Klein geometry

Short description: Type of geometry

In mathematics, a Klein geometry is a type of geometry motivated by Felix Klein in his influential Erlangen program. More specifically, it is a homogeneous space X together with a transitive action on X by a Lie group G, which acts as the symmetry group of the geometry.

For background and motivation see the article on the Erlangen program.

## Contents

* 1 Formal definition
* 2 Bundle description
* 3 Types of Klein geometries
* 3.1 Effective geometries
* 3.2 Geometrically oriented geometries
* 3.3 Reductive geometries
* 4 Examples
* 5 References

## Formal definition

A Klein geometry is a pair (G, H) where G is a Lie group and H is a closed Lie subgroup of G such that the (left) coset space G/H is connected. The group G is called the principal group of the geometry and G/H is called the space of the geometry (or, by an abuse of terminology, simply the Klein geometry). The space X = G/H of a Klein geometry is a smooth manifold of dimension

dim X = dim G − dim H.

There is a natural smooth left action of G on X given by

g⋅(aH)=(ga)H.

Clearly, this action is transitive (take a = 1), so that one may then regard X as a homogeneous space for the action of G. The stabilizer of the identity coset H ∈ X is precisely the group H.

Given any connected smooth manifold X and a smooth transitive action by a Lie group G on X, we can construct an associated Klein geometry (G, H) by fixing a basepoint x0 in X and letting H be the stabilizer subgroup of x0 in G. The group H is necessarily a closed subgroup of G and X is naturally diffeomorphic to G/H.

Two Klein geometries (G1, H1) and (G2, H2) are geometrically isomorphic if there is a Lie group isomorphism φ : G1 → G2 so that φ(H1) = H2. In particular, if φ is conjugation by an element g ∈ G, we see that (G, H) and (G, gHg−1) are isomorphic. The Klein geometry associated to a homogeneous space X is then unique up to isomorphism (i.e. it is independent of the chosen basepoint x0).

## Bundle description

Given a Lie group G and closed subgroup H, there is natural right action of H on G given by right multiplication. This action is both free and proper. The orbits are simply the left cosets of H in G. One concludes that G has the structure of a smooth principal H-bundle over the left coset space G/H:

H->G->G/H.

## Types of Klein geometries

### Effective geometries

The action of G on X = G/H need not be effective. The kernel of a Klein geometry is defined to be the kernel of the action of G on X. It is given by

K={k∈G:g−1kg∈H∀g∈G}.

The kernel K may also be described as the core of H in G (i.e. the largest subgroup of H that is normal in G). It is the group generated by all the normal subgroups of G that lie in H.

A Klein geometry is said to be effective if K = 1 and locally effective if K is discrete. If (G, H) is a Klein geometry with kernel K, then (G/K, H/K) is an effective Klein geometry canonically associated to (G, H).

### Geometrically oriented geometries

A Klein geometry (G, H) is geometrically oriented if G is connected. (This does not imply that G/H is an oriented manifold). If H is connected it follows that G is also connected (this is because G/H is assumed to be connected, and G → G/H is a fibration).

Given any Klein geometry (G, H), there is a geometrically oriented geometry canonically associated to (G, H) with the same base space G/H. This is the geometry (G0, G0 ∩ H) where G0 is the identity component of G. Note that G = G0 H.

### Reductive geometries

A Klein geometry (G, H) is said to be reductive and G/H a reductive homogeneous space if the Lie algebra 𝔥 of H has an H-invariant complement in 𝔤.

## Examples

In the following table, there is a description of the classical geometries, modeled as Klein geometries.

| Underlying space | Transformation group G | Subgroup H | Invariants

|
|
|
|

Projective geometry | Real projective space ℝPn | Projective group PGL(n+1) | A subgroup P fixing a flag {0}⊂V1⊂Vn | Projective lines, cross-ratio
Conformal geometry on the sphere | Sphere Sn | Lorentz group of an (n+2)-dimensional space O(n+1,1) | A subgroup P fixing a line in the null cone of the Minkowski metric | Generalized circles, angles
Hyperbolic geometry | Hyperbolic space H(n), modelled e.g. as time-like lines in the Minkowski space ℝ1,n | Orthochronous Lorentz group O(1,n)/O(1) | O(1)×O(n) | Lines, circles, distances, angles
Elliptic geometry | Elliptic space, modelled e.g. as the lines through the origin in Euclidean space ℝn+1 | O(n+1)/O(1) | O(n)/O(1) | Lines, circles, distances, angles
Spherical geometry | Sphere Sn | Orthogonal group O(n+1) | Orthogonal group O(n) | Lines (great circles), circles, distances of points, angles
Affine geometry | Affine space A(n)≃ℝn | Affine group Aff(n)≃ℝn⋊GL(n) | General linear group GL(n) | Lines, quotient of surface areas of geometric shapes, center of mass of triangles
Euclidean geometry | Euclidean space E(n) | Euclidean group Euc(n)≃ℝn⋊O(n) | Orthogonal group O(n) | Distances of points, angles of vectors, areas

## References

* R. W. Sharpe (1997). Differential Geometry: Cartan's Generalization of Klein's Erlangen Program. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-94732-9.

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