Lyapunov time

Short description: Timescale of dynamical systems

In mathematics, the Lyapunov time is the characteristic timescale on which a dynamical system is chaotic. It is named after the Russian mathematician Aleksandr Lyapunov. It is defined as the inverse of a system's largest Lyapunov exponent.[1]

## Contents

* 1 Use
* 2 Examples
* 3 See also
* 4 References

## Use

The Lyapunov time mirrors the limits of the predictability of the system. By convention, it is defined as the time for the distance between nearby trajectories of the system to increase by a factor of e. However, measures in terms of 2-foldings and 10-foldings are sometimes found, since they correspond to the loss of one bit of information or one digit of precision respectively.[2][3]

While it is used in many applications of dynamical systems theory, it has been particularly used in celestial mechanics where it is important for the problem of the stability of the Solar System. However, empirical estimation of the Lyapunov time is often associated with computational or inherent uncertainties.[4][5]

## Examples

Typical values are:[2]

System | Lyapunov time

|

Pluto's orbit | 20 million years
Solar System | 5 million years
Axial tilt of Mars | 1–5 million years
Orbit of 36 Atalante | 4,000 years
Rotation of Hyperion | 36 days
Chemical chaotic oscillations | 5.4 minutes
Hydrodynamic chaotic oscillations | 2 seconds
1 cm3 of argon at room temperature | 3.7×10−11 seconds
1 cm3 of argon at triple point (84 K, 69 kPa) | 3.7×10−16 seconds

## See also

* Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction
* Molecular chaos
* Three-body problem

## References

1. ↑ Bezruchko, Boris P.; Smirnov, Dmitry A. (5 September 2010). Extracting Knowledge from Time Series: An Introduction to Nonlinear Empirical Modeling. Springer. pp. 56–57. ISBN 9783642126000. https://books.google.com/books?id=li6JDAEACAAJ.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Gaspard, Pierre (2005). Chaos, Scattering and Statistical Mechanics (New ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 7. ISBN 978-0-521-01825-8.
3. ↑ Friedland, G.; Metere, A. (2018). "Isomorphism between Maximum Lyapunov Exponent and Shannon's Channel Capacity". arXiv:1706.08638 [cond-mat.stat-mech].
4. ↑ Tancredi, G.; Sánchez, A.; Roig, F. (2001). "A Comparison Between Methods to Compute Lyapunov Exponents". The Astronomical Journal 121 (2): 1171–1179. doi:10.1086/318732. Bibcode: 2001AJ....121.1171T.
5. ↑ Gerlach, E. (2009). "On the Numerical Computability of Asteroidal Lyapunov Times". arXiv:0901.4871 [physics.comp-ph].

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