Classical pharmacology

Short description: Drug discovery by phenotypic screening

Forward (classical) and reverse pharmacology approaches in drug discovery

In the field of drug discovery, classical pharmacology,[1] also known as forward pharmacology,[2][3][4] or phenotypic drug discovery (PDD),[5] relies on phenotypic screening (screening in intact cells or whole organisms) of chemical libraries of synthetic small molecules, natural products or extracts to identify substances that have a desirable therapeutic effect. Using the techniques of medicinal chemistry, the potency, selectivity, and other properties of these screening hits are optimized to produce candidate drugs.

## Contents

* 1 Historical background
* 2 Similarity with pharmacognosy
* 3 See also
* 4 References

## Historical background

Classical pharmacology traditionally has been the basis for the discovery of new drugs. Compounds are screened in cellular or animal models of disease to identify compounds that cause a desirable change in phenotype. Only after the compounds have been discovered, an effort is made to determine the biological target of the compounds through target validation experiments often involving chemoproteomics. More recently it has become popular to develop a hypothesis that a certain biological target is disease modifying and screen for compounds that modulate the activity of this purified target. Afterwards, these compounds are tested in animals to see if they have the desired effect. This approach is known as "reverse pharmacology"[1] or "target based drug discovery" (TDD).[5] However, recent statistical analysis reveals that a disproportionate number of first-in-class drugs with novel mechanisms of action come from phenotypic screening,[6] which has led to a resurgence of interest in this method.[7]

## Similarity with pharmacognosy

Pharmacognosy, the investigation of botanics used in indigenous medical traditions is essentially classical pharmacology. Pharmacognosy and classical pharmacology are both often contrasted with reverse pharmacology, that is, working from the target backward to identify new drugs starting with screening libraries of compounds for affinity for particular target. In pharmacognosy, folk medicines are first tested in clinical trials for efficacy. Only after efficacy has been established, is an effort made to determine the biologic target of the drug.

## See also

* Reverse pharmacology
* Phenotypic screening
* Pharmacognosy
* Chemoproteomics

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Takenaka T (September 2001). "Classical vs reverse pharmacology in drug discovery". BJU Int. 88 Suppl 2: 7–10; discussion 49–50. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2001.00112.x. PMID 11589663.
2. ↑ Lazo JS (April 2008). "Rear-view mirrors and crystal balls: a brief reflection on drug discovery". Mol. Interv. 8 (2): 60–3. doi:10.1124/mi.8.2.1. PMID 18403648.
3. ↑ Pharmacology principles and practice. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press. 2009. p. 576. ISBN 978-0-12-369521-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=5YDMmjWXe-AC&q=reverse+pharmacology&pg=PA576.
4. ↑ "Chemical complementation: a definitive phenotypic strategy for identifying small molecule inhibitors of elusive cellular targets". Pharmacol. Ther. 107 (2): 212–21. August 2005. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.03.002. PMID 15925410.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Modern phenotypic drug discovery is a viable, neoclassic pharma strategy". J. Med. Chem. 55 (10): 4527–38. May 2012. doi:10.1021/jm201649s. PMID 22409666.
6. ↑ "How were new medicines discovered?". Nat Rev Drug Discov 10 (7): 507–19. July 2011. doi:10.1038/nrd3480. PMID 21701501.
7. ↑ Kotz J (April 2012). "Phenotypic screening, take two". Science-Business EXchange 5 (15): 380. doi:10.1038/scibx.2012.380.

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Pharmacology

Ligand (biochemistry)|

| Excitatory|

* Agonist
* Endogenous agonist
* Irreversible agonist
* Partial agonist
* Superagonist
* Physiological agonist

|

Inhibitory|

* Antagonist
* Competitive antagonist
* Irreversible antagonist
* Physiological antagonist
* Inverse agonist
* Enzyme inhibitor

|

* Drug
* Neurotransmitter
* Agonist-antagonist
* Pharmacophore

Pharmacodynamics|

| Activity at receptor|

* Mechanism of action
* Mode of action
* Binding
* Receptor (biochemistry)
* Desensitization (pharmacology)

|

Other effects of ligand|

* Selectivity (Binding, Functional)
* Pleiotropy (drugs)
* Non-specific effect of vaccines
* Adverse effects
* Toxicity (Neurotoxicity)

|

Analysis|

* Dose–response relationship
* Hill equation (biochemistry)
* Schild plot
* Del Castillo Katz model
* Cheng-Prussoff Equation
* Methods (Organ bath, Ligand binding assay, Patch-clamp)

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Metrics|

* Efficacy
* Intrinsic activity
* Potency (EC50, IC50, ED50, LD50, TD50)
* Therapeutic index
* Affinity

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Pharmacokinetics|

| Metrics|

* Loading dose
* Volume of distribution (Initial)
* Rate of infusion
* Onset of action
* Biological half-life
* Plasma protein binding
* Bioavailability

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LADME|

* (L)ADME: (Liberation)
* Absorption
* Distribution
* Metabolism
* Excretion (Clearance)

|

* Compartment
* Bioequivalence

Related
fields|

| Neuroscience and psychology|

* Neuropsychopharmacology
* Neuropharmacology
* Psychopharmacology
* Electrophysiology

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Medicine|

* Clinical pharmacology
* Pharmacy
* Medicinal chemistry
* Pharmacoepidemiology

|

Biochemistry and genetics|

* Pharmacoinformatics
* Pharmacogenetics
* Pharmacogenomics

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Toxicology|

* Pharmacotoxicology
* Neurotoxicology

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Drug discovery|

* Classical pharmacology
* Reverse pharmacology

|

* Photopharmacology
* Immunopharmacology
* Cell biology
* Physiology

Other|

* Coinduction (anaesthetics)
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* Functional analog (chemistry)
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* Chemotherapy
* List of drugs
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| Tolerance and resistance|

* Drug tolerance
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* Drug resistance
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Antimicrobial pharmacology|

* Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics
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