Bullying in medicine

Short description: none

This page is about bullying involving physicians. For bullying involving nurses, see Bullying in nursing.

Bullying in the medical profession is common, particularly of student or trainee physicians. It is thought that this is at least in part an outcome of conservative traditional hierarchical structures and teaching methods in the medical profession which may result in a bullying cycle.

People with Type A personality are attracted to highly educated professions such as medicine and law, both by the pride of overachievement and by the opportunities to exercise authority over others. Personal egotism, reinforced by successes in career development and increased social status, can lead to power harassment towards vulnerable clients, colleagues and students.

While the stereotype of a victim as a weak person who somehow deserves to be bullied is salient, there is growing evidence that bullies, who are often driven by jealousy and envy, pick on the highest performing students, whose mere presence is sufficient to make the bully feel insecure. The victim are usually academic high achievers and are likely to have been top of the class throughout their school years. As medical students have to compete against each other, this can make certain trainee doctors eager to stand out from the crowd, and some use underhanded techniques to gain more recognition.

The rampant problem of medical student mistreatment and bullying was systematically studied and reported in a 1990 JAMA study by pediatrician Henry K. Silver which found that 46.4 percent of students at one medical school had been abused at some point during medical school; by the time they were seniors, that number was 80.6 percent.[1]

In a 2002 test, 594 BMA members were randomly selected to complete a bullying survey, and 220 of the 594 junior doctors reported having been bullied in the previous year. This survey reported no variance in job grade or age.[2]

## Contents

* 1 Psychology
* 1.1 Bullying cycle
* 2 Impact
* 3 Types
* 3.1 Medical students
* 3.2 Junior (trainee) physicians
* 3.3 Psychiatry
* 3.4 Nursing
* 4 Popular culture
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 Further reading
* 8 External links

## Psychology

Threats (of exposure of inadequacy) must be ruthlessly controlled and subjugated.[3] Psychological models such as transference and projection have been proposed to explain such behaviors, wherein the bully's sense of personal inadequacy is projected or transferred to a victim; through making others feel inadequate and subordinate, the bully thus vindicates their own sense of inferiority.

Displacement is another defense mechanism that can explain the propensity of many medical educators to bully students, and may operate subconsciously.[4] Displacement entails the redirection of an impulse (usually aggression) onto a powerless substitute target.[5] The target can be a person or an object that can serve as a symbolic substitute.[6] Displacement can operate in chain-reactions, wherein people unwittingly become at once victims and perpetrators of displacement.[7] For example, a resident physician may be undergoing stress with her patients or at home, but cannot express these feelings toward patients or toward her family members, so she channels these negative emotions toward vulnerable students in the form of intimidation, control or subjugation.[8] The student then acts brashly toward a patient, channeling reactive emotions which cannot be directed back to the resident physician onto more vulnerable subjects.[8]

A review found that there were 5 main drivers of bullying and unprofessional behaviours in healthcare: 1. disempowered staff who feel undervalued; 2. harmful workplace processes and cultures (high job demands because of understaffing, for instance); 3. a lack of team cohesion and support, which can be caused by shift working; 4. reduced ability to speak up; 5. managers who lack awareness or recognition of unprofessional behaviours, and take no action.[9][10]

Beyond its ramifications for victims, disrespect and bullying in medicine is a threat to patient safety because it inhibits collegiality and cooperation essential to teamwork, cuts off communication, undermines morale, and inhibits compliance with and implementation of new practices.[11][12][9][10]

### Bullying cycle

Medical training usually takes place in institutions that have a highly structured hierarchical system, and has traditionally involved teaching by intimidation and humiliation. Such practices may foster a culture of bullying and the setting up of a cycle of bullying, analogous to other cycles of abuse in which those who experience it go on to abuse others when they become more senior. Medical doctors are increasingly reporting to the British Medical Association that they are being bullied, often by older and more senior colleagues, many of whom were badly treated themselves when more junior.[13]

Physician Jonathan Belsey relates in an emblematic narrative published in AMA Virtual Mentor entitled Teaching By Humiliation that "however well you presented the case, somewhere along the line you would trip up and give the predatory professor his opportunity to expose your inadequacies. Sometimes it would be your lack of medical knowledge; sometimes the question that you failed to ask the patient that would have revealed the root of the problem, or sometimes your ineptitude at eliciting the required clinical signs. On one memorable occasion, when I had appeared to cover all the bases clinically, the professor turned to me and berated me for attending his ward round wearing a plaid shirt that was clearly inappropriate for an aspiring doctor."[14]

## Impact

Bullying can significantly decrease job satisfaction and increase job-induced stress; it also leads to low self-confidence, depression, anxiety and a desire to leave employment.[3][15] Bullying contributes to high rates of staff turnover, high rates of sickness absence, impaired performance, lower productivity, poor team spirit and loss of trained staff.[3] This has implications for the recruitment and retention of medical staff.

Chronic and current bullying are associated with substantially worse health,[16] according to research by Laura M. Bogart, associate professor of pediatrics at Harvard Medical School.

Studies have consistently shown that physicians have had the highest depression and suicide rates compared to people in many other lines of work—for suicide, 40% higher for male physicians and 130% higher for female physicians.[17][18][19] Research has traced the beginning of this difference to the years spent in medical school.[20] Students enter medical school with mental health profiles similar to those of their peers but end up experiencing depression, burnout, suicidal ideation and other mental illnesses at much higher rates.[21][22] Despite better access to health care, they are more likely to cope by resorting to dysfunctional and self-injurious behaviors, and are less likely to receive the right care or even recognize that they need some kind of intervention.

Exposure to bullying and intimidation during formative years of medical training has been found to contribute to these consequences. Fear of stigmatisation among medical students was the subject of a study in JAMA by Thomas Schwenk and colleagues at the University of Michigan's Department of Family Medicine, USA. 53% of medical students who reported high levels of depressive symptoms were worried that revealing their illness would be risky for their careers and 62% said asking for help would mean their coping skills were inadequate, according to the study published in September 2010. "Medical students are under extraordinary demands. They feel they are making life and death decisions and that they can never be wrong. There is such tremendous pressure to be perfect that any sense of falling short makes them very anxious", says Schwenk.[23]

## Types

### Medical students

Medical students, perhaps being vulnerable because of their relatively low status in health care settings, may experience verbal abuse, humiliation and harassment (nonsexual or sexual). Discrimination based on gender and race are less common.[24]

In one study, around 35% of medical students reported having been bullied. Around one in four of the 1,000 students questioned said they had been bullied by a medical doctor. Furthermore, bullying has been known to occur among medical students. Manifestations of bullying include:[25]

* being humiliated by teachers in front of patients or peers
* been victimised for not having come from a "medical family" (often people who enter medicine have an older sibling pursuing the same degree or share ties with other individuals in the profession with whom familial relationship confers some degree of protection or special influence – especially within academic settings.) Such practices extend to admissions procedures, which are regularly influenced by factors far afield of candidates' intrinsic merits, such as being related to faculty members or well-known medical luminaries.[26][27]
* being put under pressure to carry out a procedure without supervision.
* being ostracized by other medical students for asking questions (due to the medical content being confusing for some students) through social media networks (Facebook bullying), phone, or in person.

Ragging is an additional form of abuse faced by medical students in many countries, often resulting in physical or psychological harm.[28] For a global perspective on this issue, Ragging in Medical Schools: A Global Problem We Need to Talk About.

One study showed that the medical faculty was the faculty in which students were most commonly mistreated.[29]

Bullying extends to postgraduate students.[30][31]

Medical students are increasingly involved in scientific research, but as early career researchers, they are particularly vulnerable to exploitation and mistreatment. Toxic research cultures are highly detrimental, manifesting in unethical practices and abuse of power by more senior researchers. These environments foster undue credit claims, coercive behavior, and a competitive atmosphere that prioritizes personal gain over collaborative and ethical conduct. Such cultures, driven by pressures to publish and secure funding, undermine the well-being and professional development of junior researchers, perpetuating a cycle of mistreatment and ethical compromise.[32]

### Junior (trainee) physicians

In a UK study, 37% of junior doctors reported being bullied in the previous year and 84% had experienced at least one bullying incident. Black and Asian physicians were more likely to be bullied than other physicians. Women were more likely to be bullied than men.[2]

Trainee physicians who feel threatened in the clinical workplace develop less effectively and are less likely to ask for advice or help when they need it.[33] Persistent destructive criticism, sarcastic comments and humiliation in front of colleagues will cause all but the most resilient of trainees to lose confidence in themselves.[34]

Consultants who feel burnt out and alienated may take their disaffection out on junior colleagues.[34]

### Psychiatry

Psychiatric trainees experience rates of bullying at least as high as other medical students. In a survey of psychiatric trainees in the West Midlands, 47% had experienced bullying within the last year with even higher percentages amongst ethnic minorities and females. Qualified psychiatrists are not themselves required to be psychiatrically assessed.[35][36]

### Nursing

Nurses experience bullying quite frequently.[37][38] It is thought that relational aggression (psychological aspects of bullying such as gossiping and intimidation) are commonplace. Relational aggression has been studied among girls but not so much among adult women.[39]

Speaking of many doctors' predilection for bullying nurses, Theresa Brown writes:[40]

> ...the most damaging bullying is not flagrant and does not fit the stereotype of a surgeon having a tantrum in the operating room. It is passive, like not answering pages or phone calls, and tends toward the subtle: condescension rather than outright abuse, and aggressive or sarcastic remarks rather than straightforward insults.

## Popular culture

Sir Lancelot Spratt, a character played by actor James Robertson Justice in the film series Doctor in the House, is often referenced as the archetypal arrogant bullying doctor ruling by fear. The film series also demonstrates bullying of student doctors by other doctors and the nursing matron.

In the American sitcom Scrubs, Dr. Cox uses intimidation and sarcasm as methods of tormenting the interns and expressing his dislike towards them and their company.

## See also

* Aggression in healthcare
* Disruptive physician
* Doctor-patient relationship
* Burnout and depression of medical students
* Medical education
* Medical narcissism
* Medical school
* Sham peer review
* Stafford Hospital scandal
* Stress in medical students
* Whistleblowing
* Workplace safety in healthcare settings

## References

1. ↑ "VM – To Bully and Be Bullied: Harassment and Mistreatment in Medical Education, Mar 14 ... Virtual Mentor". virtualmentor.ama-assn.org. 2014-03-01. http://virtualmentor.ama-assn.org/2014/03/fred1-1403.html.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Quine, L. (13 April 2002). "Workplace bullying in junior doctors: questionnaire survey". BMJ 324 (7342): 878–879. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7342.878. PMID 11950736.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Field, T. (2002). "Bullying in medicine". BMJ 324 (7340): 786a–786. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7340.786/a. PMID 11923166.
4. ↑ Salin, Denise (22 April 2016). "Ways of Explaining Workplace Bullying: A Review of Enabling, Motivating and Precipitating Structures and Processes in the Work Environment". Human Relations 56 (10): 1213–1232. doi:10.1177/00187267035610003.
5. ↑ Ahmed, Eliza (2006). "Understanding bullying from a shame management perspective: Findings from a three-year follow-up study". Educational and Child Psychology 23 (2): 25–39. doi:10.53841/bpsecp.2006.23.2.25. http://regnet.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/publications/attachments/2015-05/Ahmed_UnderstandingBullying-ECP_1.pdf.
6. ↑ "www.arimhe.com/uploaded/abstractbook.4th-worldwide-conference.pdf#page=25". arimhe.com. http://www.arimhe.com/uploaded/abstractbook.4th-worldwide-conference.pdf#page=25.
7. ↑ Einarsen, Stale; Hoel, Helge; Zapf, Dieter; Cooper, Cary (22 September 2010). Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace: Developments in Theory, Research, and Practice (Second ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4398-0490-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=h8qYxAhmhUAC&q=displacement bullying&pg=PA201. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Einarsen, Ståle (2000). "Harassment and bullying at work: A review of the scandinavian approach". Aggression and Violent Behavior 5 (4): 379–401. doi:10.1016/S1359-1789(98)00043-3.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Aunger, Justin Avery; Maben, Jill; Abrams, Ruth; Wright, Judy M.; Mannion, Russell; Pearson, Mark; Jones, Aled; Westbrook, Johanna I. (2023-11-30). "Drivers of unprofessional behaviour between staff in acute care hospitals: a realist review". BMC Health Services Research 23 (1): 1326. doi:10.1186/s12913-023-10291-3. ISSN 1472-6963. PMID 38037093. PMC 10687856. https://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12913-023-10291-3.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "What drives unprofessional behaviour in healthcare?". NIHR Evidence. 5 November 2024. https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/what-drives-unprofessional-behaviour-in-healthcare/.
11. ↑ Leape, Lucian L.; Shore, Miles F.; Dienstag, Jules L.; Mayer, Robert J.; Edgman-Levitan, Susan; Meyer, Gregg S.; Healy, Gerald B. (July 2012). "Perspective: A Culture of Respect, Part 1: The Nature and Causes of Disrespectful Behavior by Physicians". Academic Medicine 87 (7): 845–852. doi:10.1097/ACM.0b013e318258338d. PMID 22622217.
12. ↑ Anderson, Jim (April 2013). "Can "pimping" kill? The potential effect of disrespectful behavior on patient safety". Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants 26 (4): 53–56. doi:10.1097/01720610-201304000-00014. PMID 23610843.
13. ↑ Williams K (1998) Stress linked to bullying. BMA News Review, April 18
14. ↑ "VM – Teaching by Humiliation—Why It Should Change, Mar 14 ... Virtual Mentor". virtualmentor.ama-assn.org. 2014-03-01. http://virtualmentor.ama-assn.org/2014/03/mnar1-1403.html.
15. ↑ Björkqvist, K (2001). "Social defeat as a stressor in humans". Physiology & Behavior 73 (3): 435–42. doi:10.1016/S0031-9384(01)00490-5. PMID 11438372.
16. ↑ Bogart, Laura M.; Elliott, Marc N.; Klein, David J.; Tortolero, Susan R.; Mrug, Sylvie; Peskin, Melissa F.; Davies, Susan L.; Schink, Elizabeth T. et al. (17 February 2014). "Peer Victimization in Fifth Grade and Health in Tenth Grade". Pediatrics 133 (3): 440–447. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-3510. PMID 24534401.
17. ↑ Rotenstein, Lisa S.; Ramos, Marco A.; Torre, Matthew; Segal, J. Bradley; Peluso, Michael J.; Guille, Constance; Sen, Srijan; Mata, Douglas A. (2016-12-06). "Prevalence of Depression, Depressive Symptoms, and Suicidal Ideation Among Medical Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". JAMA 316 (21): 2214–2236. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.17324. ISSN 1538-3598. PMID 27923088.
18. ↑ Mata, Douglas A.; Ramos, Marco A.; Bansal, Narinder; Khan, Rida; Guille, Constance; Di Angelantonio, Emanuele; Sen, Srijan (8 December 2015). "Prevalence of Depression and Depressive Symptoms Among Resident Physicians". JAMA 314 (22): 2373–83. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.15845. PMID 26647259.
19. ↑ Chen, Pauline W. (2010-10-07). "The New York Times". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/07/health/views/07chen.html.
20. ↑ Hawton, K. (2000). "Doctors who kill themselves: a study of the methods used for suicide | QJM: An International Journal of Medicine". QJM (qjmed.oxfordjournals.org) 93 (6): 351–357. doi:10.1093/qjmed/93.6.351. PMID 10873184. http://qjmed.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/6/351.long. Retrieved 2015-02-09.
21. ↑ "The occupation with the highest suicide rate | Psychology Today". psychologytoday.com. http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-narcissus-in-all-us/200908/the-occupation-the-highest-suicide-rate.
22. ↑ Rotenstein, Lisa S.; Torre, Matthew; Ramos, Marco A.; Rosales, Rachael C.; Guille, Constance; Sen, Srijan; Mata, Douglas A. (September 18, 2018). "Prevalence of Burnout Among Physicians: A Systematic Review". JAMA 320 (11): 1131–1150. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.12777. ISSN 1538-3598. PMID 30326495.
23. ↑ Devi, Sharmila (2011). "Doctors in distress". The Lancet 377 (9764): 454–455. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60145-1. PMID 21300592. http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(11)60145-1/fulltext. Retrieved 2015-02-09.
24. ↑ Coverdale, J. H.; Balon, R.; Roberts, L. W. (2009). "Mistreatment of Trainees: Verbal Abuse and Other Bullying Behaviors". Academic Psychiatry 33 (4): 269–73. doi:10.1176/appi.ap.33.4.269. PMID 19690101.
25. ↑ Curtis P Medical students complain of bullying The Guardian 4 May 2005
26. ↑ "VM – Legacy Admissions in Medical School, Dec 12 ... Virtual Mentor". virtualmentor.ama-assn.org. 2012-12-01. http://virtualmentor.ama-assn.org/2012/12/ecas3-1212.html.
27. ↑ "Connections to University can affect admissions decision | Stanford Daily". stanforddaily.com. 2013-03-13. http://www.stanforddaily.com/2013/03/12/connections-to-university-can-affect-admissions-decision/.
28. ↑ Ragging in Medical Schools: A Global Problem We Need to Talk About
29. ↑ Rautio, Arja; Sunnari, Vappu; Nuutinen, Matti; Laitala, Marja (2005). "Mistreatment of university students most common during medical studies". BMC Medical Education 5: 36. doi:10.1186/1472-6920-5-36. PMID 16232310.
30. ↑ Stebbing, J; Mandalia, S; Portsmouth, S; Leonard, P; Crane, J; Bower, M; Earl, H; Quine, L (2004). "A questionnaire survey of stress and bullying in doctors undertaking research". Postgraduate Medical Journal 80 (940): 93–6. doi:10.1136/pmj.2003.009001. PMID 14970297.
31. ↑ Bairy, KL; Thirumalaikolundusubramanian, P; Sivagnanam, G; Saraswathi, S; Sachidananda, A; Shalini, A (2007). "Bullying among trainee doctors in Southern India: A questionnaire study". Journal of Postgraduate Medicine 53 (2): 87–90. doi:10.4103/0022-3859.32206. PMID 17495372.
32. ↑ Rajakumar, Hamrish Kumar; Gaman, Mihnea-Alexandru; Puyana, Juan C.; Bonilla-Escobar, Francisco J. (2024-07-09). "Transforming Toxic Research Cultures: Protecting the Future of Medical Students and Early Career Researchers – Part I" (in en). International Journal of Medical Students 12 (2): 128–132. doi:10.5195/ijms.2024.2763. ISSN 2076-6327. https://ijms.pitt.edu/IJMS/article/view/2763.
33. ↑ Israël, E; Louwette, R; Lambotte, C (1975). "Two familial cases of congenital erythroderma ichthyosiforme". Revue Médicale de Liège 30 (13): 439–44. PMID 1096266.
34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "Bullying of trainee doctors is a patient safety issue". The Clinical Teacher 6: 13–7. 2009. doi:10.1111/j.1743-498x.2008.00251.x.
35. ↑ Hoosen, I. A. (2004). "A survey of workplace bullying of psychiatric trainees in the West Midlands". Psychiatric Bulletin 28 (6): 225–7. doi:10.1192/pb.28.6.225.
36. ↑ Gadit AA Bullying in psychiatry must stop – Clinical Psychiatry News, May, 2007
37. ↑ Hutchinson, M; Wilkes, L; Vickers, M; Jackson, D (2008). "The development and validation of a bullying inventory for the nursing workplace". Nurse Researcher 15 (2): 19–29. doi:10.7748/nr2008.01.15.2.19.c6326. PMID 18283759.
38. ↑ Porter-O'grady, T (2008). "Transforming work environments. Interview by Diane E Scott and Amanda Rosenkranz". The American Nurse 40 (2): 7. PMID 18494401.
39. ↑ Dellasega, Cheryl A. (2009). "Bullying among nurses". The American Journal of Nursing 109 (1): 52–8. doi:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000344039.11651.08. PMID 19112267.
40. ↑ Brown, Theresa (2011-05-07). "Physician Heel Thyself". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/08/opinion/08Brown.html.

## Further reading

* Ahmer, Syed; Yousafzai, Abdul Wahab; Bhutto, Naila; Alam, Sumira; Sarangzai, Amanullah Khan; Iqbal, Arshad (2008). Syed, Ehsan. ed. "Bullying of Medical Students in Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Questionnaire Survey". PLOS ONE 3 (12). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003889. PMID 19060948. Bibcode: 2008PLoSO...3.3889A.
* Faruqui, R. A.; Ikkos, G. (2007). "Poorly performing supervisors and trainers of trainee doctors". Psychiatric Bulletin 31 (4): 148–52. doi:10.1192/pb.bp.105.008730.
* Frank, E. (2006). "Experiences of belittlement and harassment and their correlates among medical students in the United States: Longitudinal survey". BMJ 333 (7570): 682–0. doi:10.1136/bmj.38924.722037.7C. PMID 16956894.
* Gadit, A A M; Mugford, G (2008). "A pilot study of bullying and harassment among medical professionals in Pakistan, focussing on psychiatry: Need for a medical ombudsman". Journal of Medical Ethics 34 (6): 463–6. doi:10.1136/jme.2007.021832. PMID 18511621.
* Imran, N; Jawaid, M; Haider, II; Masood, Z (2010). "Bullying of junior doctors in Pakistan: A cross-sectional survey". Singapore Medical Journal 51 (7): 592–5. PMID 20730401. http://smj.sma.org.sg/5107/5107a8.pdf.
* Maida, Ana Margarita; Vásquez, Alicia; Herskovic, Viviana; Calderón, José Luis; Jacard, Marcela; Pereira, Ana; Widdel, Lars (2003). "A report on student abuse during medical training". Medical Teacher 25 (5): 497–501. doi:10.1080/01421590310001606317. PMID 14522671.
* Mukhtar, F; Daud, S; Manzoor, I; Amjad, I; Saeed, K; Naeem, M; Javed, M (2010). "Bullying of medical students". Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan 20 (12): 814–8. PMID 21205548.
* Paice, E.; Aitken, M; Houghton, A; Firth-Cozens, J (2004). "Bullying among doctors in training: Cross sectional questionnaire survey". BMJ 329 (7467): 658–9. doi:10.1136/bmj.38133.502569.AE. PMID 15256417.
* Mistry M and Latoo J Bullying: a growing workplace menace BJMP Mar 2009 Volume 2 Number 1
* Paice, E. (12 April 2003). "Who's a bully then?". BMJ 326 (7393): 127S–127. doi:10.1136/bmj.326.7393.S127. PMID 12689995.
* Quine, Lyn (1999). Clinical research. ed. "Workplace bullying in NHS community trust: Staff questionnaire survey". BMJ 318 (7178): 228–32. doi:10.1136/bmj.318.7178.228. PMID 9915730.
* Vanderstar ES Workplace Bullying in the Healthcare Professions 2004 8 Employee Rights and Employment Policy Journal 455
* Wible, Pamela (2019). Human Rights Violations in Medicine: A-to-Z Action Guide. ISBN 978-0985710330
* Wood, D. F (2006). "Bullying and harassment in medical schools". BMJ 333 (7570): 664–5. doi:10.1136/bmj.38954.568148.BE. PMID 17008645.
* Wood, DF. Bullying in medical schools Student BMJ October 2006

## External links

* Bullying and harassment at British Medical Association
* WMA statement on bullying and harassment within the profession at World Medical Association
* Ragging in Medical Schools: A Global Problem We Need to Talk About at Clavikl

* v
* t
* e

Bullying

Types|

* Abusive supervision
* Cyberbullying
* Disability bullying
* Doxing
* Gay bashing
* Hazing
* Military bullying
* Mobbing
* Parental bullying of children
* Passive aggression
* Peer victimization
* Prison bullying
* Rankism
* Relational aggression
* School bullying
* Sexual bullying
* Workplace bullying (Academia
* Higher education
* Information technology
* Legal aspects
* Legal profession
* Medicine
* Nursing
* Teaching
* Toxic leader)

Elements|

* Betrayal
* Blacklisting
* Bullying and emotional intelligence
* Character assassination
* Control
* Coercion
* Climate of fear
* Defamation
* Destabilisation
* Discrediting
* Embarrassment
* False accusation
* Gaslighting
* Gossip
* Harassment
* Humiliation
* Incivility
* Innuendo
* Insult
* Intimidation
* Isolation
* Kiss up kick down
* Mind games
* Moving the goalposts
* Nagging
* Name calling
* Personal attacks
* Psychological abuse
* Physical abuse
* Rudeness
* Sarcasm
* School pranks
* Setting up to fail
* Silent treatment
* Smear campaign
* Social exclusion
* Social undermining
* Taunting
* Teasing
* Whispering campaign
* Workplace incivility
* Verbal abuse
* Yelling

Organizations|

* Act Against Bullying
* Ditch the Label
* Bullying UK
* It Gets Better Project
* Kidscape
* GRIN Campaign
* Jer's Vision

Activists and
academics|

* Andrea Adams
* Louise Burfitt-Dons
* Tim Field
* SuEllen Fried
* Liam Hackett
* Heinz Leymann
* Gary Namie
* Kenneth Westhues

Actions|

* Anti-Bullying Day
* Anti-Bullying Week
* International STAND UP to Bullying Day
* Anti-bullying legislation
* International Day of Pink

Notable suicides
(List)|

* William Arthur Gibbs (1877)
* Kelly Yeomans (1997)
* Hamed Nastoh (2000)
* Dawn-Marie Wesley (2000)
* Nicola Ann Raphael (2001)
* Ryan Halligan (2003)
* Megan Meier (2006)
* Sladjana Vidovic (2008)
* Phoebe Prince (2010)
* Tyler Clementi (2010)
* Jamey Rodemeyer (2011)
* Jamie Hubley (2011)
* Kenneth Weishuhn (2012)
* Audrie Pott (2012)
* Amanda Todd (2012)
* Jadin Bell (2013)
* Rehtaeh Parsons (2013)
* Rebecca Ann Sedwick (2013)
* Conrad Roy (2014)
* Tyrone Unsworth (2016)

Murder–suicides
(incidents)|

* Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold (Columbine, 1999)
* Jeff Weise (Red Lake, 2005)
* Seung-Hui Cho (Virginia Tech, 2007)
* Pekka-Eric Auvinen (Jokela High School, 2007)
* Elliot Rodger (Isla Vista, 2014)

Related topics|

* Control freak
* Dehumanization
* Depression
* Emotional blackmail
* Just-world hypothesis
* Machiavellianism in the workplace
* Narcissism in the workplace
* Personal boundaries
* Personality disorders
* PTSD (C-PTSD)
* Psychological manipulation
* Psychological projection
* Psychological trauma
* Psychopathy in the workplace
* Scapegoating
* Self-esteem
* Social dominance orientation
* Suicide among LGBT youth
* Sycophancy
* Victim blaming
* Victim playing
* Victimisation
* Whistleblowing

* v
* t
* e

Abuse

Types|

* Anti-social behaviour
* Bullying
* Child abuse
* neglect
* sexual
* military
* Cruelty to animals
* Domestic abuse
* Elder abuse
* Gaslighting
* Harassment
* Humiliation
* Incivility
* Institutional abuse
* Intimidation
* Neglect
* Persecution
* Professional abuse
* Proxy abuse
* Psychological abuse
* Physical abuse
* Religious abuse
* Sexual abuse
* Stalking
* Structural abuse
* Verbal abuse
* more...

Related topics|

* Abusive power and control
* Child grooming
* Complex post-traumatic stress disorder
* Dehumanization
* Denial
* Destabilisation
* Exaggeration
* Isolation
* Just-world hypothesis
* Lying
* Manipulation
* Minimisation
* Narcissism
* Psychological projection
* Psychological trauma
* Psychopathy
* Rationalization
* Traumatic bonding
* Victim blaming
* Victim playing
* Victimisation

* v
* t
* e

Aspects of workplaces

Topics|

* Absenteeism
* Abusive supervision
* Aggression
* Bullying
* Conflict
* Control freak
* {{{sp}}}|us||u}}r
* Coworker backstabbing
* Culture of fear
* Cyber-aggression
* Democracy
* Deviance
* Discrimination
* Diversity
* Divide and rule
* Emotions
* Employee engagement
* Employee monitoring
* Employee morale
* Employee silence
* Employee surveys
* Empowerment
* Evaluation
* Feminisation
* Fit in or fuck off
* Friendship
* Gender inequality
* Gossip
* Happiness
* Harassment
* Health surveillance
* Humor
* Incivility
* Intervention
* Jargon
* Kick the cat
* Kiss up kick down
* Listening
* Machiavellianism
* Micromanagement
* Mobbing
* Narcissism
* Office politics
* Performance appraisal
* Personality clash
* Phobia
* Positive psychology
* Privacy
* Probation
* Profanity
* Psychopathy
* Queen bee syndrome
* Rat race
* Relationships
* Revenge
* Role conflict
* Romance
* Sabotage
* Safety and health
* Spirituality
* Staff turnover
* Strategy
* Stress
* Toxic workplace
* Toxic leader
* Training
* Undermining
* Violence
* Wellness
* Work–family conflict
* Workload

See also|

* Corporation
* Employment
* Factory
* Job
* Office
* {{{sp}}}|uk|s|z}}ation
* Whistleblower

Templates|

* Aspects of corporations
* Aspects of jobs
* Aspects of occupations
* Aspects of organizations
* Employment

* v
* t
* e

Employment

Classifications|

* Casual
* Contingent
* Full-time
* Part-time
* Self-employed
* Skilled
* Independent contractor
* Temporary
* Tenure
* Unskilled
* Wage labour

Hiring|

* Application
* Background check
* Business networking
* Contract
* Cover letter
* Curriculum Vitae (CV)
* Drug testing
* e-recruitment
* Employment counsellor
* Executive search (list)
* Induction programme
* Job fair
* Job fraud
* Job hunting
* Job interview
* Labour brokering
* Overqualification
* Onboarding
* Personality-job fit theory
* Person-environment fit
* Probation
* Reference
* Résumé
* Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates
* Underemployment
* Work-at-home scheme

Roles|

* Mentorship
* Co-op
* Employee
* Employer
* Internship
* Job
* Permanent
* Permatemp
* Supervisor
* Volunteer

Worker class|

* Blue-collar
* Green-collar
* Grey-collar
* Pink-collar
* White-collar

Career and training|

* Apprenticeship
* Avocation
* Career assessment
* Career counseling
* Career development
* Coaching
* Creative class
* Education
* Continuing education
* Continuing professional development
* E-learning
* Employability
* Further education
* Graduate school
* Induction training
* Initial Professional Development
* Knowledge worker
* Licensure
* Lifelong learning
* Practice-based professional learning
* Professional association
* Professional certification
* Professional development
* Professional school
* Reflective practice
* Retraining
* Vocational education
* Vocational school
* Vocational university
* Mentorship
* Occupational Outlook Handbook
* Practice firm
* Profession
* Tradesman
* Vocation

Attendance|

* Break
* Career break
* Furlough
* Gap year
* Leave of absence
* Long service leave
* No call, no show
* Sabbatical
* Sick leave
* Time clock

Schedules|

* Four-day week
* Eight-hour day
* 996
* Flextime
* Overtime
* Retroactive overtime
* Shift work
* Telecommuting
* Working time
* Workweek and weekend

Wages and salaries|

* Income bracket
* Income tax
* Living wage
* Maximum wage
* National average salary
* World
* Europe
* Minimum wage
* Canada
* Hong Kong
* Europe
* United States
* Progressive wage
* Singapore
* Overtime rate
* Paid time off
* Performance-related pay
* Salary
* Salary cap
* Working poor

Benefits|

* Annual leave
* Casual Friday
* Day care
* Disability insurance
* Health insurance
* Life insurance
* Marriage leave
* Parental leave
* Pension
* Sick leave
* Take-home vehicle

Safety and health|

* Epilepsy and employment
* Human factors and ergonomics
* Industrial noise
* Karōshi
* Protective clothing
* Occupational burnout
* Occupational disease
* Occupational exposure limit
* Occupational health psychology
* Occupational injury
* Occupational stress
* Repetitive strain injury
* Sick building syndrome
* Work accident
* Occupational fatality
* Workers' compensation
* Workplace phobia
* Workplace wellness

Equality|

* Affirmative action
* Equal pay for women
* Gender pay gap
* Glass ceiling

Infractions|

* Corporate abuse
* Accounting scandals
* Corporate behaviour
* Corporate crime
* Control fraud
* Corporate scandals
* Discrimination
* Dress code
* Employee handbook
* Employee monitoring
* Evaluation
* Labour law
* Sexual harassment
* Sleeping while on duty
* Wage theft
* Whistleblower
* Workplace bullying
* Workplace harassment
* Workplace incivility

Willingness|

* Boreout
* Civil conscription
* Conscription
* Dead-end job
* Extreme careerism
* Job satisfaction
* Organizational commitment
* McJob
* Refusal of work
* Slavery
* Bonded labour
* Human trafficking
* Labour camp
* Penal labour
* Peonage
* Truck system
* Unfree labour
* Wage slavery
* Workaholic
* Work aversion
* Work ethic
* Work–life balance
* Downshifting (lifestyle)
* Slow living

Termination|

* At-will employment
* Dismissal
* Banishment room
* Constructive dismissal
* Wrongful dismissal
* Employee exit management
* Exit interview
* Layoff
* Notice period
* Pink slip
* Resignation
* Letter of resignation
* Restructuring
* Retirement
* Mandatory retirement
* Retirement age
* Severance package
* Golden handshake
* Golden parachute
* Turnover

Unemployment|

* Barriers to Employment
* Depression
* Great Depression
* Long Depression
* Discouraged worker
* Frictional unemployment
* Full employment
* Graduate unemployment
* Involuntary unemployment
* Jobless recovery
* Phillips curve
* Recession
* Great Recession
* Great Recession job losses
* List of recessions
* Recession-proof job
* Reserve army of labour
* Types of unemployment
* Unemployment Convention
* Unemployment benefits
* Unemployment extension
* Unemployment insurance
* Unemployment rates
* Employment rates
* Employment-to-population ratio
* Structural unemployment
* Technological unemployment
* Wage curve
* Youth unemployment

See also templates

* Aspects of corporations
* Aspects of jobs
* Aspects of occupations
* Aspects of organizations
* Aspects of workplaces
* Corporate titles
* Organized labor

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