Drug overdose

Short description: Use of an excessive amount of a drug

"Overdose" and "Drug poisoning" redirect here. For other uses, see Overdose (disambiguation).

Drug overdose

Other names| Overdose, OD, hotshot, wasted, intoxication, gassed, medicinal poisoning
A photograph depicting a person who had overdosed
Specialty| Toxicology, emergency medicine
Symptoms| Vary depending on the drug and the amount used

Commonly:

Hematemesis, Seizures, Pale skin
Complications|

* Neurological damage
* Heart failure
* Liver failure
* Stroke
* Coma
* Brain death
* Suicide

Causes|

* Miscalculation
* Misjudgement
* Peer pressure
* Addiction
* Depression
* Anxiety
* Suicidal ideation
* Physical pain
* Stress

Risk factors|

* Trauma
* Physical abuse
* Sexual abuse
* Child abuse
* Bullying
* Intravenous drug use

Differential diagnosis|

* Pulmonary aspiration
* Foreign body aspiration
* Heart attack
* Epilepsy

Treatment|

* Activated charcoal
* Stomach pump
* Antidotes

Fentanyl. 2 mg (white powder to the right) is a lethal dose in most people.[1] US penny is 19 mm (0.75 in) wide.

A drug overdose (overdose or OD) is the ingestion or application of a drug or other substance in quantities much greater than are recommended.[2][3] Typically the term is applied for cases when a risk to health is a potential result.[2] An overdose may result in a toxic state or death.[3]

## Contents

* 1 Classification
* 2 Signs and symptoms
* 3 Causes
* 3.1 Added flavoring
* 4 Diagnosis
* 5 Prevention
* 6 Management
* 6.1 Antidotes
* 7 Epidemiology and statistics
* 8 See also
* 9 References
* 10 Further reading
* 11 External links

## Classification

The word "overdose" implies that there is a common safe dosage and usage for the drug; therefore, the term is commonly applied only to drugs, not poisons, even though many poisons as well are harmless at a low enough dosage. Drug overdose is sometimes used as a means to commit suicide, as the result of intentional or unintentional misuse of medication. Intentional misuse leading to overdose can include using prescribed or non-prescribed drugs in excessive quantities in an attempt to produce euphoria.

Usage of illicit drugs, in large quantities, or after a period of drug abstinence can also induce overdose. Cocaine and opioid users who inject intravenously can easily overdose accidentally, as the margin between a pleasurable drug sensation and an overdose is small.[4] Unintentional misuse can include errors in dosage caused by failure to read or understand product labels. Accidental overdoses may also be the result of over-prescription, failure to recognize a drug's active ingredient or unwitting ingestion by children.[5] A common unintentional overdose in young children involves multivitamins containing iron.

The term 'overdose' is often misused as a descriptor for adverse drug reactions or negative drug interactions due to mixing multiple drugs simultaneously.

## Signs and symptoms

Signs and symptoms of an overdose vary depending on the drug, its ingredients, the amount consumed, and exposure to toxins. The symptoms can often be divided into differing toxidromes. This can help one determine what class of drug or toxin is causing the difficulties.

Symptoms of opioid overdoses include slow breathing, heart rate and pulse.[6] Opioid overdoses can also cause pinpoint pupils, and blue lips and nails due to low levels of oxygen in the blood. A person experiencing an opioid overdose might also have muscle spasms, seizures and decreased consciousness. A person experiencing an opiate overdose usually will not wake up, even if their name is called or they are shaken vigorously.

## Causes

The drugs or toxins that are most frequently involved in overdose and death (grouped by ICD-10):

* Acute alcohol intoxication (F10)
* Ethyl alcohol (alcohol)
* Methanol poisoning
* Ethylene glycol poisoning
* Opioid overdose (F11)
* Among sedative-hypnotics (F13)
* Barbiturate overdose (T42.3)
* Benzodiazepine overdose (T42.4)
* Uncategorized sedative-hypnotics (T42.6)
* Ethchlorvynol (Placidyl)
* GHB
* Glutethimide (Doriden)
* Methaqualone
* Ketamine (T41.2)
* Among stimulants (F14-F15)
* Cocaine overdose (T40.5)
* Amphetamine overdose (T43.6)
* Methamphetamine overdose (T43.6)
* Among tobacco (F17)
* Nicotine poisoning (T65.2)
* Among poly drug use (F19)
* Drug "cocktails" (speedballs)
* Medications
* Aspirin poisoning (T39.0)
* Paracetamol poisoning (Alone or mixed with oxycodone)
* Paracetamol toxicity (T39.1)
* Tricyclic antidepressant overdose (T43.0)
* Vitamin poisoning
* Pesticide poisoning (T60)
* Organophosphate poisoning
* DDT
* Inhalants
* Lithium toxicity

### Added flavoring

Masking undesired taste may impair judgement of the potency, which is a factor in overdosing. For example, lean is usually created as a drinkable mixture, the cough syrup is combined with soft drinks, especially fruit-flavored drinks such as Sprite, Mountain Dew or Fanta, and is typically served in a foam cup.[7][8] A hard candy, usually a Jolly Rancher, may be added to give the mixture a sweeter flavor.[9]

## Diagnosis

The substance that has been taken may often be determined by asking the person. However, if they will not, or cannot, due to an altered level of consciousness, provide this information, a search of the home or questioning of friends and family may be helpful.

Examination for toxidromes, drug testing, or laboratory test may be helpful. Other laboratory test such as glucose, urea and electrolytes, paracetamol levels and salicylate levels are typically done. Negative drug-drug interactions have sometimes been misdiagnosed as an acute drug overdose, occasionally leading to the assumption of suicide.[10]

Toxidromes[11] Symptoms | Blood
Pressure | Heart rate | Respiratory
Rate | Temperature | Pupils | Bowel
Sounds | Diaphoresis

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Anticholinergic | ~
[clarification needed] | up | ~ | up | dilated | down | down
Cholinergic | ~ | ~ | unchanged | unchanged | constricted | up | up
Opioid | down | down | down | down | constricted | down | down
Sympathomimetic | up | up | up | up | dilated | up | up
Sedative-hypnotic | down | down | down | down | ~ | down | down

## Prevention

The distribution of naloxone to injection drug users and other opioid drug users decreases the risk of death from overdose.[12] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that U.S. programs for drug users and their caregivers prescribing take-home doses of naloxone and training on its utilization are estimated to have prevented 10,000 opioid overdose deaths.[13] Healthcare institution-based naloxone prescription programs have also helped reduce rates of opioid overdose in the U.S. state of North Carolina, and have been replicated in the U.S. military.[14][15] Nevertheless, scale-up of healthcare-based opioid overdose interventions is limited by providers' insufficient knowledge and negative attitudes towards prescribing take-home naloxone to prevent opioid overdose.[16] Programs training police and fire personnel in opioid overdose response using naloxone have also shown promise in the U.S.[17]

Supervised injection sites (also known as overdose prevention centers) have been used to help prevent drug overdoses by offering opioid reversal medications such as naloxone, medical assistance and treatment options. They also provide clean needles to help prevent the spread of diseases like HIV/AIDS and hepatitis.[18][19][20][21]

## Management

Activated charcoal is a commonly used agent for decontamination of the gastrointestinal tract in overdoses.

Stabilization of the person's airway, breathing, and circulation (ABCs) is the initial treatment of an overdose. Ventilation is considered when there is a low respiratory rate or when blood gases show the person to be hypoxic. Monitoring of the patient should continue before and throughout the treatment process, with particular attention to temperature, pulse, respiratory rate, blood pressure, urine output, electrocardiography (ECG) and O2 saturation.[22] Poison control centers and medical toxicologists are available in many areas to provide guidance in overdoses both to physicians and to the general public.

### Antidotes

Specific antidotes are available for certain overdoses. For example, naloxone is the antidote for opiates such as heroin or morphine. Similarly, benzodiazepine overdoses may be effectively reversed with flumazenil. As a nonspecific antidote, activated charcoal is frequently recommended if available within one hour of the ingestion and the ingestion is significant.[23] Gastric lavage, syrup of ipecac, and whole bowel irrigation are rarely used.[23]

## Epidemiology and statistics

Bar chart below: Overdose or drug-related death rate per 1 million population (unadjusted), 2022, by country or region.[24]

A two milligram dose of fentanyl powder (on pencil tip) is a lethal amount for most people.[25]

In the US around 77,600 people died in the 12-month period ending March 31, 2025, at a rate of 213 deaths per day. The peak was around 110,900 in 2022. The U.S. drug overdose death rate has gone from 2.5 per 100,000 people in 1968 to the peak rate of 33.2 per 100,000 in 2022.[26][27]

1,015,060 US residents died from drug overdoses from 1968 to 2019. 22 people out of every 100,000 died from drug overdoses in 2019 in the US.[27] From 1999 to Feb 2019 in the United States, more than 770,000 people have died from drug overdoses.[28] 70,630 people died from drug overdoses in 2019.[29]

The National Center for Health Statistics reports that 19,250 people died of accidental poisoning in the U.S. in the year 2004 (eight deaths per 100,000 population).[30]

In 2008 testimony before a Senate subcommittee, Leonard J. Paulozzi,[31] a medical epidemiologist at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said that in 2005 more than 22,000 American people died due to overdoses, and the number is growing rapidly. Paulozzi also testified that all available evidence suggests unintentional overdose deaths are related to the increasing use of prescription drugs, especially opioid painkillers.[32] However, the vast majority of overdoses are also attributable to alcohol. It is very rare for a victim of an overdose to have consumed just one drug. Most overdoses occur when drugs are ingested in combination with alcohol.[33]

Drug overdose was the leading cause of injury death in 2013. Among people 25 to 64 years old, drug overdose caused more deaths than motor vehicle traffic crashes. There were 43,982 drug overdose deaths in the United States in 2013. Of these, 22,767 (51.8%) were related to prescription drugs.[34]

The 22,767 deaths relating to prescription drug overdose in 2013, 16,235 (71.3%) involved opioid painkillers, and 6,973 (30.6%) involved benzodiazepines. Drug misuse and abuse caused about 2.5 million emergency department (ED) visits in 2011. Of these, more than 1.4 million ED visits were related to prescription drugs. Among those ED visits, 501,207 visits were related to anti-anxiety and insomnia medications, and 420,040 visits were related to opioid analgesics.[35]

New CDC data in 2024 demonstrates U.S. drug overdose deaths have significantly declined, marking the potential for the first year with fewer than 100,000 fatalities since 2020.[36] The CDC data shows a nearly 17% drop in reported overdose deaths during the 12 months ending in June, totaling 93,087.[37] This is a notable decrease from the 111,615 deaths recorded in the same period ending in June 2023. While the opioid crisis continues to take a heavy toll, fentanyl remains a major driver, contributing to the majority of these fatalities.[38]

* U.S. yearly overdose deaths from all drugs.[29]

* U.S. yearly overdose deaths involving benzodiazepines.[29]

* U.S. yearly overdose deaths involving cocaine.[29]

* U.S. yearly deaths involving prescription opioids. Non-methadone synthetics is a category dominated by illegally acquired fentanyl, and has been excluded.[29]

* U.S. overdose deaths involving all opioids. Deaths per 100,000 population.[39]

* U.S. yearly overdose deaths involving heroin.[29]

* Timeline of US drug overdose death rates by race and ethnicity.[40] Rate per 100,000 population.

## See also

* Unsolved:27 Club - Notional club occupied by those who died at age 27
* Medicine:Drug checking - Harm reduction technique
* Medicine:Hepatotoxicity
* List of investigational substance-related disorder drugs
* Chemistry:Reagent testing - Tests for authentication of psychoactive drugs, and detection of adulterants
* Medicine:Responsible drug use - Use of drugs in a responsible manner
* Suicide methods § Drug overdose
* Medicine:Water intoxication - Potentially fatal overhydration

## References

1. ↑ Fentanyl. Image 4 of 17. US DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration). See archive with caption: "photo illustration of 2 milligrams of fentanyl, a lethal dose in most people".
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Definitions[Usurped!] Retrieved on September 20, 2014.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Stairway to Recovery: Glossary of Terms" . Retrieved on March 19, 2021
4. ↑ Study on fatal overdose in New-York City 1990-2000, visited May 11, 2008,
5. ↑ "What to do with leftover medicines". Medicines Talk, Winter 2005. Available at "What to do with left-over medicines: National Prescribing Service Ltd NPS". http://www.nps.org.au/consumers/publications/medicines_talk/mt14/what_to_do_with_left-over_medicines2.
6. ↑ Chandler, Stephanie. "Symptoms of an opiate overdose". Live Strong. http://www.livestrong.com/article/68582-symptoms-opiate-overdose/.
7. ↑ "T.I. Arrest -- Sippin' on Sizzurp?" (in en). September 2, 2010. https://www.tmz.com/2010/09/02/t-i-arrest-sizzurp-drugs-controlled-substance-tiny-codeine/.
8. ↑ Melissa Leon (March 17, 2013). "Lil Wayne Hospitalization: What the Hell Is Sizzurp?". The Daily Beast. http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/03/17/lil-wayne-hospitalization-what-the-hell-is-sizzurp.html.
9. ↑ Tamara Palmer (2005). Country Fried Soul: Adventures in Dirty South Hip-hop. Outline Press Limited. p. 188.
10. ↑ "Column—Fatal Drug-Drug Interaction As a Differential Consideration in Apparent Suicides" .
11. ↑ Goldfrank, Lewis R. (1998). Goldfrank's toxicologic emergencies. Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange. ISBN 0-8385-3148-2.
12. ↑ Piper TM; Stancliff S; Rudenstine S et al. (2008). "Evaluation of a naloxone distribution and administration program in New York City". Subst Use Misuse 43 (7): 858–870. doi:10.1080/10826080701801261. PMID 18570021.
13. ↑ "Community-Based Opioid Overdose Prevention Programs Providing Naloxone—United States, 2010". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. December 2010. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6106a1.htm.
14. ↑ "Project Lazarus: community-based overdose prevention in rural North Carolina". Pain Medicine 12 (Suppl 2): S77–85. June 2011. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01128.x. PMID 21668761.
15. ↑ ﻿Closing Death's Door: Action Steps to Facilitate Emergency Opioid Drug Overdose Reversal in the United States﻿ (Report). Temple University Beasley School of Law. 2009. https://medicine.wright.edu/sites/medicine.wright.edu/files/page/attachments/Naloxonewhitepaper09.pdf.
16. ↑ "Physicians' knowledge of and willingness to prescribe naloxone to reverse accidental opiate overdose: challenges and opportunities". Journal of Urban Health 84 (1): 126–36. January 2007. doi:10.1007/s11524-006-9120-z. PMID 17146712.
17. ↑ Lavoie D. (April 2012). "Naloxone: Drug-Overdose Antidote Is Put In Addicts' Hands". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/26/naloxone-drug-overdose-antidote_n_1456531.html.
18. ↑ Oladipo, Gloria (November 30, 2021). "New York to open supervised injection sites in bid to curb overdose deaths". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/nov/30/new-york-supervised-injection-sites-overdose.
19. ↑ Kim, Lisa (November 30, 2021). "NYC Close To Opening Supervised Injection Sites To Prevent Overdoses, After Years Of Setbacks, Report Says". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/lisakim/2021/11/30/nyc-close-to-opening-supervised-injection-sites-to-prevent-overdoses-after-years-of-set-back-report-says/.
20. ↑ "What's The Evidence That Supervised Drug Injection Sites Save Lives?". NPR. September 7, 2018. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/09/07/645609248/whats-the-evidence-that-supervised-drug-injection-sites-save-lives?t=1638390331632.
21. ↑ Ng, Jennifer; Sutherland, Christy; Kolber, Michael (November 2017). "Does evidence support supervised injection sites?". Canadian Family Physician 63 (11): 866. PMID 29138158.
22. ↑ Longmore, Murray; Ian Wilkinson; Tom Turmezei; Chee Kay Cheung (2007). Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine. United Kingdom: Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-856837-7.
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Vanden Hoek, TL; Morrison, LJ; Shuster, M; Donnino, M; Sinz, E; Lavonas, EJ; Jeejeebhoy, FM; Gabrielli, A (November 2, 2010). "Part 12: cardiac arrest in special situations: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care". Circulation 122 (18 Suppl 3): S829–61. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.971069. PMID 20956228.
24. ↑ Gumas, Evan D. (9 January 2025). "U.S. Overdose Deaths Remain Higher Than in Other Countries — Trend-Tracking and Harm-Reduction Policies Could Help" (in en). The Commonwealth Fund. https://www.commonwealthfund.org/blog/2025/us-overdose-deaths-remain-higher-other-countries-trend-tracking-and-harm-reduction.
25. ↑ "One Pill Can Kill". https://www.dea.gov/onepill.
26. ↑ Products - Vital Statistics Rapid Release - Provisional Drug Overdose Data. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hover cursor over the end of the graph in Figure 1A to get the latest number. Scroll down the page and click on the dropdown data table called "Data Table for Figure 1a. 12 Month-ending Provisional Counts of Drug Overdose Deaths". The number used is the "predicted value" for the 12 month period that is ending at the end of that month. That number changes as more info comes in. If there are problems use a different browser.
27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Data is from these saved tables from CDC Wonder at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. The tables have totals, rates, and US populations per year.
* 1968-1978 data: Compressed Mortality File 1968-1978. CDC WONDER Online Database, compiled from Compressed Mortality File CMF 1968-1988, Series 20, No. 2A, 2000. Accessed at http://wonder.cdc.gov/cmf-icd8.html on March 13, 2021, 5:04:32 PM.
* 1979-1998 data: Compressed Mortality File 1979-1998. CDC WONDER On-line Database, compiled from Compressed Mortality File CMF 1968-1988, Series 20, No. 2A, 2000 and CMF 1989-1998, Series 20, No. 2E, 2003. Accessed at http://wonder.cdc.gov/cmf-icd9.html on March 13, 2021, 5:19:27 PM.
* 1999-2019 data: Multiple Cause of Death 1999-2019. CDC WONDER Online Database, released in 2020. Data are from the Multiple Cause of Death Files, 1999-2019, as compiled from data provided by the 57 vital statistics jurisdictions through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program. Accessed at http://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd-icd10.html on March 13, 2021, 5:05:13 PM.
28. ↑ STATCAST—Week of September 9, 2019. NCHS Releases New Monthly Provisional Estimates on Drug Overdose Deaths. National Center for Health Statistics.
29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 29.5 Overdose Death Rates. And . By National Institute on Drug Abuse.
30. ↑ Referral Page—FASTSTATS—Accidents or Unintentional Injuries Retrieved on September 20, 2014.
31. ↑ CDC Expert, Leonard J. Paulozzi, MD, MPH Retrieved on September 20, 2014.
32. ↑ CDC Washington Testimony March 5, 2008 Retrieved on September 20, 2014.
33. ↑ "The Persistent, Dangerous Myth of Heroin Overdose" .
34. ↑ "Understanding the Epidemic | Drug Overdose | CDC Injury Center" .
35. ↑ "Prescription Opioid Overdose Data | Drug Overdose | CDC Injury Center" .
36. ↑ Facher, Lev (2024-11-13). "U.S. drug overdose deaths on pace to fall below 100,000 this year" (in en-US). https://www.statnews.com/2024/11/13/overdose-deaths-decline-cdc-reports-under-100-thousand-fatalities/?utm_campaign=pharmalittle&utm_medium=email&_hsenc=p2ANqtz--rTTYZjsEaai3ff1gKOGAT5nVEQ1kG2cWMTIfcEXF2n5qmZsgI8WKof5HYT5UnK3DKjrhwllr37szs3S-qanDc8yvMDg&_hsmi=333935728&utm_content=333935728.
37. ↑ "Products - Data Briefs - Number 491 - March 2024" (in en-us). 2024-03-19. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db491.htm.
38. ↑ "CDC says US drug overdose deaths have declined" (in en-GB). 2024-11-15. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8ek5l04yy7o.
39. ↑ Opioid Data Analysis and Resources. Drug Overdose. CDC Injury Center. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Click on "Rising Rates" tab for a graph. See data table below the graph.
40. ↑ NCHS Data Visualization Gallery—Drug Poisoning Mortality. From National Center for Health Statistics. Open the dashboard dropdown menu and pick "U.S. Trends". From the menus on the right pick all races, all ages, and both sexes. Run your cursor over the graph to see the data.

## Further reading

* Nelson, Lewis H.; Flomenbaum, Neal; Goldfrank, Lewis R.; Hoffman, Robert Louis; Howland, Mary Deems; Neal A. Lewin (2015). Goldfrank's toxicologic emergencies. New York: McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division. ISBN 978-0-07-143763-9.
* Olson, Kent C. (2004). Poisoning & drug overdose. New York: Lange Medical Mooks/McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8172-2. https://archive.org/details/poisoningdrugove00olso.

## External links

Classification|

* ICD-10: T36-T50
* ICD-9-CM: 960-979
* MeSH: D062787
* DiseasesDB: 3971

|

* v
* t
* e

Recreational drug use

Major
recreational
drugs|

| Depressants|

* Barbiturates
* Benzodiazepines
* Carbamates
* Ethanol (alcohol)
* Alcoholic drinks
* Beer
* Wine
* Gabapentinoids
* GHB
* Inhalants
* Medical
* Nitrous oxide
* Hazardous solvents
* contact adhesives
* Gasoline
* nail polish remover
* Paint thinner
* Other
* Freon
* Kava
* Nonbenzodiazepines
* Quinazolinones

|

Opioids|

* Buprenorphine
* Suboxone
* Subutex
* Codeine
* Desomorphine
* Krokodil
* Dextropropoxyphene
* Darvocet
* Darvon
* Fentanyl
* Diamorphine
* Heroin
* Hydrocodone
* Hydromorphone
* Dilaudid
* Methadone
* Mitragyna speciosa
* Kratom
* Morphine
* Opium
* Oxycodone
* /paracetamol
* Tramadol

Stimulants|

* Amphetamine
* Arecoline
* Areca
* Betel
* Caffeine
* Coffee
* Energy drinks
* Tea
* Cathinone
* Khat
* Cocaine
* Coca
* Crack
* Ephedrine
* Ephedra
* MDPV
* Mephedrone
* Methamphetamine
* Methylone
* Methylphenidate
* Modafinil
* Nicotine
* Tobacco
* Theobromine
* Cocoa
* Chocolate

Entactogens|

* 2C series
* 6-APB
* Benzofury
* AMT
* MDA
* MDMA
* Ecstasy

Hallucinogens|

| Psychedelics|

* Bufotenin
* Psychoactive toads
* Vilca
* Yopo
* DMT
* Ayahuasca
* LSA
* LSD-25
* Mescaline
* Peruvian torch
* Peyote
* San Pedro
* Psilocybin / Psilocin
* Psilocybin mushrooms

|

Dissociatives|

* DXM
* Glaucine
* Inhalants
* Nitrous oxide
* alkyl nitrites
* poppers
* amyl nitrite
* Ketamine
* MXE
* Muscimol
* Amanita muscaria
* PCP
* Salvinorin A
* Salvia divinorum

Deliriants|

* Atropine and Scopolamine
* Atropa belladonna
* Datura
* Hyoscyamus niger
* Mandragora officinarum
* Dimenhydrinate
* Diphenhydramine

Cannabinoids|

* JWH-018
* THC
* Cannabis
* Hashish
* Hash oil
* Marijuana

Oneirogens|

* Calea zacatechichi
* Silene capensis

Club drugs|

* Cocaine
* Quaaludes
* MDMA (Ecstasy)
* Nitrous oxide
* Poppers

Drug culture|

| Cannabis culture|

* 420
* Cannabis cultivation
* Cannabis smoking
* Head shop
* Legal history of cannabis in the United States
* Legality of cannabis
* Marijuana Policy Project
* Medical cannabis
* NORML
* Cannabis and religion
* Stoner film

|

Coffee culture|

* Coffee break
* Coffeehouse
* Latte art
* Tea house

Drinking culture|

* Bartending
* Beer culture
* Beer festival
* Binge drinking
* Diethyl ether
* Drinking games
* Drinking song
* Happy hour
* Hip flask
* Nightclub
* Pub
* Pub crawl
* Sommelier
* Sports bar
* Tailgate party
* Wine bar
* Wine tasting

Psychedelia|

* Psychonautics
* Art
* Drug
* Era
* Experience
* Literature
* Music
* Microdosing
* Therapy

Smoking culture|

* Cigarette card
* Fashion cigarettes
* Cloud-chasing
* Loosie
* Smokeasy
* Smoking fetishism
* Tobacco smoking

Other|

* Club drug
* Counterculture of the 1960s
* Dance party
* Drug paraphernalia
* Drug tourism
* Entheogen
* Hippie
* Needle sharing
* Nootropic
* Party and play
* Poly drug use
* Rave
* Religion and drugs
* Self-medication
* Sex and drugs
* Whoonga

Drug
production
and trade|

| Drug
production|

* Coca production in Colombia
* Drug precursors
* Opium production in Afghanistan
* Rolling meth lab

|

Drug trade|

* Illegal drug trade
* Colombia
* Darknet market
* Drug distribution
* Beer shop
* Cannabis shop
* Liquor store
* Liquor license

Issues with
drug use|

* Abuse
* Date rape drug
* Impaired driving
* Drug harmfulness
* Effects of cannabis
* Addiction
* Dependence
* Prevention
* Opioid replacement therapy
* Rehabilitation
* Responsible use
* Drug-related crime
* Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
* Long-term effects of cannabis
* Neurotoxicity
* Overdose
* Passive smoking
* of tobacco or other substances

Legality of
drug use|

| International|

* 1961 Narcotic Drugs
* 1971 Psychotropic Substances
* 1988 Drug Trafficking
* Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs

|

State level|

* Drug policy
* Decriminalization
* Prohibition
* Supply reduction
* Policy reform
* Demand reduction
* Drug Policy Alliance
* Harm reduction
* Law Enforcement Action Partnership
* Liberalization
* Latin America
* Students for Sensible Drug Policy
* Transform Drug Policy Foundation

Drug policy
by country|

* Australia
* Canada
* Germany
* India
* Netherlands
* Portugal
* Slovakia
* Soviet Union
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* United States
* Just Say No
* Office of National Drug Control Policy
* School district drug policies
* California
* Colorado
* Maryland
* Virginia

Other|

* Arguments for and against drug prohibition
* Capital punishment for drug trafficking
* Cognitive liberty
* Designer drug
* Drug court
* Drug possession
* Drug test
* Narc
* Politics of drug abuse
* War on Drugs
* Mexican Drug War
* Plan Colombia
* Philippine Drug War
* Zero tolerance

Lists of
countries by...|

* Alcohol legality
* Alcohol consumption
* Anabolic steroid legality
* Cannabis legality
* Annual use
* Lifetime use
* Cigarette consumption
* Cocaine legality
* Cocaine use
* Methamphetamine legality
* Opiates use
* Psilocybin mushrooms legality
* Salvia legality

* v
* t
* e

Psychoactive substance-related disorder (F10–F19, 291–292; 303–305)

General|

* SID
* Substance intoxication / Drug overdose
* Substance-induced psychosis
* Withdrawal:
* Craving
* Neonatal withdrawal
* Post-acute-withdrawal syndrome (PAWS)
* SUD
* Substance abuse / Substance-related disorders
* Physical dependence / Psychological dependence / Substance dependence

Combined
substance use|

* SUD
* Polysubstance dependence
* SID
* Combined drug intoxication (CDI)

Alcohol|

| SID|

| Cardiovascular diseases|

* Alcoholic cardiomyopathy
* Alcohol flush reaction

|

Gastrointestinal diseases|

* Alcoholic liver disease (ALD):
* Alcoholic hepatitis
* Auto-brewery syndrome

Endocrine diseases|

* Alcoholic ketoacidosis (AKA)

Nervous
system diseases|

* Alcohol-related dementia (ARD)
* Alcohol intoxication
* Hangover

Neurological
disorders|

* Alcoholic hallucinosis
* Alcoholic polyneuropathy
* Alcohol-related brain damage
* Alcohol withdrawal syndrome:
* Alcoholic hallucinosis
* Delirium tremens (DTs)
* Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)
* Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
* Korsakoff syndrome
* Korsakoff psychosis
* Positional alcohol nystagmus (PAN)
* Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome (WKS)
* Wernicke encephalopathy (WE)

Respiratory tract diseases|

* Alcohol-induced respiratory reactions
* Alcoholic lung disease

SUD|

* Alcoholism (alcohol use disorder (AUD))
* Binge drinking

Caffeine|

* SID
* Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder
* Caffeine-induced sleep disorder
* Caffeinism
* SUD
* Caffeine dependence

Cannabis|

* SID
* Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS)
* SUD
* Amotivational syndrome
* Cannabis use disorder (CUD)
* Synthetic cannabinoid use disorder

Cocaine|

* SID
* Cocaine intoxication
* Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE)
* SUD
* Cocaine dependence

Hallucinogen|

* SID
* Acute intoxication from hallucinogens (bad trip)
* Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD)

Nicotine|

* SID
* Nicotine poisoning
* Nicotine withdrawal
* SUD
* Nicotine dependence

Opioids|

* SID
* Opioid overdose
* SUD
* Opioid use disorder (OUD)

Sedative /
hypnotic|

* SID
* Kindling (sedative–hypnotic withdrawal)
* benzodiazepine: SID
* Benzodiazepine overdose
* Benzodiazepine withdrawal
* SUD
* Benzodiazepine use disorder (BUD)
* Benzodiazepine dependence
* barbiturate: SID
* Barbiturate overdose
* SUD
* Barbiturate dependence

Stimulants|

* SID
* Stimulant psychosis
* amphetamine: SUD
* Amphetamine dependence

Volatile
solvent|

* SID
* Sudden sniffing death syndrome (SSDS)
* Toluene toxicity
* SUD
* Inhalant abuse

* v
* t
* e

* Poisoning
* Toxicity
* Overdose (T36–T65, 960–989)

History of poison

Inorganic|

| Metals|

| Toxic metals|

* Beryllium
* Cadmium
* Lead
* Mercury
* Nickel
* Silver
* Thallium
* Tin

|

Dietary minerals|

* Chromium
* Cobalt
* Copper
* Iron
* Manganese
* Zinc

Metalloids|

* Arsenic

Nonmetals|

* Sulfuric acid
* Selenium
* Chlorine
* Fluoride

Organic|

| Phosphorus|

* Pesticides
* Aluminium phosphide
* Organophosphates

|

Nitrogen|

* Cyanide
* Nicotine
* Nitrogen dioxide poisoning

CHO|

* alcohol
* Ethanol
* Ethylene glycol
* Methanol
* Carbon monoxide
* Oxygen
* Toluene

Pharmaceutical|

| Drug overdoses|

| Nervous|

* Anticholinesterase
* Aspirin
* Barbiturates
* Benzodiazepines
* Cocaine
* Lithium
* Opioids
* Paracetamol
* Tricyclic antidepressants

|

Cardiovascular|

* Digoxin
* Dipyridamole

Vitamin poisoning|

* Vitamin A
* Vitamin D
* Vitamin E
* Megavitamin-B6 syndrome

Biological1|

| Fish / seafood|

* Ciguatera
* Haff disease
* Ichthyoallyeinotoxism
* Scombroid
* Shellfish poisoning
* Amnesic
* Diarrhetic
* Neurotoxic
* Paralytic

|

Other vertebrates|

* amphibian venom
* Batrachotoxin
* Bombesin
* Bufotenin
* Physalaemin
* birds / quail
* Coturnism
* snake venom
* Alpha-Bungarotoxin
* Ancrod
* Batroxobin

Arthropods|

* Arthropod bites and stings
* bee sting / bee venom
* Apamin
* Melittin
* scorpion venom
* Charybdotoxin
* spider venom
* Latrotoxin / Latrodectism
* Loxoscelism
* tick paralysis

Plants / fungi|

* Cinchonism
* Ergotism
* Lathyrism
* Locoism
* Mushrooms
* Strychnine

1 including venoms, toxins, foodborne illnesses.

de:Überdosis

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug overdose. Read more

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