Coronary care unit

Short description: Hospital ward specialized in caring for heart conditions

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationDoor leading to a CCU in Kerala.

A coronary care unit (CCU) or cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) is a hospital ward specialized in the care of patients with heart attacks, unstable angina, cardiac dysrhythmia and (in practice) various other cardiac conditions that require continuous monitoring and treatment.

## Contents

* 1 Characteristics
* 2 Utilization
* 3 Local differences
* 3.1 Acute coronary care
* 3.2 Subacute coronary care
* 4 History
* 5 References

## Characteristics

The main feature of coronary care is the availability of telemetry or the continuous monitoring of the cardiac rhythm by electrocardiography. This allows early intervention with medication, cardioversion or defibrillation, improving the prognosis. As arrhythmias are relatively common in this group, patients with myocardial infarction or unstable angina are routinely admitted to the coronary care unit. For other indications, such as atrial fibrillation, a specific indication is generally necessary, while for others, such as heart block, coronary care unit admission is standard.[citation needed]

## Utilization

In the United States, cardiac conditions accounted for eight of the eighteen conditions and procedures with high ICU utilization (ICU utilization in more than 40% of stays) in 2011.[1]

## Local differences

In the United States, coronary care units are usually subsets of intensive care units (ICU) dedicated to the care of critically ill cardiac patients. These units are usually present in hospitals that routinely engage in cardiothoracic surgery. Invasive monitoring such as with pulmonary artery catheters is common, as are supportive modalities such as mechanical ventilation and intra-aortic balloon pumps (IABP).

Certain hospitals, such as Johns Hopkins [1], maintain mixed units consisting of both acute care units for the critically ill, and intermediate care units for patients who are not critical.

### Acute coronary care

Acute coronary care units (ACCUs), also called "critical coronary care units" (CCCUs), are equivalent to intensive care in the level of service provided. Patients with acute myocardial infarction, cardiogenic shock, or post-operative "open-heart" patients commonly abide here.

### Subacute coronary care

Subacute coronary care units (SCCUs), also called progressive care units (PCUs), intermediate coronary care units (ICCUs), or stepdown units, provide a level of care intermediate to that of the intensive care unit and that of the general medical floor. These units typically serve patients who require cardiac telemetry, such as those with unstable angina.

## History

Coronary care units developed in the 1960s when it became clear that close monitoring by specially trained staff, cardiopulmonary resuscitation and medical measures could reduce the mortality from complications of cardiovascular disease. The first description of a CCU was given in 1961 to the British Thoracic Society by Desmond Julian, who founded the first CCU at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh in 1964.[2] Early CCUs were also located in Sydney, Kansas City, Toronto and Philadelphia. The first coronary care unit in the US was opened at Bethany Medical Center in Kansas City, Kansas by Hughes Day, and he coined the term.[3][4] Bethany Medical Center is also where the first "crash carts" were developed.[5] Studies published in 1967 revealed that those observed in a coronary care setting had consistently better outcomes.[6]

DF Beck performed the first successful resuscitation of a physician with myocardial infarction in 1953, and pioneered the use of open-chest defibrillation. Zoll introduced external defibrillation in Boston in 1956, and Kouwenhoven and colleagues at Johns Hopkins highlighted the effectiveness of a combo of mouth-to-mouth, sternal compression, and closed chest defibrillation in restoring cardiac function in ventricular fibrillation patients. The first diagnostic angiogram was discovered by Mason Sones in 1958, due to an accidental injection of dye directly into the coronary artery rather than into the entire circulation - something that was previously believed to be fatal.[citation needed]

These developments led to an interest in intensive care for myocardial infarction. In 1967, Thomas Killip and John Kimball published a report of 250 patients with acute MI's, who had experienced significantly better survival rates in CCUs compared to other institutions. This, along with other reports, led to an increase in coronary care units. Now catheterization units are commonplace in large cities.[citation needed]

## References

1. ↑ "Utilization of Intensive Care Services, 2011". HCUP Statistical Brief #185. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. December 2014. https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb185-Hospital-Intensive-Care-Units-2011.jsp.
2. ↑ "World's first coronary care unit". BHF. http://www.bhf.org.uk/html/Worlds-first-coronary-care-unit.html.
3. ↑ Day HW (April 1962). "A cardiac resuscitation program". J Lancet 82: 153–6. PMID 13884060.
4. ↑ Julian DG (September 2001). "The evolution of the coronary care unit". Cardiovasc. Res. 51 (4): 621–4. doi:10.1016/S0008-6363(01)00365-0. PMID 11530092.
5. ↑ Unplugged: Reclaiming Our Right to Die in America, William H. Colby
6. ↑ "Cardiology's 10 greatest discoveries of the 20th century". Tex Heart Inst J 29 (3): 164–71. 2002. PMID 12224718.

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Intensive care medicine

* Health science
* Medicine
* Medical specialities
* Respiratory therapy

General terms|

* Intensive care unit (ICU)
* Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)
* Pediatric intensive care unit (PICU)
* Coronary care unit (CCU)
* Critical illness insurance

Conditions|

| Organ system failure|

Shock sequence
SIRS
Sepsis
Severe sepsis
Septic shock
Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome

Other shock
Cardiogenic shock
Distributive shock
Anaphylaxis
Obstructive shock
Neurogenic shock
Spinal shock
Vasodilatory shock

Organ failure
Acute renal failure
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Acute liver failure
Respiratory failure
Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome

* Neonatal infection
* Polytrauma
* Coma

|

Complications|

* Critical illness polyneuropathy / myopathy
* Critical illness–related corticosteroid insufficiency
* Decubitus ulcers
* Fungemia
* Stress hyperglycemia
* Stress ulcer

Iatrogenesis|

* Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
* Oxygen toxicity
* Refeeding syndrome
* Ventilator-associated lung injury
* Ventilator-associated pneumonia
* Dialytrauma

Diagnosis|

* Arterial blood gas
* Catheter
* Arterial line
* Central venous catheter
* Pulmonary artery catheter
* Blood cultures
* Screening cultures

Life-supporting treatments|

* Airway management
* Chest tube
* Dialysis
* Enteral feeding
* Goal-directed therapy
* Induced coma
* Mechanical ventilation
* Therapeutic hypothermia
* Total parenteral nutrition
* Tracheal intubation

Drugs|

* Analgesics
* Antibiotics
* Antithrombotics
* Inotropes
* Intravenous fluids
* Neuromuscular-blocking drugs
* Recombinant activated protein C
* Sedatives
* Stress ulcer prevention drugs
* Vasopressors

ICU scoring systems|

* APACHE II
* Glasgow Coma Scale
* PIM2
* SAPS II
* SAPS III
* SOFA

Physiology|

* Hemodynamics
* Hypotension
* Level of consciousness
* Acid–base imbalance
* Water-electrolyte imbalance

Organisations|

* Society of Critical Care Medicine
* Surviving Sepsis Campaign
* European Society of Paediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care

Related specialties|

* Anesthesiology
* Cardiology
* Internal medicine
* Neurology
* Pediatrics
* Pulmonology
* Surgery
* Traumatology

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