Leiden scale

The Leiden scale (°L) was used to calibrate low-temperature indirect measurements in the early twentieth century, by providing conventional values (in kelvins, then termed "degrees Kelvin") of helium vapour pressure. It was used below −183 °C, the starting point of the International Temperature Scale in the 1930s (Awbery 1934).

## References

*   * Berman, A.; Zemansky, M. W.; and Boorse, H. A.; Normal and Superconducting Heat Capacities of Lanthanum, Physical Review, Vol. 109, No. 1 (January 1958), pp. 70–76. Quote:

"The 1955 Leiden scale13 was used to convert helium vapor pressures into temperatures [...] (13) H. van Dijk and M. Durieux, in Progress in Low Temperature Physics II, edited by C. J. Gorter (North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1957), p. 461\. In the region of calibration the 1955 Leiden scale, TL55, differs from the Clement scale, T55E, by less than 0.004 deg." (emphasis added)

* Grebenkemper, C. J.; and Hagen, John P.; The Dielectric Constant of Liquid Helium, Physical Review, Vol. 80, No. 1 (October 1950), pp. 89–89. Quote:

"The temperature scale used was the 1937 Leiden scale." (emphasis added)

* Awbery, J. H.; Heat[yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}], Rep. Prog. Phys. 1934, No. 1, pp. 161–197 doi:10.1088/0034-4885/1/1/308. Quote:

"It should be mentioned that below −183 °C, the Leiden workers do not entirely agree with some of the other cryogenic laboratories, but use a scale of their own, generally known as the Leiden scale." (emphasis added)

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Scales of temperature

* Celsius
* Delisle
* Fahrenheit
* Gas Mark
* Kelvin
* Leiden
* Newton
* Planck
* Rankine
* Réaumur
* Rømer
* Wedgwood

Conversion formulas and comparison

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