List of blockchains

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This is a list of blockchains - decentralized, cryptographic databases - and other distributed ledgers.

## Contents

* 1 List
* 2 See also
* 3 References
* 3.1 General refs

## List

Name  | Date created  | Created by  | Native cryptocurrency  | Consensus algorithm  | Programmable?  | Private?[Note 1] | Permissioned?[Note 1] | Finality  | Ledger state  | Notes  | Refs.

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Bitcoin | January 3, 2009  | Satoshi Nakamoto  |

BTC

| PoW with Nakamoto Consensus  | Yes (scripts)  | No  | No  | Probabilistic  | UTXO | First and most well-known blockchain of all; BTC is the most valuable token in terms of market share.  | [1][2]
Litecoin | Oct 8, 2011  | Charlie Lee  | LTC  | PoW | Yes (scripts)  | Yes  |  |  |  |  | [1][3]
Peercoin | Aug 19, 2012  |  | PPC  | PoW | Yes (scripts)  | No  |  |  |  |  | [1][4]
Primecoin | Jul 7, 2013  | Sunny King  | XPM  | PoW |  |  |  |  |  | Work is finding long Cunningham chains of prime numbers  |
MazaCoin | 2014?  | Payu Harris, AnonymousPirate[5] | MAZA  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Initially created for the Oglala Lakota Tribe,[5] but never quite used for that purpose  |
Namecoin | ?  |  | NMC  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Allows users to register names; precursor to NFTs  |
Ethereum | Jul 30, 2015  | Ethereum Foundation

(founded by Vitalik Buterin and others)

ETH

| ETH 1.0 - PoW with Nakamoto consensus, ETH 2.0 - PoS with supermajority  | Yes  | No  | No  | ETH 1.0 Probabilistic, ETH 2.0 Economic  | Account-balance  | ETH is the second most valuable token in terms of market share; switched to PoS (the "merge") on September 15, 2022; progenitor of Ethereum Classic  | [1][6]
Arbitrum  | ?  | Offchain Labs  | ETH  | Optimistic rollup  | Yes  |  |  |  |  | EVM-compatible Layer-2 on Ethereum  | [7]
Base  | June 15, 2023  | Coinbase | ETH  | Optimistic rollup  | Yes  |  |  |  |  | EVM-compatible Layer-2 on Ethereum  | [8]
Optimism  | ?  | Optimism PBC  | ETH  | Optimistic rollup  | Yes  |  |  |  |  | EVM-compatible Layer-2 on Ethereum  | [7][8]
StarkNet  | ?  | StarkWare | STRK  | ZK-rollup  | Yes  |  |  |  |  | Layer-2 on Ethereum  | [9]
Ethereum Classic | Jul 20, 2016  |  | ETC  | PoW | Yes  | No  | No  |  |  | Split from Ethereum due to The DAO hack earlier that month  | [1]
Bitcoin Cash | Aug 1, 2017  |  | BCH  | PoW |  |  |  |  | [10] | split from Bitcoin  |
Cardano | Sep 27, 2017  | Charles Hoskinson and Jeremy Wood  | ADA  | DPoS | Yes  | No  | No  | Probabilistic  | UTXO |  | [1][11][12]
TRON | Jun 24, 2018  |  | TRON  | DPoS | Yes  | No  |  |  |  |  | [1][13]
Tezos | Jun 30, 2018  | Arthur and Kathleen Breitman  | XTZ  | PoS | Yes  | No  |  |  |  |  | [1][14]
Bitcoin SV  | Nov 2018  |  | BSV  | PoW | Yes (scripts)  | No  |  |  |  | split from Bitcoin Cash, itself split from Bitcoin  | [1]
Lightning Network[relevant? - discuss] | 2018  |  | n/a | ?  |  |  |  |  |  | Layer-2 on Bitcoin  |
Algorand | Jun 10, 2019  | Silvio Micali and others  | ALGO  | PoS | Yes  | No  | No  | Immediate  |  | Uses a verifiable random function to choose random validators for consensus  | [15]
$PC  | Sep 16, 2019  |  | $PC  | PoS | Yes (scripts)  | No  | No  |  |  | $PC future well-known blockchain  | [16]
Solana | March 16, 2020  | Anatoly Yakovenko and Raj Gokal  | SOL  | PoS with Proof of History (PoH)  | Yes  | No  | No  | Immediate  | Account-balance  |  | [17]
Oasis  | June 18, 2020  | Oasis Labs, Oasis Protocol Foundation | ROSE  | PoS | Yes (in ParaTimes)  | No  | No  | Immediate  | Account-balance  | ParaTimes can use TEE for confidential computing | [18][19]
Polkadot | May 26, 2020  | Parity Technologies | DOT  | Started with PoA then moved to PoS | Yes (in parachains)  | No  | No  | Hybrid | Account-balance  |  | [20][21]
Avalanche | September 10, 2020  | Emin Gün Sirer, Maofan "Ted" Yin and Kevin Sekniqi  | AVAX  | PoS | Yes (in C-Chain)  | No  | No  | Immediate  | UTXO |  | [22]
MobileCoin | Dec 6, 2020  | MobileCoin Inc. (founded by Josh Goldbard and Shane Glynn)  | MOB  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Internet Computer  | ?  | DFINITY Foundation (founded by Dominic WIlliams)  | ICP  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Computation is very cheap; can host websites  |
DESO | Jan 18, 2021  | Nader al-Naji (aka diamondhands) and others  | DESO (formerly BTCLT, CLOUT)  |  |  |  |  |  |  | social media; flagship app BitClout; name acquired in Sep 2021  | [23]
Terra Classic | ?  | Do Kwon and others  | LUNC (formerly LUNA), UST  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Formerly Terra until May 2022; ecosystem collapsed in May 2022 (UST depegged to near-zero and LUNA also went to near-zero)  |
Terra 2.0  | May 28, 2022  |  | LUNA  |  |  |  |  |  |  | New blockchain created following the collapse of Terra.  | [24]
Stellar | Apr 6, 2016  |  | XLM  | BFT  | ?  | ?  | Yes  | ?  |  |  | [4]
EOS.IO | Jul 1, 2017  | ?  | EOS  | DPoS | Yes  | No  | ?  | ?  |  |  | [4]
LBRY | ?  |  | LBC  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ripple | June 2012  | Ripple Labs | XRP  | BFT | No  | No  | No  | Immediate  | Account-balance  | Blockchain is known as XRP Ledger. Smart contract capabilities are being added.  | [25][26][27]
Stacks | ?  |  | STX  |  |  |  |  |  |
Vertcoin | Jan 8, 2014  |  | VTC  |  |  |  |  |  |
Hedera Hashgraph  | ?  |  | HBAR  |  | Yes  | No  | Yes  |  | Account-balance  | Uses a directed acyclic graph instead of a chain per se |
Zcash | Oct 28, 2016[4] |  | ZEC  | PoW |  | Yes  |  |  |  | uses zero-knowledge proofs for privacy  |
Monero | Apr 18, 2014  |  | XMR  | PoW | No  | Yes  |  |  |  |  | [1][4]
Bitcoin Gold |  |  | BTG  | PoW | Yes (scripts)  | No  |  |  |  |  | [1]
Dogecoin |  |  | DOGE  | PoW | No  | No  |  |  |  |  | [1]
R3 Corda  | ?  | R3  | N/A  | PoA (by notaries)  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Immediate  | UTXO |  |
Polygon | ?  | ?  | MATIC  | PoS | Yes  | No  | No  | Immediate  | Account-balance  | network anchored to Ethereum | [8]
BNB Smart Chain (formerly Binance Smart Chain)  | ?  | Binance | BNB  | PoS and PoA | Yes  | No  | Yes  | Immediate  | ?  | Binance Smart Chain is now merged with Binance chain and called BNB Smart Chain. Validators on BNB chain are chosen by BNB Beacon chain validators who are permissioned. Hence, BNB chain is considered permissioned.  | [28]
Quorum  | Nov 22, 2016  | ?  | Ether  | PoA with supermajority voting  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Immediate  | Account-balance  | Enterprise version of Ethereum  | [29]
IOTA | Jul 11, 2016  | IOTA Foundation  | MIOTA  | PoW/TaPoW[clarification needed] | No  | No  | Yes  | Immediate  | UTXO | Smart contract capabilities are being added.  | [1][30][31]
Nano | October 4, 2015  | Colin LeMahieu  | XNO  | Open Representative Voting  | No  | No  | No  | Instant (less than1 second) with deterministic finality  | Account-balance  |  |
NEAR  | 24 Sep, 2020  | NEAR Foundation  | NEAR  | Started with PoA then moved to PoS | Yes  | No  | No  | Finality  | Account-balance  |  | [32]
Aptos  | Oct 12, 2022  | Aptos Labs  | APT  | BFT | Yes  | No  | No  | Finality?  | Ledger state?  |  | [33]
Berachain  |  | Berachain Foundation  |  | Proof of Liquidity  |  |  |  |  |  | [34] |

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Defined as per ISO 22739:2020 - Blockchain and distributed ledger technologies standard (see https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:22739:ed-1:v1:en):

* Public - blockchain/DLT system which is accessible to the public for use.
* Private - blockchain/DLT that is accessible for use only to a limited group of DLT users.
* Permissioned - requiring authorization to perform a particular activity or activities.
* Permissionless - not requiring authorization to perform any particular activity.

## See also

* Category:Blockchains
* List of cryptocurrencies

## References

1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 "List of blockchains by consensus, smart contracts and privacy" (in en-GB). 2020-12-27. https://dlt-repo.net/list-of-blockchains-by-consensus-smart-contracts-and-privacy/.
2. ↑ "Block: 0 | Blockchain Explorer" (in en). https://www.blockchain.com/explorer.
3. ↑ "Litecoin (LTC) Block: #1". https://litecoinblockexplorer.net/block/1.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Bamakana, S.M. Hosseini; Motavalia, Amirhossein; Bondarti, A. Babaei (2020-04-13). "A survey of blockchain consensus algorithms performance evaluation criteria". Expert Systems with Applications 154. doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2020.113385.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Consunji, Bianca (2014-09-18). "One Man's Lonely Quest to Build 'Bitcoin for Native Americans'" (in en). https://mashable.com/archive/mazacoin-bitcoin-native-americans.
6. ↑ "On Settlement Finality". https://blog.ethereum.org/2016/05/09/on-settlement-finality.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Coll Aumatell, Roger (July 7, 2021). Analysis and Development of Blockchain Rollups (Master's Thesis). Barcelona, Spain: Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "USDC to be available on 15 blockchains after adding 6—including Base, Optimism, and Polygon PoS—over next 2 months". Fortune. https://fortune.com/crypto/2023/08/23/usdc-base-cosmos-near-optimism-polkadot-polygon-pos-circle/.
9. ↑ Meir Orbach (10 March 2022). "StarkWare set to hit $6 billion valuation in new funding round". ctech. https://www.calcalistech.com/ctechnews/article/rjm00s7wbq.
10. ↑ Larson, Selena (2017-08-01). "Bitcoin split in two, here's what that means". https://money.cnn.com/2017/08/01/technology/business/bitcoin-cash-new-currency/index.html.
11. ↑ "CardanoGenesisBlock NFT". https://cardanogenesisblock.com/.
12. ↑ "Epoch | Cardano Explorer". https://explorer.cardano.org/en/epoch.html?number=0.
13. ↑ "TRONSCAN | TRON BlockChain Explorer | 波场区块链浏览器" (in en). https://tronscan.org/.
14. ↑ "Tezos Genesis Block" (in en). https://www.objkt.com/.
15. ↑ "Algorand Block #". https://algoexplorer.io/block/0.
16. ↑ "Explorer | $PC". https://lowgas.io/.
17. ↑ "Explorer | Solana". https://explorer.solana.com/epoch/0.
18. ↑ OasisProtocol [@OasisProtocol] (2020-06-18). "🚀🚀🚀 The #AmberNetwork, a fully decentralized release candidate for Oasis Mainnet is LIVE! And it took less than 10 minutes to launch!". https://twitter.com/OasisProtocol/status/1273655314198302720.
19. ↑ "OASIS SCAN | Oasis Blockchain Explorer" (in en). https://www.oasisscan.com/blocks/1.
20. ↑ Polkadot [@polkadot] (2021-05-26). "The network's genesis block was produced 1 year ago today.". https://twitter.com/polkadot/status/1397554587255648263.
21. ↑ "Polkadot / Block / 1" (in en). https://blockchair.com/polkadot/block/1.
22. ↑ "P Chain | Block details \ AVAX Explorer \ AVASCAN" (in en). https://avascan.info/blockchain/p/block/1.
23. ↑ "Bitclout blockchain explorer | Cloutangel". https://explorer.cloutangel.com/block/0.
24. ↑ Terra 🌍 Powered by LUNA 🌕 [@terra_money]. "1/ Block 1 of the brand new Terra blockchain (with a chain_id of "Phoenix-1") has officially been produced at 06:00 AM UTC on May 28th, 2022!". https://twitter.com/terra_money/status/1530432065585528834. Missing or empty `|date=` (help)
25. ↑ "Consensus". https://xrpl.org/consensus.html.
26. ↑ "Consensus Protections Against Attacks and Failure Modes". https://xrpl.org/consensus-protections.html.
27. ↑ "XRPL's Origin". https://xrpl.org/history.html.
28. ↑ "Consensus Engine". https://docs.bnbchain.org/docs/learn/consensus/.
29. ↑ "Configure QBFT consensus". https://consensys.net/docs/goquorum/en/latest/configure-and-manage/configure/consensus-protocols/qbft/.
30. ↑ "The Coordinator". September 27, 2022. https://wiki.iota.org/learn/about-iota/coordinator/.
31. ↑ @iota. "Launch date of IOTA is set to July 11". https://twitter.com/iota/status/746459243189002242. Missing or empty `|date=` (help)
32. ↑ "NEAR MainNet is now Community-Operated". September 24, 2020. https://near.org/blog/near-mainnet-is-now-community-operated/.
33. ↑ "Aptos Tokenomics Overview". https://aptosfoundation.org/currents/aptos-tokenomics-overview.
34. ↑ "Berachain Core Docs" (in en-US). https://docs.berachain.com/.

### General refs

* https://arxiv.org/pdf/1708.05665.pdf

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