bus width (bit)  | Direct3D | OpenGL
GeForce4 MX IGP + nForce2  | October 1, 2002  | NV1F  | TSMC 150 nm  | FSB  | 250  | 133  | 2:0:4:2  | 500  | 500  | 1000  | 0  | Up to 128 system RAM  | 2.128  | DDR  | 64

128

| 7.0  | 1.2
GeForce4 MX420  | February 6, 2002  | NV17  | AGP 4×

PCI

| 166  | 64  | 2.656  | SDR

DDR

| 128 (SDR)

64 (DDR)

GeForce4 MX440 SE  | 2002  | 64

128

| 5.312  | DDR  | 128
GeForce MX4000  | December 14, 2003  | NV18B  | AGP 8×

PCI

| 2.656  | 64
GeForce PCX4300  | February 19, 2004  | PCIe ×16  | 128
GeForce4 MX440  | February 6, 2002  | NV17  | AGP 4×

PCI

| 275  | 200  | 550  | 550  | 1100  | 64

128

| 6.4  | 128
GeForce4 MX440 8x  | September 25, 2002  | NV18  | AGP 8×

PCI

| 250  | 8
GeForce4 MX460  | February 6, 2002  | NV17  | AGP 4×

PCI

| 300  | 275  | 600  | 600  | 1200
GeForce4 Ti4200  | April 16, 2002  | NV25  | AGP 4×  | 250  | 222 (128 MB)

250 (64 MB)

| 4:2:8:4  | 1000  | 1000  | 2000  | 125  | 7.104 (128 MB)

8 (64 MB)

| 8.0a  | 1.3
GeForce4 Ti4200 8x  | September 25, 2002  | NV28  | AGP 8×  | 250  | 128  | 8
GeForce4 Ti4400  | February 6, 2002  | NV25  | AGP 4×  | 275  | 275  | 1100  | 1100  | 2200  | 137.5  | 8.8
GeForce4 Ti4400 8x

(Ti4800SE2)

| January 20, 2003  | NV28  | AGP 8×
GeForce4 Ti4600  | February 6, 2002  | NV25  | AGP 4×  | 300  | 325  | 1200  | 1200  | 2400  | 150  | 10.4
GeForce4 Ti4600 8x

(Ti48003)

| January 20, 2003  | NV28  | AGP 8×
Model  | Launch  | Code name | Fab (nm)  | Bus interface  | Core clock (MHz)  | Memory clock (MHz)  | Core config1 | Fillrate | Memory  | Supported API version
MOperations/s  | MPixels/s  | MTexels/s  | MVertices/s  | Size (MB)  | Bandwidth (GB/s)  | Bus type  | Bus width (bit)  | Direct3D | OpenGL
Model  | Features

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nFiniteFX II Engine  | Video Processing Engine (VPE)
GeForce4 MX420  | No  | Yes
GeForce4 MX440 SE  | No  | Yes
GeForce4 MX4000  | No  | Yes
GeForce4 PCX4300  | No  | Yes
GeForce4 MX440  | No  | Yes
GeForce4 MX440 8X  | No  | Yes
GeForce4 MX460  | No  | Yes
GeForce4 Ti4200  | Yes  | No
GeForce4 Ti4200 8x  | Yes  | No
GeForce4 Ti4400  | Yes  | No
GeForce4 Ti4400 8x  | Yes  | No
GeForce4 Ti4600  | Yes  | No
GeForce4 Ti4600 8x  | Yes  | No

## See also

* List of eponyms of Nvidia GPU microarchitectures
* List of Nvidia graphics processing units
* Scalable Link Interface (SLI)
* Qualcomm Adreno

## References

1. ↑ "CodeNames". https://nouveau.freedesktop.org/CodeNames.html.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "GPU chips — envytools git documentation". https://envytools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/hw/gpu.html.
3. ↑ "TechPowerUp" (in en). https://www.techpowerup.com/gpu-specs/?architecture=Kelvin&sort=generation.
4. ↑ "NVIDIA Xbox GPU Specs" (in en). https://www.techpowerup.com/gpu-specs/xbox-gpu.c1866.
5. ↑ "NVIDIA GeForce4 Ti 4800 Specs" (in en). https://www.techpowerup.com/gpu-specs/geforce4-ti-4800.c2139.

* v
* t
* e

Nvidia

GeForce (List of GPUs)

| Fixed pixel pipeline|

| Pre-GeForce|

* NV1
* NV2

* RIVA 128
* RIVA TNT
* TNT2

|

* GeForce 256
* 2
* 4 MX

Vertex and pixel shaders|

* GeForce 3
* 4 Ti
* FX
* 6
* 7

Unified shaders|

* GeForce 8
* 9
* 100
* 200
* 300
* 400
* 500

Unified shaders & NUMA|

* GeForce 600
* 700
* 800M
* 900
* 10
* 16

Ray tracing|

* GeForce 20

Software and technologies

| Multimedia
acceleration|

* NVENC (video encoding)
* PureVideo (video decoding)

|

Software|

* Cg (shading language)
* CUDA
* Gelato (offline renderer)
* Nvidia GameWorks
* OptiX (ray tracing API)
* PhysX (physics SDK)
* Nvidia RTX (ray tracing platform)
* Nvidia System Tools
* VDPAU (video decode API)

Technologies|

* Nvidia 3D Vision (stereo 3D)
* Nvidia G-Sync (variable refresh rate)
* Nvidia Optimus (GPU switching)
* Nvidia Surround (multi-monitor)
* NVLink (protocol)
* Scalable Link Interface (multi-GPU)
* TurboCache (framebuffer in system memory)

GPU microarchitectures|

* Tesla
* Fermi
* Kepler
* Maxwell
* Pascal
* Volta
* Turing
* Ampere
* Hopper

Other products

| Graphics processing|

* Nvidia Quadro
* Quadro Plex

|

GPGPU|

* Nvidia Tesla
* DGX

Console components|

* NV2A (Xbox)
* RSX 'Reality Synthesizer' (PlayStation 3)
* Tegra NX-SoC (Nintendo Switch)

Nvidia Shield|

* Shield Portable
* Shield Tablet
* Shield Android TV
* GeForce Now

SoCs and embedded|

* GoForce
* Drive
* Jetson
* Tegra

CPUs|

* Project Denver

Computer chipsets|

* nForce

Company

| Key people|

* Jen-Hsun Huang
* Chris Malachowsky
* Curtis Priem
* David Kirk
* Bill Dally
* Debora Shoquist
* Ranga Jayaraman
* Jonah M. Alben

|

Acquisitions|

* 3dfx Interactive
* Ageia
* ULi
* Icera
* Mental Images
* PortalPlayer
* Exluna
* MediaQ
* Stexar

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