List of conversion factors

This article gives a list of conversion factors for several physical quantities. A number of different units (some only of historical interest) are shown and expressed in terms of the corresponding SI unit. Conversions between units in the metric system are defined by their prefixes (for example, 1 kilogram = 1000 grams, 1 milligram = 0.001 grams) and are thus not listed in this article. Exceptions are made if the unit is commonly known by another name (for example, 1 micron = 10−6 metre). Within each table, the units are listed alphabetically, and the SI units (base or derived) are highlighted.

The following quantities are considered: length, area, volume, plane angle, solid angle, mass, density, time, frequency, velocity, volumetric flow rate, acceleration, force, pressure (or mechanical stress), torque (or moment of force), energy, power (or heat flow rate), action, dynamic viscosity, kinematic viscosity, electric current, electric charge, electric dipole, electromotive force (or electric potential difference), electrical resistance, capacitance, magnetic flux, magnetic flux density, inductance, temperature, information entropy, luminous intensity, luminance, luminous flux, illuminance, radiation.

Legend  Symbol  | Definition

|

≡  | exactly equal
≈  | approximately equal to
≘  | (exactly) corresponds to (different types of quantity describing the same phenomenon)
digits | indicates that digits repeat infinitely (e.g. 8.294369 corresponds to 8.294369369369369...)
(H)  | of chiefly historical interest

## Contents

* 1 Length
* 2 Area
* 3 Volume
* 4 Plane angle
* 5 Solid angle
* 6 Mass
* 7 Density
* 8 Time
* 9 Frequency
* 10 Speed or velocity
* 11 Flow (volume)
* 12 Acceleration
* 13 Force
* 14 Pressure or mechanical stress
* 15 Torque or moment of force
* 16 Energy
* 17 Power or heat flow rate
* 18 Action
* 19 Dynamic viscosity
* 20 Kinematic viscosity
* 21 Electric current
* 22 Electric charge
* 23 Electric dipole
* 24 Electromotive force, electric potential difference
* 25 Electrical resistance
* 26 Capacitance
* 27 Magnetic flux
* 28 Magnetic flux density
* 29 Inductance
* 30 Temperature
* 31 Information entropy
* 32 Luminous intensity
* 33 Luminance
* 34 Luminous flux
* 35 Illuminance
* 36 Radiation
* 36.1 Radiation – source activity
* 36.2 Radiation – exposure
* 36.3 Radiation – absorbed dose
* 36.4 Radiation – equivalent dose
* 37 Notes
* 38 References

## Length

Length Name of unit  | Symbol  | Definition  | Relation to SI units

|
|
|

ångström | Å  | ≡ 1×10−10 m | ≡ 0.1 nm
astronomical unit | au  | ≡ 149597870700 m
≈ Distance from Earth to Sun  | ≡ 149597870700 m [1]
attometre | am  | ≡ 1×10−18 m | ≡ 1×10−18 m
barleycorn (H) |  | = ​1⁄3 in (see note above about rounding)  | = 8.46×10−3 m
bohr, atomic unit of length | a0 | = Bohr radius of hydrogen  | ≈ 5.2917721092(17)×10−11 m[2]
cable length (imperial) |  | ≡ 608 ft | ≈ 185.3184 m
cable length (International) |  | ≡ ​1⁄10 nmi | ≡ 185.2 m
cable length (US) |  | ≡ 720 ft | = 219.456 m
chain (Gunter's; Surveyor's) | ch  | ≡ 66 ft (US) ≡ 4 rods[3] | ≈ 20.11684 m
cubit (H) |  | ≡ Distance from fingers to elbow ≈ 18 in  | ≈ 0.5 m
ell (H) | ell  | ≡ 45 in [4] (In England usually)  | = 1.143 m
fathom | ftm  | ≡ 6 ft [4] | = 1.8288 m
femtometre | fm  | ≡ 1×10−15 m | ≡ 1×10−15 m
fermi | fm  | ≡ 1×10−15 m[4] | ≡ 1×10−15 m
finger |  | ≡ ​7⁄8 in  | = 0.022225 m
finger (cloth) |  | ≡ ​4 1⁄2 in  | = 0.1143 m
foot (Benoît) (H) | ft (Ben)  |  | ≈ 0.304799735 m
foot (Cape) (H) |  | Legally defined as 1.033 English feet in 1859  | ≈ 0.314858 m
foot (Clarke's) (H) | ft (Cla)  |  | ≈ 0.3047972654 m
foot (Indian) (H) | ft Ind  |  | ≈ 0.304799514 m
foot, metric | mf  | ≡ 300 mm  | ≡ 0.3 m
foot, metric (Mesures usuelles) (H)  |  | ≡ ​1⁄3 m  | ≡ 0.3 m
foot (International) | ft  | ≡ 0.3048 m ≡ ​1⁄3 yd ≡ 12 inches  | ≡ 0.3048 m
foot (Sear's) (H) | ft (Sear)  |  | ≈ 0.30479947 m
foot (US Survey) | ft (US)  | ≡ ​1200⁄3937 m [5] | ≈ 0.304800610 m
french; charriere | F  | ≡ ​1⁄3 mm  | = 0.3×10−3 m
furlong | fur  | ≡ 10 chains = 660 ft = 220 yd [4] | = 201.168 m
hand |  | ≡ 4 in [4] | ≡ 0.1016 m
inch (International) | in  | ≡ 2.54 cm ≡ ​1⁄36 yd ≡ ​1⁄12 ft  | ≡ 0.0254 m
league (land) | lea  | ≈ 1 hour walk, Currently defined in US as 3 Statute miles,[3] but historically varied from 2 to 9 km  | ≈ 4828 m
light-day |  | ≡ 24 light-hours  | ≡ 2.59020683712×1013 m
light-hour |  | ≡ 60 light-minutes  | ≡ 1.0792528488×1012 m
light-minute |  | ≡ 60 light-seconds  | ≡ 1.798754748×1010 m
light-second |  | ≡ Distance light travels in one second in vacuum  | ≡ 299792458 m
light-year | ly  | ≡ Distance light travels in vacuum in 365.25 days [6] | ≡ 9.4607304725808×1015 m
line | ln  | ≡ ​1⁄12 in [7] | = 0.002116 m
link (Gunter's; Surveyor's) | lnk  | ≡ ​1⁄100 ch [4] ≡ 0.66 ft (US) ≡ 7.92 in  | ≈ 0.2011684 m
link (Ramsden's; Engineer's) | lnk  | ≡ 1 ft [4] | = 0.3048 m
metre (SI base unit)
(meter) | m  | ≡ Distance light travels in ​1⁄299792458 of a second in vacuum.[8] | (SI base unit)
mickey |  | ≡ ​1⁄200 in  | = 1.27×10−4 m
micrometre (old: micron) | μ; μm  | ≡ 1×10−6 m | ≡ 1×10−6 m
mil; thou | mil  | ≡ 1×10−3 in | = 2.54×10−5 m
mil (Sweden and Norway) | mil  | ≡ 10 km  | = 10000 m
mile (geographical) (H) |  | ≡ 6082 ft | = 1853.7936 m
mile (international) | mi  | ≡ 80 chains ≡ 5280 ft ≡ 1760 yd | ≡ 1609.344 m
mile (tactical or data) |  | ≡ 6000 ft | ≡ 1828.8 m
mile (telegraph) (H) | mi  | ≡ 6087 ft | = 1855.3176 m
mile (US Survey) | mi  | ≡ 5280 US Survey feet ≡ (5280 × ​1200⁄3937) m  | ≈ 1609.347219 m
nail (cloth) |  | ≡ ​2 1⁄4 in [4] | = 0.05715 m
nanometre | nm  | ≡ 1×10−9 m | ≡ 1×10−9 m
nautical league | NL; nl  | ≡ 3 nmi [4] | = 5556 m
nautical mile (Admiralty) | NM (Adm); nmi (Adm)  | = 6080 ft | = 1853.184 m
nautical mile (international) | NM; nmi  | ≡ 1852 m[9] | ≡ 1852 m
nautical mile (US pre 1954) |  | ≡ 1853.248 m  | ≡ 1853.248 m
pace |  | ≡ 2.5 ft [4] | = 0.762 m
palm |  | ≡ 3 in [4] | = 0.0762 m
parsec | pc  | Distant point with a parallax shift of one arc second from a base of one astronomical unit.
≡ 648000/π au[10][11] | ≈ 30856775814913700 m[12]
pica |  | ≡ 12 points  | Dependent on point measures.
picometre | pm  | ≡ 1×10−12 m | ≡ 1×10−12 m
point (American, English)[13][14] | pt  | ≡ ​1⁄72.272 in | ≈ 0.000351450 m
point (Didot; European) [14][15] | pt  | ≡ ​1⁄12 × ​1⁄72 of pied du roi;

After 1878:
≡ ​5⁄133 cm  | ≈ 0.00037597 m;

After 1878:
≈ 0.00037593985 m
point (PostScript) [13] | pt  | ≡ ​1⁄72 in | = 0.0003527 m
point (TeX) [13] | pt  | ≡ ​1⁄72.27 in | = 0.0003514598 m
quarter |  | ≡ ​1⁄4 yd  | = 0.2286 m
rod; pole; perch (H) | rd  | ≡ ​16 1⁄2 ft  | = 5.0292 m
rope (H) | rope  | ≡ 20 ft [4] | = 6.096 m
shaku (Japan) |  | ≡ 10/33 m  | ≈ 0.303 0303 m
span (H) |  | ≡ 9 in [4] | = 0.2286 m
spat[16] |  |  | ≡ 1×1012 m
stick (H) |  | ≡ 2 in  | = 0.0508 m
toise (French, post 1667) (H) | T  | ≡ 27000/13853 m  | ≈ 1.949 0363 m
twip | twp  | ≡ ​1⁄1440 in  | = 1.7638×10−5 m
x unit; siegbahn | xu  |  | ≈ 1.0021×10−13 m [4]
yard (International) | yd  | ≡ 0.9144 m [5] ≡ 3 ft ≡ 36 in  | ≡ 0.9144 m
yoctometre | ym  | ≡ 1×10−24 m | ≡ 1×10−24 m
zeptometre | zm  | ≡ 1×10−21 m | ≡ 1×10−21 m

## Area

Area Name of unit  | Symbol  | Definition  | Relation to SI units

|
|
|

acre (international) | ac  | ≡ 1 ch × 10 ch = 4840 sq yd | ≡ 4046.8564224 m2
acre (US survey) | ac  | ≡ 10 sq ch = 4840 sq yd, also 43560 sq ft | ≈ 4046.873 m2[17]
are | a  | ≡ 100 m2 | ≡ 100 m2
barn | b  | ≡ 10−28 m2 | ≡ 10−28 m2
barony |  | ≡ 4000 ac  | ≡ 1.61874256896×107 m2
board | bd  | ≡ 1 in × 1 ft | ≡ 7.74192×10−3 m2
boiler horsepower equivalent direct radiation | bhp EDR  | ≡ 1 ft2 × 1 bhp / (240 BTUIT/h)  | ≈ 12.958174 m2
circular inch | circ in  | ≡ ​π⁄4 sq in  | ≈ 5.067075×10−4 m2
circular mil; circular thou | circ mil  | ≡ ​π⁄4 mil2 | ≈ 5.067075×10−10 m2
cord |  | ≡ 192 bd  | ≡ 1.48644864 m2
cuerda (PR Survey) | cda  | ≡ 1 cda x 1 cda = 0.971222 acre  | ≡ 3930.395625 m2
dunam |  | ≡ 1000 m2 | ≡ 1000 m2
guntha (India) |  | ≡ 121 sq yd  | ≈ 101.17 m2
hectare | ha  | ≡ 10000 m2 | ≡ 10000 m2
hide |  | ≈ 120 ac (variable)  | ≈ 5×105 m2
rood | ro  | ≡ ​1⁄4 ac  | = 1011.7141056 m2
ping |  | ≡ ​20⁄11 m × ​20⁄11 m  | ≈ 3.306 m2
section |  | ≡ 1 mi × 1 mi | = 2.589988110336×106 m2
shed |  | ≡ 10−52 m2 | = 10−52 m2
square (roofing) |  | ≡ 10 ft × 10 ft | = 9.290304 m2
square chain (international) | sq ch  | ≡ 66 ft × 66 ft = ​1⁄10 ac  | ≡ 404.68564224 m2
square chain (US Survey) | sq ch  | ≡ 66 ft (US) × 66 ft (US) = ​1⁄10 US survey acre  | ≈ 404.6873 m2
square foot | sq ft  | ≡ 1 ft × 1 ft | ≡ 9.290304×10−2 m2
square foot (US Survey) | sq ft  | ≡ 1 ft (US) × 1 ft (US) | ≈ 9.2903411613275×10−2 m2
square inch | sq in  | ≡ 1 in × 1 in | ≡ 6.4516×10−4 m2
square kilometre | km2 | ≡ 1 km × 1 km  | = 106 m2
square link (Gunter's)(International) | sq lnk  | ≡ 1 lnk × 1 lnk ≡ 0.66 ft × 0.66 ft  | = 4.0468564224×10−2 m2
square link (Gunter's)(US Survey) | sq lnk  | ≡ 1 lnk × 1 lnk ≡ 0.66 ft (US) × 0.66 ft (US) | ≈ 4.046872×10−2 m2
square link (Ramsden's) | sq lnk  | ≡ 1 lnk × 1 lnk ≡ 1 ft × 1 ft  | = 0.09290304 m2
square metre (SI unit) | m2 | ≡ 1 m × 1 m  | = 1 m2
square mil; square thou | sq mil  | ≡ 1 mil × 1 mil  | = 6.4516×10−10 m2
square mile | sq mi  | ≡ 1 mi × 1 mi  | ≡ 2.589988110336×106 m2
square mile (US Survey) | sq mi  | ≡ 1 mi (US) × 1 mi (US)  | ≈ 2.58999847×106 m2
square rod/pole/perch | sq rd  | ≡ 1 rd × 1 rd  | = 25.29285264 m2
square yard (International) | sq yd  | ≡ 1 yd × 1 yd  | ≡ 0.83612736 m2
stremma |  | ≡ 1000 m2 | = 1000 m2
township |  | ≡ 36 sq mi (US)  | ≈ 9.323994×107 m2
yardland |  | ≈ 30 ac  | ≈ 1.2×105 m2

## Volume

Volume Name of unit  | Symbol  | Definition  | Relation to SI units

|
|
|

acre-foot | ac ft  | ≡ 1 ac x 1 ft = 43560 cu ft | = 1233.48183754752 m3
acre-inch |  | ≡ 1 ac × 1 in  | = 102.79015312896 m3
barrel (imperial) | bl (imp)  | ≡ 36 gal (imp)  | = 0.16365924 m3
barrel (petroleum); archaic blue-barrel | bl; bbl  | ≡ 42 gal (US)  | ≡ 0.158987294928 m3
barrel (US dry) | bl (US)  | ≡ 105 qt (US) = 105/32 bu (US lvl)  | = 0.115628198985075 m3
barrel (US fluid) | fl bl (US)  | ≡ ​31 1⁄2 gal (US)  | = 0.119240471196 m3
board-foot | bdft  | ≡ 144 cu in  | ≡ 2.359737216×10−3 m3
bucket (imperial) | bkt  | ≡ 4 gal (imp)  | = 0.01818436 m3
bushel (imperial) | bu (imp)  | ≡ 8 gal (imp)  | = 0.03636872 m3
bushel (US dry heaped) | bu (US)  | ≡ ​1 1⁄4 bu (US lvl)  | = 0.0440488377086 m3
bushel (US dry level) | bu (US lvl)  | ≡ 2150.42 cu in | = 0.03523907016688 m3
butt, pipe |  | ≡ 126 gal (US) (wine)  | = 0.476961884784 m3
coomb |  | ≡ 4 bu (imp)  | = 0.14547488 m3
cord (firewood) |  | ≡ 8 ft × 4 ft × 4 ft | = 3.624556363776 m3
cord-foot |  | ≡ 16 cu ft  | = 0.453069545472 m3
cubic fathom | cu fm  | ≡ 1 fm × 1 fm × 1 fm  | = 6.116438863872 m3
cubic foot | ft3 | ≡ 1 ft × 1 ft × 1 ft  | ≡ 0.028316846592 m3
cubic inch | in3 | ≡ 1 in × 1 in × 1 in  | ≡ 16.387064×10−6 m3
cubic metre (SI unit) | m3 | ≡ 1 m × 1 m × 1 m  | ≡ 1 m3
cubic mile | cu mi  | ≡ 1 mi × 1 mi × 1 mi  | ≡ 4168181825.440579584 m3
cubic yard | yd3 | ≡ 27 cu ft  | ≡ 0.764554857984 m3
cup (breakfast) |  | ≡ 10 fl oz (imp)  | = 284.130625×10−6 m3
cup (Canadian) | c (CA)  | ≡ 8 fl oz (imp)  | = 227.3045×10−6 m3
cup (metric) | c  | ≡ 250.0×10−6 m3 | ≡ 250.0×10−6 m3
cup (US customary) | c (US)  | ≡ 8 US fl oz ≡ ​1⁄16 gal (US)  | = 236.5882365×10−6 m3
cup (US food nutrition labeling) | c (US)  | ≡ 240 mL[18] | = 2.4×10−4 m3
dash (imperial) |  | ≡ ​1⁄192 gi (imp) = 1/8 tsp (imp)  | = 739.92350260416×10−9 m3
dash (US) |  | ≡ ​1⁄48 US fl oz = 1/8 US tsp  | = 616.11519921875×10−9 m3
dessertspoon (imperial) |  | ≡ ​1⁄12 gi (imp)  | = 11.8387760416×10−6 m3
drop (imperial) | gtt  | ≡ ​1⁄288 fl oz (imp)  | = 98.6564670138×10−9 m3
drop (imperial) (alt) | gtt  | ≡ ​1⁄1824 gi (imp)  | ≈ 77.886684×10−9 m3
drop (medical) |  | ≡ ​1⁄12 mL  | = 83.3×10−9 m3
drop (metric) |  | ≡ ​1⁄20 mL  | = 50.0×10−9 m3
drop (US) | gtt  | ≡ ​1⁄360 US fl oz  | = 82.14869322916×10−9 m3
drop (US) (alt) | gtt  | ≡ ​1⁄456 US fl oz  | ≈ 64.85423149671×10−9 m3
drop (US) (alt) | gtt  | ≡ ​1⁄576 US fl oz  | ≈ 51.34293326823×10−9 m3
fifth |  | ≡ ​1⁄5 US gal  | = 757.0823568×10−6 m3
firkin |  | ≡ 9 gal (imp)  | = 0.04091481 m3
fluid drachm (imperial) | fl dr  | ≡ ​1⁄8 fl oz (imp)  | = 3.5516328125×10−6 m3
fluid dram (US); US fluidram | fl dr  | ≡ ​1⁄8 US fl oz  | = 3.6966911953125×10−6 m3
fluid scruple (imperial) | fl s  | ≡ ​1⁄24 fl oz (imp)  | = 1.18387760416×10−6 m3
gallon (beer) | beer gal  | ≡ 282 cu in  | = 4.621152048×10−3 m3
gallon (imperial) | gal (imp)  | ≡ 4.54609 L | ≡ 4.54609×10−3 m3
gallon (US dry) | gal (US)  | ≡ ​1⁄8 bu (US lvl)  | = 4.40488377086×10−3 m3
gallon (US fluid; Wine) | gal (US)  | ≡ 231 cu in  | ≡ 3.785411784×10−3 m3
gill (imperial); Noggin | gi (imp); nog  | ≡ 5 fl oz (imp)  | = 142.0653125×10−6 m3
gill (US) | gi (US)  | ≡ 4 US fl oz  | = 118.29411825×10−6 m3
hogshead (imperial) | hhd (imp)  | ≡ 2 bl (imp)  | = 0.32731848 m3
hogshead (US) | hhd (US)  | ≡ 2 fl bl (US)  | = 0.238480942392 m3
jigger (bartending) |  | ≡ ​1 1⁄2 US fl oz  | ≈ 44.36×10−6 m3
kilderkin |  | ≡ 18 gal (imp)  | = 0.08182962 m3
lambda | λ  | ≡ 1 mm3 | = 1×10−9 m3
last |  | ≡ 80 bu (imp)  | = 2.9094976 m3
litre
(liter) | L or l  | ≡ 1 dm3 [19] | ≡ 0.001 m3
load |  | ≡ 50 cu ft  | = 1.4158423296 m3
minim (imperial) | min  | ≡ ​1⁄480 fl oz (imp) = 1/60 fl dr (imp)  | = 59.1938802083×10−9 m3
minim (US) | min  | ≡ ​1⁄480 US fl oz = ​1⁄60 US fl dr  | = 61.611519921875×10−9 m3
ounce (fluid imperial) | fl oz (imp)  | ≡ ​1⁄160 gal (imp)  | ≡ 28.4130625×10−6 m3
ounce (fluid US customary) | US fl oz  | ≡ ​1⁄128 gal (US)  | ≡ 29.5735295625×10−6 m3
ounce (fluid US food nutrition labeling) | US fl oz  | ≡ 30 mL[18] | ≡ 3×10−5 m3
peck (imperial) | pk  | ≡ 2 gal (imp)  | = 9.09218×10−3 m3
peck (US dry) | pk  | ≡ ​1⁄4 US lvl bu  | = 8.80976754172×10−3 m3
perch | per  | ≡ ​16 1⁄2 ft × ​1 1⁄2 ft × 1 ft | = 0.700841953152 m3
pinch (imperial) |  | ≡ ​1⁄384 gi (imp) = ​1⁄2 dash (imp)  | = 369.961751302083×10−9 m3
pinch (US) |  | ≡ ​1⁄96 US fl oz = ​1⁄2 US dash  | = 308.057599609375×10−9 m3
pint (imperial) | pt (imp)  | ≡ ​1⁄8 gal (imp)  | = 568.26125×10−6 m3
pint (US dry) | pt (US dry)  | ≡ ​1⁄64 bu (US lvl) ≡ ​1⁄8 gal (US dry)  | = 550.6104713575×10−6 m3
pint (US fluid) | pt (US fl)  | ≡ ​1⁄8 gal (US)  | = 473.176473×10−6 m3
pony |  | ≡ ​3⁄4 US fl oz  | = 22.180147171875×10−6 m3
pottle; quartern |  | ≡ ​1⁄2 gal (imp) = 80 fl oz (imp)  | = 2.273045×10−3 m3
quart (imperial) | qt (imp)  | ≡ ​1⁄4 gal (imp)  | = 1.1365225×10−3 m3
quart (US dry) | qt (US)  | ≡ ​1⁄32 bu (US lvl) = ​1⁄4 gal (US dry)  | = 1.101220942715×10−3 m3
quart (US fluid) | qt (US)  | ≡ ​1⁄4 gal (US fl)  | = 946.352946×10−6 m3
quarter; pail |  | ≡ 8 bu (imp)  | = 0.29094976 m3
register ton |  | ≡ 100 cu ft  | = 2.8316846592 m3
sack (US) |  | ≡ 3 bu (US lvl)  | = 0.10571721050064 m3
seam |  | ≡ 8 bu [16] | = 0.29095 m3
shot (US) |  | usually 1.5 US fl oz[16] | ≈ 44.4×10−6 m3
strike (imperial) |  | ≡ 2 bu (imp)  | = 0.07273744 m3
strike (US) |  | ≡ 2 bu (US lvl)  | = 0.07047814033376 m3
tablespoon (Australian metric) |  |  | ≡ 20.0×10−6 m3
tablespoon (Canadian) | tbsp  | ≡ ​1⁄2 fl oz (imp)  | = 14.20653125×10−6 m3
tablespoon (imperial) | tbsp  | ≡ ​5⁄8 fl oz (imp)  | = 17.7581640625×10−6 m3
tablespoon (metric) |  |  | ≡ 15×10−6 m3
tablespoon (US customary) | tbsp  | ≡ ​1⁄2 US fl oz  | = 14.78676478125×10−6 m3
tablespoon (US food nutrition labeling) | tbsp  | ≡ 15 mL[18] | = 15×10−6 m3
teaspoon (Canadian) | tsp  | ≡ ​1⁄6 fl oz (imp)  | = 4.735510416×10−6 m3
teaspoon (imperial) | tsp  | ≡ ​1⁄24 gi (imp)  | = 5.91938802083×10−6 m3
teaspoon (metric) |  | ≡ 5.0×10−6 m3 | ≡ 5.0×10−6 m3
teaspoon (US customary) | tsp  | ≡ ​1⁄6 US fl oz  | = 4.92892159375×10−6 m3
teaspoon (US food nutrition labeling) | tsp  | ≡ 5 mL[18] | = 5×10−6 m3
timber foot |  | ≡ 1 cu ft  | = 0.028316846592 m3
ton (displacement) |  | ≡ 35 cu ft  | = 0.99108963072 m3
ton (freight) |  | ≡ 40 cu ft  | = 1.13267386368 m3
ton (water) |  | ≡ 28 bu (imp)  | = 1.01832416 m3
tun |  | ≡ 252 gal (wine)  | = 0.953923769568 m3
wey (US) |  | ≡ 40 bu (US lvl)  | = 1.4095628066752 m3

## Plane angle

Plane angle Name of unit  | Symbol  | Definition  | Relation to SI units

|
|
|

NATO mil | (various)  | ≡ ​2π⁄6400 rad  | ≈ 0.981748×10−3 rad
Swedish streck |  | ≡ ​2π⁄6300 rad  | ≈ 0.997302×10−3 rad
milliradian | mrad  | ≡ ​1⁄1000 rad  | ≈ 1×10−3 rad
Warsaw Pact mil |  | ≡ ​2π⁄6000 rad  | ≈ 1.047167×10−3 rad
arcminute; MOA | '  | ≡ ​1°⁄60 | ≈ 0.290888×10−3 rad
arcsecond | "  | ≡ ​1°⁄3600 | ≈ 4.848137×10−6 rad
centesimal minute of arc | '  | ≡ ​1⁄100 grad  | ≈ 0.157080×10−3 rad
centesimal second of arc | "  | ≡ ​1⁄10000 grad  | ≈ 1.570796×10−6 rad
degree (of arc) | °  | ≡ ​1⁄360 of a revolution ≡ ​π⁄180 rad  | ≈ 17.453293×10−3 rad
grad; gradian; gon | grad  | ≡ ​1⁄400 of a revolution ≡ ​π⁄200 rad ≡ 0.9°  | ≈ 15.707963×10−3 rad
octant |  | ≡ 45°  | ≈ 0.785398 rad
quadrant |  | ≡ 90°  | ≈ 1.570796 rad
radian (SI unit) | rad  | The angle subtended at the center of a circle by an arc whose length is equal to the circle's radius.
One full revolution encompasses 2π radians.  | = 1 rad
sextant |  | ≡ 60°  | ≈ 1.047198 rad
sign |  | ≡ 30°  | ≈ 0.523599 rad

## Solid angle

Solid angle Name of unit  | Symbol  | Definition  | Relation to SI units

|
|
|

spat |  | ≡ 4π sr[16] – The solid angle subtended by a sphere at its centre.  | ≈ 12.56637 sr
square degree | deg2; sq.deg.; (°)2 | ≡ (​π⁄180)2 sr | ≈ 0.30462×10−3 sr
steradian (SI unit) | sr  | The solid angle subtended at the center of a sphere of radius r by a portion of the sphere having an area r2.
A sphere subtends 4π sr.[16] | = 1 sr

## Mass

Notes:

* See Weight for detail of mass/weight distinction and conversion.
* Avoirdupois is a system of mass based on a pound of 16 ounces, while Troy weight is the system of mass where 12 troy ounces equals one troy pound.
* The symbol g0 is used to denote standard gravity in order to avoid confusion with the (upright) g symbol for gram.

Mass Name of unit  | Symbol  | Definition  | Relation to SI units

|
|
|

atomic mass unit, unified | u; AMU  | Same as dalton (see below)  | ≈ 1.660539040(20)×10−27 kg[3]
atomic unit of mass, electron rest mass | me |  | ≈ 9.10938291(40)×10−31 kg[20]
bag (coffee) |  | ≡ 60 kg  | = 60 kg
bag (Portland cement) |  | ≡ 94 lb av  | = 42.63768278 kg
barge |  | ≡ ​22 1⁄2 short ton  | = 20411.65665 kg
carat | kt  | ≡ ​3 1⁄6 gr  | = 205.1965483 mg
carat (metric) | ct  | ≡ 200 mg  | = 200 mg
clove |  | ≡ 8 lb av  | = 3.62873896 kg
crith |  | ≡ mass of 1 L of hydrogen gas at STP | ≈ 89.9349 mg
dalton | Da  | 1/12 the mass of an unbound neutral atom of carbon-12 in its nuclear and electronic ground state and at rest | ≈ 1.660538921(73)×10−27 kg[3]
dram (apothecary; troy) | dr t  | ≡ 60 gr  | = 3.8879346 g
dram (avoirdupois) | dr av  | ≡ ​27 11⁄32 gr  | = 1.7718451953125 g
electronvolt mass-equivalent | eV/c2 | ≡ 1 eV / c2 | = 1.78266184(45)×10−36 kg[3]
gamma | γ  | ≡ 1 μg  | = 1 μg
grain | gr  | ≡ ​1⁄7000 lb av  | ≡ 64.79891 mg
grave | gv  | grave was the original name of the kilogram  | ≡ 1 kg
hundredweight (long) | long cwt or cwt  | ≡ 112 lb av  | = 50.80234544 kg
hundredweight (short); cental | sh cwt  | ≡ 100 lb av  | = 45.359237 kg
hyl; metric slug |  | ≡ 1 kgf / 1 m/s2 | = 9.80665 kg
kilogram
(kilogramme) | kg  | ≈ mass of the prototype near Paris
≈ mass of 1 litre of water  | (SI base unit)[8]
kip | kip  | ≡ 1000 lb av  | = 453.59237 kg
mark |  | ≡ 8 oz t  | = 248.8278144 g
mite |  | ≡ ​1⁄20 gr  | = 3.2399455 mg
mite (metric) |  | ≡ ​1⁄20 g  | = 50 mg
ounce (apothecary; troy) | oz t  | ≡ ​1⁄12 lb t  | = 31.1034768 g
ounce (avoirdupois) | oz av  | ≡ ​1⁄16 lb  | = 28.349523125 g
ounce (US food nutrition labelling) | oz  | ≡ 28 g[18] | = 28 g
pennyweight | dwt; pwt  | ≡ ​1⁄20 oz t  | = 1.55517384 g
point |  | ≡ ​1⁄100 ct  | = 2 mg
pound (avoirdupois) | lb av  | ≡ 0.45359237 kg = 7000 grains  | ≡ 0.45359237 kg
pound (metric) |  | ≡ 500 g  | = 500 g
pound (troy) | lb t  | ≡ 5760 grains  | = 0.3732417216 kg
quarter (imperial) |  | ≡ ​1⁄4 long cwt = 2 st = 28 lb av  | = 12.70058636 kg
quarter (informal) |  | ≡ ​1⁄4 short ton  | = 226.796185 kg
quarter, long (informal) |  | ≡ ​1⁄4 long ton  | = 254.0117272 kg
quintal (metric) | q  | ≡ 100 kg  | = 100 kg
scruple (apothecary) | s ap  | ≡ 20 gr  | = 1.2959782 g
sheet |  | ≡ ​1⁄700 lb av  | = 647.9891 mg
slug; geepound | slug  | ≡ g0 × 1 lb av × 1 s2/ft  | ≈ 14.593903 kg
stone | st  | ≡ 14 lb av  | = 6.35029318 kg
ton, assay (long) | AT  | ≡ 1 mg × 1 long ton ÷ 1 oz t  | = 32.6 g
ton, assay (short) | AT  | ≡ 1 mg × 1 short ton ÷ 1 oz t  | = 29.16 g
ton, long | long tn or ton  | ≡ 2240 lb | = 1016.0469088 kg
ton, short | sh tn  | ≡ 2000 lb | = 907.18474 kg
tonne (mts unit) | t  | ≡ 1000 kg | = 1000 kg
wey |  | ≡ 252 lb = 18 st  | = 114.30527724 kg (variants exist)
zentner | Ztr.  | Definitions vary.[16][21] |

## Density

Density Name of unit  | Symbol  | Definition  | Relation to SI units

|
|
|

gram per millilitre  | g/mL  | ≡ g/mL  | = 1000 kg/m3
kilogram per cubic metre (SI unit)  | kg/m3 | ≡ kg/m3 | = 1 kg/m3
kilogram per litre  | kg/L  | ≡ kg/L  | = 1000 kg/m3
ounce (avoirdupois) per cubic foot  | oz/ft3 | ≡ oz/ft3 | ≈ 1.001153961 kg/m3
ounce (avoirdupois) per cubic inch  | oz/in3 | ≡ oz/in3 | ≈ 1.729994044×103 kg/m3
ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon (imperial)  | oz/gal  | ≡ oz/gal  | ≈ 6.236023291 kg/m3
ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon (US fluid)  | oz/gal  | ≡ oz/gal  | ≈ 7.489151707 kg/m3
pound (avoirdupois) per cubic foot  | lb/ft3 | ≡ lb/ft3 | ≈ 16.01846337 kg/m3
pound (avoirdupois) per cubic inch  | lb/in3 | ≡ lb/in3 | ≈ 2.767990471×104 kg/m3
pound (avoirdupois) per gallon (imperial)  | lb/gal  | ≡ lb/gal  | ≈ 99.77637266 kg/m3
pound (avoirdupois) per gallon (US fluid)  | lb/gal  | ≡ lb/gal  | ≈ 119.8264273 kg/m3
slug per cubic foot  | slug/ft3 | ≡ slug/ft3 | ≈ 515.3788184 kg/m3

## Time

Time Name of unit  | Symbol  | Definition  | Relation to SI units

|
|
|

atomic unit of time | a.u.  | ≡ a0/(α⋅c)  | ≈ 2.418884254×10−17 s
Callippic cycle |  | ≡ 441 mo (hollow) + 499 mo (full) = 76 a of 365.25 d  | = 2.396736 Gs or 2.3983776 Gs[note 1]
century | c  | ≡ 100 years (100 a)  | = 3.1556952 Gs[note 2][note 3]
day | d  | = 24 h = 1440 min  | = 86.4 ks[note 3]
day (sidereal) | d  | ≡ Time needed for the Earth to rotate once around its axis, determined from successive transits of a very distant astronomical object across an observer's meridian (International Celestial Reference Frame)  | ≈ 86.1641 ks
decade | dec  | ≡ 10 years (10 a)  | = 315.569520 Ms[note 2][note 3]
fortnight | fn  | ≡ 2 wk  | = 1.2096 Ms[note 3]
helek |  | ≡ ​1⁄1080 h  | = 3.3 s
Hipparchic cycle |  | ≡ 4 Callippic cycles - 1 d  | = 9.593424 Gs
hour | h  | ≡ 60 min  | = 3.6 ks[note 3]
jiffy | j  | ≡ ​1⁄60 s  | = 16.6 ms
jiffy (alternative) | ja  | ≡ ​1⁄100 s  | = 10 ms
kè (quarter of an hour) |  | ≡ ​1⁄4 h = ​1⁄96 d = 15 min  | = 900 s
kè (traditional) |  | ≡ ​1⁄100 d = 14.4 min  | = 864 s
lustre; lūstrum |  | ≡ 5 a of 365 d[note 4] | = 157.68 Ms
Metonic cycle; enneadecaeteris |  | ≡ 110 mo (hollow) + 125 mo (full) = 6940 d ≈ 19 a  | = 599.616 Ms
millennium |  | ≡ 1000 years (1000 a)  | = 31.556952 Gs[note 2][note 3]
milliday | md  | ≡ ​1⁄1000 d  | = 86.4 s
minute | min  | ≡ 60 s, due to leap seconds sometimes 59 s or 61 s,  | = 60 s[note 3]
moment |  | ≡ 90 s  | = 90 s
month (full) | mo  | ≡ 30 d[22] | = 2.592×106 s[note 3]
month (Greg. av.) | mo  | = 30.436875 d | ≈ 2.6297 Ms[note 3]
month (hollow) | mo  | ≡ 29 d[22] | = 2.5056 Ms[note 3]
Month (synodic) | mo  | Cycle time of moon phases ≈ 29.530589 d (average)  | ≈ 2.551 Ms
octaeteris |  | = 48 mo (full) + 48 mo (hollow) + 3 mo (full)[23][24] = 8 a of 365.25 d = 2922 d  | = 252.4608 Ms[note 3]
Planck time |  | ≡ (​Gℏ⁄c5)​1⁄2 | ≈ 5.39116×10−44 s[25]
second (SI base unit) | s  | ≡ Time of 9192631770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom at 0 K[8] (but other seconds are sometimes used in astronomy). Also that time it takes for light to travel a distance of 299792458 metres.  | (SI base unit)
shake |  | ≡ 10−8 s  | = 10 ns
sigma |  | ≡ 10−6 s  | = 1 μs
Sothic cycle |  | ≡ 1461 a of 365 d  | = 46.074096 Gs
svedberg | S  | ≡ 10−13 s  | = 100 fs
week | wk  | ≡ 7 d = 168 h = 10080 min | = 604.8 ks[note 3]
year (common) | a, y, or yr | 365 d | = 31.536 Ms[note 3][26]
year (Gregorian) | a, y, or yr  | = 365.2425 d average, calculated from common years (365 d) plus leap years (366 d) on most years divisible by 4. See leap year for details.  | = 31.556952 Ms[note 3]
year (Julian) | a, y, or yr  | = 365.25 d average, calculated from common years (365 d) plus one leap year (366 d) every four years  | = 31.5576 Ms
year (leap) | a, y, or yr | 366 d | = 31.6224 Ms[note 3][26]
year (mean tropical) | a, y, or yr  | Conceptually, the length of time it takes for the Sun to return to the same position in the cycle of seasons, [Converter 1] approximately 365.24219 d, each day being 86400 SI seconds[27] | ≈ 31.556925 Ms
year (sidereal) | a, y, or yr  | ≡ Time taken for Sun to return to the same position with respect to the stars of the celestial sphere, approximately 365.256363 d | ≈ 31.5581497632 Ms
Notes:

1. ↑ see Callippic cycle for explanation of the differences
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 This is based on the average Gregorian year. See above for definition of year lengths.
3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 Where UTC is observed, the length of this unit may increase or decrease
depending on the number of leap seconds which occur during the time interval in question.
4. ↑ The length of ancient lustral cycles was not constant; see Lustrum for more details

## Frequency

Frequency  Name of unit  | Symbol  | Definition  | Relation to SI units

|
|
|

actions per minute | APM  | ≡ 1/60 Hz  | ≈ 0.0167 Hz
cycle per second | cps  | ≡ 1 Hz  | = 1 cps = 1 Hz
degree per second | deg/s  | ≡ 1 °/s ≡ 1/360 Hz  | = 0.0027 Hz
hertz (SI unit) | Hz  | ≡ One cycle per second  | = 1 Hz = 1/s
radian per second | rad/s  | ≡ 1/(2π) Hz  | ≈ 0.159155 Hz
revolution per minute | rpm  | ≡ One rpm equals one rotation completed around a fixed axis in one minute of time.  | ≈ 0.104719755 rad/s

## Speed or velocity

Speed Name of unit  | Symbol  | Definition  | Relation to SI units

|
|
|

foot per hour | fph  | ≡ 1 ft/h  | = 8.46×10−5 m/s
foot per minute | fpm  | ≡ 1 ft/min  | = 5.08×10−3 m/s
foot per second | fps  | ≡ 1 ft/s  | = 3.048×10−1 m/s
furlong per fortnight |  | ≡ furlong/fortnight  | ≈ 1.663095×10−4 m/s
inch per hour | iph  | ≡ 1 in/h  | = 7.05×10−6 m/s
inch per minute | ipm  | ≡ 1 in/min  | = 4.23×10−4 m/s
inch per second | ips  | ≡ 1 in/s  | = 2.54×10−2 m/s
kilometre per hour | km/h  | ≡ 1 km/h  | = 2.7×10−1 m/s
knot | kn  | ≡ 1 nmi/h = 1.852 km/h  | = 0.514 m/s
knot (Admiralty) | kn  | ≡ 1 NM (Adm)/h = 1.853184 km/h[28] | = 0.514773 m/s
mach number | M | Ratio of the speed to the speed of sound[note 1] in the medium (unitless).  | ≈ 340 m/s in air at sea level
≈ 295 m/s in air at jet altitudes
metre per second (SI unit) | m/s  | ≡ 1 m/s  | = 1 m/s
mile per hour | mph  | ≡ 1 mi/h  | = 0.44704 m/s
mile per minute | mpm  | ≡ 1 mi/min  | = 26.8224 m/s
mile per second | mps  | ≡ 1 mi/s  | = 1609.344 m/s
speed of light in vacuum | c | ≡ 299792458 m/s | = 299792458 m/s
speed of sound in air | s | 1225 to 1062 km/h (761–660 mph or 661–574 kn)[note 1] | ≈ 340 to 295 m/s

Note

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 The speed of sound varies especially with temperature and pressure from about 340 m/s (1,225 km/h or 761 mph or 661 kn)
in air at sea level to about 300 m/s (1,062 km/h or 660 mph or 573 kn) at jet altitudes (12200 m or 40000 ft).[29]

A velocity consists of a speed combined with a direction; the speed part of the velocity takes units of speed.

## Flow (volume)

Volumetric flow rate Name of unit  | Symbol  | Definition  | Relation to SI units

|
|
|

cubic foot per minute  | ≡ 1 ft3/min  | = 4.719474432×10−4 m3/s
cubic foot per second  | ft3/s  | ≡ 1 ft3/s  | = 0.028316846592 m3/s
cubic inch per minute  | in3/min  | ≡ 1 in3/min  | = 2.7311773×10−7 m3/s
cubic inch per second  | in3/s  | ≡ 1 in3/s  | = 1.6387064×10−5 m3/s
cubic metre per second (SI unit)  | m3/s  | ≡ 1 m3/s  | = 1 m3/s
gallon (US fluid) per day  | ≡ 1 gal/d  | = 4.381263638×10−8 m3/s
gallon (US fluid) per hour  | ≡ 1 gal/h  | = 1.051503273×10−6 m3/s
gallon (US fluid) per minute  | ≡ 1 gal/min  | = 6.30901964×10−5 m3/s
litre per minute  | l/min or L/min  | ≡ 1 L/min  | = 1.6×10−5 m3/s

## Acceleration

Acceleration Name of unit  | Symbol  | Definition  | Relation to SI units

|
|
|

foot per hour per second | fph/s  | ≡ 1 ft/(h⋅s)  | = 8.46×10−5 m/s2
foot per minute per second | fpm/s  | ≡ 1 ft/(min⋅s)  | = 5.08×10−3 m/s2
foot per second squared | fps2 | ≡ 1 ft/s2 | = 3.048×10−1 m/s2
gal; galileo | Gal  | ≡ 1 cm/s2 | = 10−2 m/s2
inch per minute per second | ipm/s  | ≡ 1 in/(min⋅s)  | = 4.23×10−4 m/s2
inch per second squared | ips2 | ≡ 1 in/s2 | = 2.54×10−2 m/s2
knot per second | kn/s  | ≡ 1 kn/s  | ≈ 5.14×10−1 m/s2
metre per second squared (SI unit) | m/s2 | ≡ 1 m/s2 | = 1 m/s2
mile per hour per second | mph/s  | ≡ 1 mi/(h⋅s)  | = 4.4704×10−1 m/s2
mile per minute per second | mpm/s  | ≡ 1 mi/(min⋅s)  | = 26.8224 m/s2
mile per second squared | mps2 | ≡ 1 mi/s2 | = 1.609344×103 m/s2
standard gravity | g0 | ≡ 9.80665 m/s2 | = 9.80665 m/s2

## Force

Force Name of unit  | Symbol  | Definition  | Relation to SI units

|
|
|

atomic unit of force |  | ≡ ​me⋅α2⋅c2⁄a0 | ≈ 8.23872206×10−8 N[30]
dyne (CGS unit) | dyn  | ≡ g⋅cm/s2 | = 10−5 N
kilogram-force; kilopond; grave-force | kgf; kp; gvf  | ≡ g0 × 1 kg  | = 9.80665 N
kip; kip-force | kip; kipf; klbf  | ≡ g0 × 1000 lb | = 4.4482216152605×103 N
milligrave-force, gravet-force | mgvf; gvtf  | ≡ g0 × 1 g  | = 9.80665 mN
long ton-force | tnf[citation needed] | ≡ g0 × 1 long ton  | = 9.96401641818352×103 N
newton (SI unit) | N  | A force capable of giving a mass of one kilogram an acceleration of one metre per second per second.[31] | = 1 N = 1 kg⋅m/s2
ounce-force | ozf  | ≡ g0 × 1 oz  | = 0.27801385095378125 N
pound-force | lbf  | ≡ g0 × 1 lb  | = 4.4482216152605 N
poundal | pdl  | ≡ 1 lb⋅ft/s2 | = 0.138254954376 N
short ton-force | tnf[citation needed] | ≡ g0 × 1 short ton  | = 8.896443230521×103 N
sthene (mts unit) | sn  | ≡ 1 t⋅m/s2 | = 103 N

## Pressure or mechanical stress

Pressure Name of unit  | Symbol  | Definition  | Relation to SI units

|
|
|

atmosphere (standard) | atm  |  | ≡ 101325 Pa[32]
atmosphere (technical) | at  | ≡ 1 kgf/cm2 | = 9.80665×104 Pa[32]
bar | bar  | ≡ 100000 Pa  | ≡ 105 Pa
barye (CGS unit) |  | ≡ 1 dyn/cm2 | = 0.1 Pa
centimetre of mercury | cmHg  | ≡ 13595.1 kg/m3 × 1 cm × g0 | ≈ 1.33322×103 Pa[32]
centimetre of water (4 °C) | cmH2O  | ≈ 999.972 kg/m3 × 1 cm × g0 | ≈ 98.0638 Pa[32]
foot of mercury (conventional) | ftHg  | ≡ 13595.1 kg/m3 × 1 ft × g0 | ≈ 4.063666×104 Pa[32]
foot of water (39.2 °F) | ftH2O  | ≈ 999.972 kg/m3 × 1 ft × g0 | ≈ 2.98898×103 Pa[32]
inch of mercury (conventional) | inHg  | ≡ 13595.1 kg/m3 × 1 in × g0 | ≈ 3.386389×103 Pa[32]
inch of water (39.2 °F) | inH2O  | ≈ 999.972 kg/m3 × 1 in × g0 | ≈ 249.082 Pa[32]
kilogram-force per square millimetre | kgf/mm2 | ≡ 1 kgf/mm2 | = 9.80665×106 Pa[32]
kip per square inch | ksi  | ≡ 1 kipf/sq in  | ≈ 6.894757×106 Pa[32]
long ton per square foot |  | ≡ 1 long ton × g0 / 1 sq ft  | ≈ 1.0725178011595×105 Pa
micrometre of mercury | μmHg  | ≡ 13595.1 kg/m3 × 1 μm × g0 ≈ 0.001 torr  | ≈ 0.1333224 Pa[32]
millimetre of mercury | mmHg  | ≡ 13595.1 kg/m3 × 1 mm × g0 ≈ 1 torr  | ≈ 133.3224 Pa[32]
millimetre of water (3.98 °C) | mmH2O  | ≈ 999.972 kg/m3 × 1 mm × g0 = 0.999972 kgf/m2 | = 9.80638 Pa
pascal (SI unit) | Pa  | ≡ N/m2 = kg/(m⋅s2)  | = 1 Pa[33]
pièze (mts unit) | pz  | ≡ 1000 kg/m⋅s2 | = 103 Pa = 1 kPa
pound per square foot | psf  | ≡ 1 lbf/ft2 | ≈ 47.88026 Pa[32]
pound per square inch | psi  | ≡ 1 lbf/in2 | ≈ 6.894757×103 Pa[32]
poundal per square foot | pdl/sq ft  | ≡ 1 pdl/sq ft  | ≈ 1.488164 Pa[32]
short ton per square foot |  | ≡ 1 short ton × g0 / 1 sq ft  | ≈ 9.5760518×104 Pa
torr | torr  | ≡ ​101325⁄760 Pa  | ≈ 133.3224 Pa[32]

## Torque or moment of force

Torque Name of unit  | Symbol  | Definition  | Relation to SI units

|
|
|

pound-force-foot | lbf⋅ft  | ≡ g0 × 1 lb × 1 ft  | = 1.3558179483314004 N⋅m
poundal-ft | pdl⋅ft  | ≡ 1 lb⋅ft2/s2 | = 4.21401100938048×10−2 N⋅m
pound force-inch | lbf⋅in  | ≡ g0 × 1 lb × 1 in  | = 0.1129848290276167 N⋅m
kilogram force-meter | kgf⋅m  | ≡ g0 × N × m  | = 9.80665 N⋅m
newton-metre (SI unit) | N⋅m  | ≡ N × m = kg⋅m2/s2 | = 1 N⋅m

## Energy

Energy Name of unit  | Symbol  | Definition  | Relation to SI units

|
|
|

barrel of oil equivalent | boe  | ≈ 5.8×106 BTU59 °F | ≈ 6.12×109 J
British thermal unit (ISO) | BTUISO | ≡ 1.0545×103 J | = 1.0545×103 J
British thermal unit (International Table) | BTUIT |  | = 1.05505585262×103 J
British thermal unit (mean) | BTUmean |  | ≈ 1.05587×103 J
British thermal unit (thermochemical) | BTUth |  | ≈ 1.054350×103 J
British thermal unit (39 °F) | BTU39 °F |  | ≈ 1.05967×103 J
British thermal unit (59 °F) | BTU59 °F | ≡ 1.054804×103 J | = 1.054804×103 J
British thermal unit (60 °F) | BTU60 °F |  | ≈ 1.05468×103 J
British thermal unit (63 °F) | BTU63 °F |  | ≈ 1.0546×103 J
calorie (International Table) | calIT | ≡ 4.1868 J | = 4.1868 J
calorie (mean) | calmean | ​1⁄100 of the energy required to warm one gram of air-free water from 0 °C to 100 °C at a pressure of 1 atm  | ≈ 4.19002 J
calorie (thermochemical) | calth | ≡ 4.184 J  | = 4.184 J
Calorie (US; FDA)  | Cal  | ≡ 1 kcal = 1000 cal | = 4184 J
calorie (3.98 °C) | cal3.98 °C |  | ≈ 4.2045 J
calorie (15 °C) | cal15 °C | ≡ 4.1855 J  | = 4.1855 J
calorie (20 °C) | cal20 °C |  | ≈ 4.1819 J
Celsius heat unit (International Table) | CHUIT | ≡ 1 BTUIT × 1 K/°R  | = 1.899100534716×103 J
cubic centimetre of atmosphere; standard cubic centimetre | cc atm; scc  | ≡ 1 atm × 1 cm3 | = 0.101325 J
cubic foot of atmosphere; standard cubic foot | cu ft atm; scf  | ≡ 1 atm × 1 ft3 | = 2.8692044809344×103 J
cubic foot of natural gas |  | ≡ 1000 BTUIT | = 1.05505585262×106 J
cubic yard of atmosphere; standard cubic yard | cu yd atm; scy  | ≡ 1 atm × 1 yd3 | = 77.4685209852288×103 J
electronvolt | eV  | ≡ e × 1 V  | ≡ 1.602176634×10−19 J
erg (CGS unit) | erg  | ≡ 1 g⋅cm2/s2 | = 10−7 J
foot-pound force | ft lbf  | ≡ g0 × 1 lb × 1 ft  | = 1.3558179483314004 J
foot-poundal | ft pdl  | ≡ 1 lb⋅ft2/s2 | = 4.21401100938048×10−2 J
gallon-atmosphere (imperial) | imp gal atm  | ≡ 1 atm × 1 gal (imp)  | = 460.63256925 J
gallon-atmosphere (US) | US gal atm  | ≡ 1 atm × 1 gal (US)  | = 383.5568490138 J
hartree, atomic unit of energy | Eh | ≡ me⋅α2⋅c2 (= 2 Ry)  | ≈ 4.359744×10−18 J
horsepower-hour | hp⋅h  | ≡ 1 hp × 1 h  | = 2.684519537696172792×106 J
inch-pound force | in lbf  | ≡ g0 × 1 lb × 1 in  | = 0.1129848290276167 J
joule (SI unit) | J  | The work done when a force of one newton moves the point of its application a distance of one metre in the direction of the force.[31] | = 1 J = 1 m⋅N = 1 kg⋅m2/s2 = 1 C⋅V = 1 W⋅s
kilocalorie; large calorie | kcal; Cal  | ≡ 1000 calIT | = 4.1868×103 J
kilowatt-hour; Board of Trade Unit | kW⋅h; B.O.T.U.  | ≡ 1 kW × 1 h  | = 3.6×106 J
litre-atmosphere | l atm; sl  | ≡ 1 atm × 1 L  | = 101.325 J
quad |  | ≡ 1015 BTUIT | = 1.05505585262×1018 J
rydberg | Ry  | ≡ R∞⋅ℎ⋅c | ≈ 2.179872×10−18 J
therm (E.C.) |  | ≡ 100000 BTUIT | = 105.505585262×106 J
therm (US) |  | ≡ 100000 BTU59 °F | = 105.4804×106 J
thermie | th  | ≡ 1 McalIT | = 4.1868×106 J
tonne of coal equivalent | TCE  | ≡ 7 Gcalth | = 29.288×109 J
tonne of oil equivalent | toe  | ≡ 10 GcalIT | = 41.868×109 J
ton of TNT | tTNT  | ≡ 1 Gcalth | = 4.184×109 J
watt-hour | W⋅h  | ≡ 1 W × 1 h  | = 3.6×103 J
watt-second | W⋅s  | ≡ 1 J  | = 1×100 J

## Power or heat flow rate

Power Name of unit  | Symbol  | Definition  | Relation to SI units

|
|
|

atmosphere-cubic centimetre per minute | atm ccm[citation needed] | ≡ 1 atm × 1 cm3/min  | = 1.68875×10−3 W
atmosphere-cubic centimetre per second | atm ccs[citation needed] | ≡ 1 atm × 1 cm3/s  | = 0.101325 W
atmosphere-cubic foot per hour | atm cfh[citation needed] | ≡ 1 atm × 1 cu ft/h  | = 0.79700124704 W
atmosphere-cubic foot per minute | atm cfm[citation needed] | ≡ 1 atm × 1 cu ft/min  | = 47.82007468224 W
atmosphere-cubic foot per second | atm cfs[citation needed] | ≡ 1 atm × 1 cu ft/s  | = 2.8692044809344×103 W
BTU (International Table) per hour | BTUIT/h  | ≡ 1 BTUIT/h  | ≈ 0.293071 W
BTU (International Table) per minute | BTUIT/min  | ≡ 1 BTUIT/min  | ≈ 17.584264 W
BTU (International Table) per second | BTUIT/s  | ≡ 1 BTUIT/s  | = 1.05505585262×103 W
calorie (International Table) per second | calIT/s  | ≡ 1 calIT/s  | = 4.1868 W
erg per second | erg/s  | ≡ 1 erg/s  | = 10−7 W
foot-pound-force per hour | ft⋅lbf/h  | ≡ 1 ft lbf/h  | ≈ 3.766161×10−4 W
foot-pound-force per minute | ft⋅lbf/min  | ≡ 1 ft lbf/min  | = 2.259696580552334×10−2 W
foot-pound-force per second | ft⋅lbf/s  | ≡ 1 ft lbf/s  | = 1.3558179483314004 W
horsepower (boiler) | hp  | ≈ 34.5 lb/h × 970.3 BTUIT/lb  | ≈ 9809.5 W[34]
horsepower (European electrical) | hp  | ≡ 75 kp⋅m/s
horsepower (electrical) | hp  | ≡ 746 W  | = 746 W[34]
horsepower (mechanical) | hp  | ≡ 550 ft⋅lbf/s[34] | = 745.69987158227022 W
horsepower (metric) | hp or PS  | ≡ 75 m⋅kgf/s  | = 735.49875 W[34]
litre-atmosphere per minute | L·atm/min  | ≡ 1 atm × 1 L/min  | = 1.68875 W
litre-atmosphere per second | L·atm/s  | ≡ 1 atm × 1 L/s  | = 101.325 W
lusec | lusec  | ≡ 1 L·µmHg/s [16] | ≈ 1.333×10−4 W
poncelet | p  | ≡ 100 m⋅kgf/s  | = 980.665 W
square foot equivalent direct radiation | sq ft EDR  | ≡ 240 BTUIT/h  | ≈ 70.337057 W
ton of air conditioning |  | ≡ 2000 lb of ice melted / 24 h  | ≈ 3504 W
ton of refrigeration (imperial) |  | ≡ 2240 lb × iceIT / 24 h: iceIT = 144 °F × 2326 J/kg⋅°F  | ≈ 3.938875×103 W
ton of refrigeration (IT) |  | ≡ 2000 lb × iceIT / 24 h: iceIT = 144 °F × 2326 J/kg⋅°F  | ≈ 3.516853×103 W
watt (SI unit) | W  | The power which in one second of time gives rise to one joule of energy.[31] | = 1 W = 1 J/s = 1 N⋅m/s = 1 kg⋅m2/s3

## Action

Action  Name of unit  | Symbol  | Definition  | Relation to SI units

|
|
|

atomic unit of action | au  | ≡ ℏ ≡ ​ℎ⁄2π | ≈ 1.05457168×10−34 J⋅s[35]

## Dynamic viscosity

Dynamic viscosity Name of unit  | Symbol  | Definition  | Relation to SI units

|
|
|

pascal second (SI unit) | Pa⋅s  | ≡ N⋅s/m2, kg/(m⋅s)  | = 1 Pa⋅s
poise (CGS unit) | P  | ≡ 1 barye⋅s  | = 0.1 Pa⋅s
pound per foot hour | lb/(ft⋅h)  | ≡ 1 lb/(ft⋅h)  | ≈ 4.133789×10−4 Pa⋅s
pound per foot second | lb/(ft⋅s)  | ≡ 1 lb/(ft⋅s)  | ≈ 1.488164 Pa⋅s
pound-force second per square foot | lbf⋅s/ft2 | ≡ 1 lbf⋅s/ft2 | ≈ 47.88026 Pa⋅s
pound-force second per square inch | lbf⋅s/in2 | ≡ 1 lbf⋅s/in2 | ≈ 6894.757 Pa⋅s

## Kinematic viscosity

Kinematic viscosity Name of unit  | Symbol  | Definition  | Relation to SI units

|
|
|

square foot per second | ft2/s  | ≡ 1 ft2/s  | = 0.09290304 m2/s
square metre per second (SI unit) | m2/s  | ≡ 1 m2/s  | = 1 m2/s
stokes (CGS unit) | St  | ≡ 1 cm2/s  | = 10−4 m2/s

## Electric current

Electric current Name of unit  | Symbol  | Definition  | Relation to SI units

|
|
|

ampere (SI base unit) | A  | ≡ one coulomb of charge going past a given point per second.[36] | (SI base unit)
electromagnetic unit; abampere (CGS unit) | abamp  | ≘ 10 A  | = 10 A
esu per second; statampere (CGS unit) | esu/s  | ≘ (10 A⋅cm/s) / c | ≈ 3.335641×10−10 A

## Electric charge

Electric charge Name of unit  | Symbol  | Definition  | Relation to SI units

|
|
|

abcoulomb; electromagnetic unit (CGS unit) | abC; emu  | ≘ 10 C  | = 10 C
atomic unit of charge | au  | ≡ e | = 1.602176634×10−19 C
coulomb | C  | ≡ charge of exactly 1/(1.602176634×10−19) elementary charges[36] | = 1 C = 1 A⋅s
faraday | F  | ≡ 1 mol × NA⋅e | ≈ 96485.3383 C
milliampere hour | mA⋅h  | ≡ 0.001 A × 1 h  | = 3.6 C
statcoulomb; franklin; electrostatic unit (CGS unit) | statC; Fr; esu  | ≘ (10 A⋅cm) / c | ≈ 3.335641×10−10 C

## Electric dipole

Electric dipole  Name of unit  | Symbol  | Definition  | Relation to SI units

|
|
|

atomic unit of electric dipole moment | ea0 |  | ≈ 8.47835281×10−30 C⋅m[37]
coulomb-meter | C⋅m  |  | = 1 C⋅m
debye | D  | ≡ 10−10 esu⋅Å  | ≘ 3.33564095×10−30 C⋅m[38]

## Electromotive force, electric potential difference

Voltage, electromotive force  Name of unit  | Symbol  | Definition  | Relation to SI units

|
|
|

abvolt (CGS unit) | abV  | ≘ 10−8 V  | = 10−8 V
statvolt (CGS unit) | statV  | ≘ c⋅(1 μJ/A⋅m)  | = 299.792458 V
volt (SI unit) | V  | The difference in electric potential across two points along a conducting wire carrying one ampere of constant current when the power dissipated between the points equals one watt.[31] | = 1 V = 1 W/A = 1 kg⋅m2/(A⋅s3) = 1 J/C

## Electrical resistance

Electrical resistance Name of unit  | Symbol  | Definition  | Relation to SI units

|
|
|

ohm (SI unit) | Ω  | The resistance between two points in a conductor when one volt of electric potential difference, applied to these points, produces one ampere of current in the conductor.[31] | = 1 Ω = 1 V/A = 1 kg⋅m2/(A2⋅s3)

## Capacitance

Capacitor's ability to store charge Name of unit  | Symbol  | Definition  | Relation to SI units

|
|
|

farad (SI unit)  | F  | The capacitance between two parallel plates that results in one volt of potential difference when charged by one coulomb of electricity.[31] | = 1 F = 1 C/V = 1 A2⋅s4/(kg⋅m2)

## Magnetic flux

Magnetic flux Name of unit  | Symbol  | Definition  | Relation to SI units

|
|
|

maxwell (CGS unit)  | Mx  | ≘ 10−8 Wb[34] | = 10−8 Wb
weber (SI unit)  | Wb  | Magnetic flux which, linking a circuit of one turn, would produce in it an electromotive force of 1 volt if it were reduced to zero at a uniform rate in 1 second.[31] | = 1 Wb = 1 V⋅s = 1 kg⋅m2/(A⋅s2)

## Magnetic flux density

What physicists call magnetic field is called magnetic flux density by electrical engineers and magnetic induction by applied mathematicians and electrical engineers.  Name of unit  | Symbol  | Definition  | Relation to SI units

|
|
|

gauss (CGS unit) | G  | ≡ Mx/cm2 ≘ 10−4 T  | = 10−4 T [39]
tesla (SI unit) | T  | ≡ Wb/m2 | = 1 T = 1 Wb/m2 = 1 kg/(A⋅s2)

## Inductance

Inductance Name of unit  | Symbol  | Definition  | Relation to SI units

|
|
|

henry (SI unit) | H  | The inductance of a closed circuit that produces one volt of electromotive force when the current in the circuit varies at a uniform rate of one ampere per second.[31] | = 1 H = 1 Wb/A = 1 kg⋅m2/(A⋅s)2

## Temperature

Further information: Conversion of units of temperature

Temperature Name of unit  | Symbol  | Definition  | Relation to SI units

|
|
|

degree Celsius | °C  | [°C] ≡ [K] − 273.15  | [K] ≡ [°C] + 273.15
degree Delisle | °De  |  | [K] = 373.15 − [°De] × ​2⁄3
degree Fahrenheit | °F  | [°F] ≡ [°C] × ​9⁄5 \+ 32  | [K] ≡ ([°F] + 459.67) × ​5⁄9
degree Newton | °N  |  | [K] = [°N] × ​100⁄33 \+ 273.15
degree Rankine | °R;  | [°R] ≡ [K] × ​9⁄5 | [K] ≡ [°R] × 5/9
degree Réaumur | °Ré  |  | [K] = [°Ré] × ​5⁄4 \+ 273.15
degree Rømer | °Rø  |  | [K] = ([°Rø] − 7.5) × ​40⁄21 \+ 273.15
Regulo Gas Mark | GM  | [°F] ≡ [GM] × 25 + 250  | [K] ≡ [GM] × ​125⁄9 \+ 394.26
kelvin (SI base unit) | K  | ≡ change in the thermodynamic temperature T that results in a change of thermal energy kT by 1.380 649 × 10−23 J.[40] | (SI base unit)

## Information entropy

Information entropy  Name of unit  | Symbol  | Definition  | Relation to SI units  | Relation to bits

|
|
|
|

natural unit of information; nit; nepit | nat  |  |  |
shannon | Sh  | ≡ ln(2) × nat | ≈ 0.693147 nat | = 1 bit
hartley; ban | Hart; ban  | ≡ ln(10) × nat  | ≈ 2.302585 nat |
bit | bit; b  |  |  | = 1 bit
nibble |  | ≡ 4 bits  |  | = 22 bit
byte | B  | ≡ 8 bits  |  | = 23 bit
kilobyte (decimal) | kB  | ≡ 1000 B |  | = 8000 bit
kibibyte (kilobyte) | KiB  | ≡ 1024 B |  | = 213 bit = 8192 bit

Modern standards (such as ISO 80000) prefer the shannon to the bit as a unit for a quantity of information entropy, whereas the (discrete) storage space of digital devices is measured in bits. Thus, uncompressed redundant data occupy more than one bit of storage per shannon of information entropy. The multiples of a bit listed above are usually used with this meaning.

## Luminous intensity

The candela is the preferred nomenclature for the SI unit.

Luminous intensity Name of unit  | Symbol  | Definition  | Relation to SI units

|
|
|

candela (SI base unit)  | cd  | The luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540×1012 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian.[36] | (SI base unit)
candlepower (new)  | cp  | ≡ cd The use of candlepower as a unit is discouraged due to its ambiguity.  | = 1 cd
candlepower (old, pre-1948)  | cp  | Varies and is poorly reproducible.[41] Approximately 0.981 cd.[16] | ≈ 0.981 cd

## Luminance

Luminance Name of unit  | Symbol  | Definition  | Relation to SI units

|
|
|

candela per square foot  | cd/ft2 | ≡ cd/ft2 | ≈ 10.763910417 cd/m2
candela per square inch  | cd/in2 | ≡ cd/in2 | ≈ 1550.0031 cd/m2
candela per square metre (SI unit); nit (deprecated[16])  | cd/m2 | ≡ cd/m2 | = 1 cd/m2
footlambert | fL  | ≡ (1/π) cd/ft2 | ≈ 3.4262590996 cd/m2
lambert | L  | ≡ (104/π) cd/m2 | ≈ 3183.0988618 cd/m2
stilb (CGS unit)  | sb  | ≡ 104 cd/m2 | = 104 cd/m2

## Luminous flux

Luminous flux Name of unit  | Symbol  | Definition  | Relation to SI units

|
|
|

lumen (SI unit)  | lm  | The luminous flux of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540×1012 hertz and that has a radiant flux of 1/683 watt.[36] | = 1 lm = 1 cd⋅sr

## Illuminance

Illuminance Name of unit  | Symbol  | Definition  | Relation to SI units

|
|
|

footcandle; lumen per square foot  | fc  | ≡ lm/ft2 | = 10.763910417 lx
lumen per square inch  | lm/in2 | ≡ lm/in2 | ≈ 1550.0031 lx
lux (SI unit)  | lx  | ≡ lm/m2 | = 1 lx = 1 lm/m2
phot (CGS unit)  | ph  | ≡ lm/cm2 | = 104 lx

## Radiation

### Radiation – source activity

Radioactivity  Name of unit  | Symbol  | Definition  | Relation to SI units

|
|
|

becquerel (SI unit) | Bq  | ≡ Number of disintegrations per second  | = 1 Bq = 1/s
curie | Ci  | ≡ 3.7×1010 Bq[42] | = 3.7×1010 Bq
rutherford (H) | Rd  | ≡ 1 MBq  | = 106 Bq

Although becquerel (Bq) and hertz (Hz) both ultimately refer to the same SI base unit (s−1), Hz is used only for periodic phenomena (i.e. repetitions at regular intervals), and Bq is only used for stochastic processes (i.e. at random intervals) associated with radioactivity.[43]

### Radiation – exposure

Radiation – exposure  Name of unit  | Symbol  | Definition  | Relation to SI units

|
|
|

roentgen | R  | 1 R ≡ 2.58×10−4 C/kg[34] | = 2.58×10−4 C/kg

The roentgen is not an SI unit and the NIST strongly discourages its continued use.[44]

### Radiation – absorbed dose

Radiation – absorbed dose Name of unit  | Symbol  | Definition  | Relation to SI units

|
|
|

gray (SI unit) | Gy  | ≡ 1 J/kg[45] | = 1 Gy = 1 J/kg = 1 m2⋅s2
rad | rad  | ≡ 0.01 Gy[34] | = 0.01 Gy

### Radiation – equivalent dose

Radiation – equivalent dose Name of unit  | Symbol  | Definition  | Relation to SI units

|
|
|

Röntgen equivalent man | rem  | ≡ 0.01 Sv  | = 0.01 Sv
sievert (SI unit) | Sv  | ≡ 1 J/kg[43] | = 1 Sv = 1 J/kg = 1 m2⋅s2

Although the definitions for sievert (Sv) and gray (Gy) would seem to indicate that they measure the same quantities, this is not the case. The effect of receiving a certain dose of radiation (given as Gy) is variable and depends on many factors, thus a new unit was needed to denote the biological effectiveness of that dose on the body; this is known as the equivalent dose and is shown in Sv. The general relationship between absorbed dose and equivalent dose can be represented as

H = Q ⋅ D

where H is the equivalent dose, D is the absorbed dose, and Q is a dimensionless quality factor. Thus, for any quantity of D measured in Gy, the numerical value for H measured in Sv may be different.[46]

## Notes

1. ↑ The technical definition of tropical year is the period of time for the ecliptic longitude of the Sun to increase 360 degrees. (Urban & Seidelmann 2013, Glossary, s.v. year, tropical)

## References

1. ↑ jobs (September 14, 2012). "The astronomical unit gets fixed : Nature News & Comment". Nature (Nature.com). doi:10.1038/nature.2012.11416. http://www.nature.com/news/the-astronomical-unit-gets-fixed-1.11416. Retrieved August 31, 2013.
2. ↑ "NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty."(2010). National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved October 17, 2014.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 "NIST - National Institute of Standards and Technology". https://www.nist.gov/national-institute-standards-and-technology.
4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 Lide, D. (Ed.). (1990). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (71st ed). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Section 1.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 National Bureau of Standards. (June 30, 1959). Refinement of values for the yard and the pound. Federal Register, viewed September 20, 2006 at National Geodetic Survey web site.
6. ↑ "International Astronomical Union - IAU". https://www.iau.org/public/themes/measuring/.
7. ↑ Klein, Herbert Arthur. (1988). The Science of Measurement: a Historical Survey. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications 0-4862-5839-4.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 The International System of Units, Section 2.1 (8 ed.), Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, 2006, http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-1/, retrieved August 26, 2009
9. ↑ International System of Units, 8th ed. (2006), Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Section 4.1 Table 8.
10. ↑ Cox, Arthur N., ed (2000). Allen's Astrophysical Quantities (4th ed.). New York: AIP Press / Springer. ISBN 0387987460. Bibcode: 2000asqu.book.....C.
11. ↑ Binney, James; Tremaine, Scott (2008). Galactic Dynamics (2nd ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13026-2. Bibcode: 2008gady.book.....B.
12. ↑ P. Kenneth Seidelmann, Ed. (1992). Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac. Sausalito, CA: University Science Books. p. 716 and s.v. parsec in Glossary.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Whitelaw, Ian. (2007). A Measure of All Things: The Story of Man and Measurement. New York: Macmillan 0-312-37026-1. p. 152.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 De Vinne, Theodore Low (1900). The practice of typography: a treatise on the processes of type-making, the point system, the names, sizes, styles and prices of plain printing types 2nd ed. New York: The Century Co. p. 142-150.
15. ↑ Pasko, Wesley Washington (1894). American dictionary of printing and bookmaking. (1894). New York: Howard Lockwood. p. 521.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 Rowlett, Russ (2005), How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement, http://www.ibiblio.org/units/
17. ↑ Thompson, A. and Taylor, B.N. (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 811. p. 57.
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 US Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Section 101.9, Paragraph (b)(5)(viii), http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&rgn=div8&view=text&node=21:2.0.1.1.2.1.1.6&idno=21, retrieved August 29, 2009
19. ↑ Barry N. Taylor, Ed.,NIST Special Publication 330: The International System of Units (SI) (2001 Edition), Washington: US Government Printing Office, 43,"The 12th Conference Generale des Poids et Mesures (CGPM)...declares that the word "litre" may be employed as a special name for the cubic decimetre".
20. ↑ CODATA Value: atomic unit of mass. (2010). National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
21. ↑ The Swiss Federal Office for Metrology gives Zentner on a German language web page "Metas: Masseinheiten - SI-Einheiten". http://www.metas.ch/de/scales/systemch.html. and quintal on the English translation of that page "OFMET: Units of measure - SI units". http://www.metas.ch/en/scales/systemch.html. ; the unit is marked "spécifiquement suisse !"
22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Pedersen O. (1983). "Glossary" in Coyne, G., Hoskin, M., and Pedersen, O. Gregorian Reform of the Calendar: Proceedings of the Vatican Conference to Commemorate its 400th Anniversary. Vatican Observatory. Available from Astrophysics Data System.
23. ↑ Richards, E.G. (1998), Mapping Time, Oxford University Press, pp. 94–95, ISBN 0-19-850413-6, https://archive.org/details/mappingtimecalen00rich/page/94
24. ↑ Steel, Duncan (2000), Marking Time, John Wiley & Sons, p. 46, ISBN 0-471-29827-1, https://archive.org/details/markingtimeepicq00stee_0/page/46
25. ↑ "CODATA Value: Planck time". https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?plkt.
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Richards, E. G. (2013). "Calendars" in S. E. Urban & P. K. Seidelmann, eds. Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac. Mill Valley, CA: University Science Books.
27. ↑ Richards, E. G. (2013). "Calendars" in S. E. Urban & P. K. Seidelmann, eds. Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac. Mill Valley, CA: University Science Books. p. 587.
28. ↑ Until 1970 the UK Admiralty (and until 1954 the US) used other definitions of the nautical mile and hence the knot. See also #Length
29. ↑ Tom Benson. (2010.) "Mach Number" in Beginner's Guide to Aeronautics. NASA.
30. ↑ CODATA Value: atomic unit of force. (2006). National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved September 14, 2008.
31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 31.5 31.6 31.7 Comité International des Poids et Mesures, Resolution 2, 1946, http://www.bipm.org/en/CIPM/db/1946/2/, retrieved August 26, 2009
32. ↑ 32.00 32.01 32.02 32.03 32.04 32.05 32.06 32.07 32.08 32.09 32.10 32.11 32.12 32.13 32.14 32.15 Barry N. Taylor, (April 1995), Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) (NIST Special Publication 811), Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, pp. 57-68.
33. ↑ Barry N. Taylor, (April 1995), Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) (NIST Special Publication 811), Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, p. 5.
34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 34.5 34.6 "NIST Guide to SI Units, Appendix B.9", Nist, 2 July 2009, http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP811/appenB9.html, retrieved August 27, 2009
35. ↑ International System of Units, 8th ed. (2006), Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Section 4.1 Table 7.
36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 "SI brochure (2019)". SI Brochure. BIPM. p. 132. https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si-brochure/SI-Brochure-9.pdf.
37. ↑ The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, 2006, http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?auedm, retrieved August 26, 2009
38. ↑ Robert G. Mortimer Physical chemistry, Academic Press, 2000 ISBN:0-12-508345-9, page 677
39. ↑ Standard for the Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System IEEE/ASTM SI 10-1997. (1997). New York and West Conshohocken, PA: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and American Society for Testing and Materials. Tables A.1 through A.5.
40. ↑ "Mise en pratique". https://www.bipm.org/utils/en/pdf/si-mep/SI-App2-kelvin.pdf.
41. ↑ The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/candela.html, retrieved August 28, 2009
42. ↑ Ambler Thompson & Barry N. Taylor. (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). Special Publication 811. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. p. 10.
43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 The International System of Units, Section 2.2.2., Table 3 (8 ed.), Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, 2006, http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-2/table3.html, retrieved August 27, 2009
44. ↑ "The NIST Guide to the SI (Special Publication 811), section 5.2", Nist, 2008, http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP811/sec05.html#5.2, retrieved August 27, 2009
45. ↑ Ambler Thompson & Barry N. Taylor. (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). Special Publication 811. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. p. 5.
46. ↑ Comité international des poids et mesures, 2002, Recommendation 2, http://www.bipm.org/en/CIPM/db/2002/2/, retrieved August 27, 2009

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