Dyssomnia

Dyssomnias are a broad classification of sleeping disorders involving difficulty getting to sleep, remaining asleep, or of excessive sleepiness.

Dyssomnias are primary disorders of initiating or maintaining sleep or of excessive sleepiness and are characterized by a disturbance in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep.

Patients may complain of difficulty getting to sleep or staying asleep, intermittent wakefulness during the night, early morning awakening, or combinations of any of these. Transient episodes are usually of little significance. Stress, caffeine, physical discomfort, daytime napping, and early bedtimes are common factors.

## Contents

* 1 Types
* 2 Treatments
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 External links

## Types

There are over 31 recognized kinds of dyssomnias. The major three groups, along with the group types, include:[1]: 15

* Intrinsic sleep disorders[1]: 15
* idiopathic hypersomnia,
* narcolepsy,
* periodic limb movement disorder,
* restless legs syndrome,
* obstructive sleep apnea,
* central sleep apnea syndrome,
* sleep state misperception,
* psychophysiologic insomnia,
* recurrent hypersomnia,
* post-traumatic hypersomnia,
* central alveolar hypoventilation syndrome,
* Extrinsic sleep disorders[1]: 16
* alcohol-dependent sleep disorder,
* food allergy insomnia,
* inadequate sleep routine.
* Circadian rhythm sleep disorders, both intrinsic and extrinsic[1]: 16
* advanced sleep phase syndrome,
* delayed sleep phase syndrome,
* jetlag,
* shift work sleep disorder.

## Treatments

Managing dyssomnias involves various strategies to regulate sleep patterns.

Sleep hygiene focuses on eliminating behaviors that disrupt sleep, particularly for shift workers.

Melatonin, a natural sleep-inducing hormone, can help adjust circadian rhythms in cases like jet lag and shift work.

Light therapy (2500–10,000 lux for 30–120 minutes daily) aids circadian realignment—morning exposure promotes wakefulness, while evening exposure delays sleep onset.

Zeitgebers (“time givers”) such as morning light, meal times, and social interactions help reset internal clocks. Phase shifting gradually adjusts sleep schedules in 15–60 minute increments to align with new time zones or routines. Environmental modifications allow adaptation to non-traditional light-dark cycles, benefiting shift workers.

Lastly, sleep logs track sleep-wake patterns, assisting in diagnosis and treatment while offering insight into individual sleep behaviors. These interventions can effectively regulate circadian rhythms and improve sleep quality. [2]

* Sleeping medication [citation needed]
* Cognitive behaviour therapy [citation needed]

## See also

* Parasomnia
* Somnolence

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 American Academy of Sleep Medicine (2001). The International Classification of Sleep Disorders, Revised (ICSD-R). American Sleep Disorders Association. ISBN 0-9657220-1-5. http://www.esst.org/adds/ICSD.pdf. Retrieved 2010-08-08.
2. ↑ D’Alonzo, G. & Krachman, S. (2000). Circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Journal of Osteopathic Medicine, 100(s8), 15-21. https://doi.org/10.7556/jaoa.2000.20026

## External links

Classification|

* ICD-9-CM: 307.47, 780.56
* MeSH: D020920

|

* v
* t
* e

Mental and behavioral disorders (F00–F99 & 290–319)

Adult personality and behavior

| Gender dysphoria|

* Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
* Paraphilia
* Fetishism
* Voyeurism
* Sexual maturation disorder
* Sexual relationship disorder

|

Other|

* Factitious disorder
* Munchausen syndrome
* Impulse control disorder
* Dermatillomania
* Kleptomania
* Pyromania
* Trichotillomania
* Personality disorder

Childhood and learning

| Emotional and behavioral|

* ADHD
* Conduct disorder
* ODD
* Emotional and behavioral disorders
* Separation anxiety disorder
* Movement disorders
* Stereotypic
* Social functioning
* DAD
* RAD
* Selective mutism
* Speech
* Stuttering
* Cluttering
* Tic disorder
* Tourette syndrome

|

Intellectual disability|

* X-linked intellectual disability
* Lujan–Fryns syndrome

Psychological development
(developmental disabilities)|

* Pervasive
* Specific

Mood (affective)

* Bipolar
* Bipolar I
* Bipolar II
* Bipolar NOS
* Cyclothymia
* Depression
* Atypical depression
* Dysthymia
* Major depressive disorder
* Melancholic depression
* Seasonal affective disorder
* Mania

Neurological and symptomatic

| Autism spectrum|

* Autism
* Asperger syndrome
* High-functioning autism
* PDD-NOS
* Savant syndrome

|

Dementia|

* AIDS dementia complex
* Alzheimer's disease
* Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
* Frontotemporal dementia
* Huntington's disease
* Mild cognitive impairment
* Parkinson's disease
* Pick's disease
* Sundowning
* Vascular dementia
* Wandering

Other|

* Delirium
* Organic brain syndrome
* Post-concussion syndrome

Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform

| Adjustment|

* Adjustment disorder with depressed mood

|

Anxiety|

| Phobia|

* Agoraphobia
* Social anxiety
* Social phobia
* Anthropophobia
* Specific social phobia
* Specific phobia
* Claustrophobia

|

Other|

* Generalized anxiety disorder
* OCD
* Panic attack
* Panic disorder
* Stress
* Acute stress reaction
* PTSD

Dissociative|

* Depersonalization disorder
* Dissociative identity disorder
* Fugue state
* Psychogenic amnesia

Somatic symptom|

* Body dysmorphic disorder
* Conversion disorder
* Ganser syndrome
* Globus pharyngis
* Da Costa's syndrome
* Hypochondriasis
* Mass psychogenic illness
* Neurasthenia
* Nosophobia
* Psychalgia
* Somatization disorder

Physiological and physical behavior

| Eating|

* Anorexia nervosa
* Bulimia nervosa
* Rumination syndrome
* Other specified feeding or eating disorder

|

Nonorganic
sleep|

* Hypersomnia
* Insomnia
* Parasomnia
* Night terror
* Nightmare
* REM sleep behavior disorder

Postnatal|

* Postpartum depression
* Postpartum psychosis

Sexual dysfunction|

| Arousal|

* Erectile dysfunction
* Female sexual arousal disorder

|

Desire|

* Hypersexuality
* Hypoactive sexual desire disorder

Orgasm|

* Anorgasmia
* Delayed ejaculation
* Premature ejaculation
* Sexual anhedonia

Pain|

* Nonorganic dyspareunia
* Nonorganic vaginismus

Psychoactive substances, substance abuse and substance-related

* Drug overdose
* Intoxication
* Physical dependence
* Rebound effect
* Stimulant psychosis
* Substance dependence
* Withdrawal

Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional

| Delusional|

* Delusional disorder
* Folie à deux

|

Psychosis and
schizophrenia-like|

* Brief reactive psychosis
* Schizoaffective disorder
* Schizophreniform disorder

Schizophrenia|

* Childhood schizophrenia
* Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia
* Paranoid schizophrenia
* Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia
* Simple-type schizophrenia

Symptoms and uncategorized

* Catatonia
* False pregnancy
* Intermittent explosive disorder
* Klüver–Bucy syndrome
* Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
* Psychomotor agitation
* Stereotypy

* v
* t
* e

Diseases of the nervous system, primarily CNS (G04–G47, 323–349)

Inflammation|

| Brain|

* Encephalitis
* Viral encephalitis
* Herpesviral encephalitis
* Limbic encephalitis
* Encephalitis lethargica
* Cavernous sinus thrombosis
* Brain abscess
* Amoebic

|

Spinal cord|

* Myelitis: Poliomyelitis
* Demyelinating disease
* Transverse myelitis
* Tropical spastic paraparesis
* Epidural abscess

Both/either|

* Encephalomyelitis
* Acute disseminated
* Myalgic
* Meningoencephalitis

Brain/
encephalopathy|

| Degenerative|

| Extrapyramidal and
movement disorders|

* Basal ganglia disease
* Parkinsonism
* PD
* Postencephalitic
* NMS
* PKAN
* Tauopathy
* PSP
* Striatonigral degeneration
* Hemiballismus
* HD
* OA

* Dyskinesia
* Dystonia
* Status dystonicus
* Spasmodic torticollis
* Meige's
* Blepharospasm
* Athetosis
* Chorea
* Choreoathetosis
* Myoclonus
* Myoclonic epilepsy
* Akathisia

* Tremor
* Essential tremor
* Intention tremor
* Restless legs
* Stiff-person

|

Dementia|

* Tauopathy
* Alzheimer's
* Early-onset
* Primary progressive aphasia
* Frontotemporal dementia/Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
* Pick's
* Dementia with Lewy bodies
* Posterior cortical atrophy

* Vascular dementia

Mitochondrial disease|

* Leigh syndrome

Demyelinating|

* autoimmune
* Multiple sclerosis
* Neuromyelitis optica
* Schilder's disease
* hereditary
* Adrenoleukodystrophy
* Alexander
* Canavan
* Krabbe
* ML
* PMD
* VWM
* MFC
* CAMFAK syndrome
* Central pontine myelinolysis
* Marchiafava–Bignami disease
* Alpers' disease

Episodic/
paroxysmal|

| Seizure/epilepsy|

* Focal
* Generalised
* Status epilepticus
* Myoclonic epilepsy

|

Headache|

* Migraine
* Familial hemiplegic
* Cluster
* Tension

Cerebrovascular|

* TIA
* Amaurosis fugax
* Transient global amnesia
* Acute aphasia

* Stroke
* MCA
* ACA
* PCA
* Foville's
* Millard–Gubler
* Lateral medullary
* Medial medullary
* Weber's
* Lacunar stroke

Sleep disorders|

* Insomnia
* Hypersomnia
* Sleep apnea
* Obstructive
* Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome
* Narcolepsy
* Cataplexy
* Kleine–Levin
* Circadian rhythm sleep disorder
* Advanced sleep phase disorder
* Delayed sleep phase disorder
* Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder
* Jet lag

CSF|

* Intracranial hypertension
* Hydrocephalus/NPH
* Choroid plexus papilloma
* Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
* Cerebral edema
* Intracranial hypotension

Other|

* Brain herniation
* Reye's
* Hepatic encephalopathy
* Toxic encephalopathy
* Hashimoto's encephalopathy

Spinal cord/
myelopathy|

* Syringomyelia
* Syringobulbia
* Morvan's syndrome
* Vascular myelopathy
* Foix–Alajouanine syndrome
* Spinal cord compression

Both/either|

| Degenerative|

| SA|

* Friedreich's ataxia
* Ataxia–telangiectasia

|

MND|

* UMN only:
* Primary lateral sclerosis
* Pseudobulbar palsy
* Hereditary spastic paraplegia

* LMN only:
* Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies
* Spinal muscular atrophies
* SMA
* SMAX1
* SMAX2
* DSMA1
* Congenital DSMA
* SMA-PCH
* SMA-LED
* SMA-PME
* Progressive muscular atrophy
* Progressive bulbar palsy
* Fazio–Londe
* Infantile progressive bulbar palsy

* both:
* Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

* v
* t
* e

Psychophysiology: Sleep and sleep disorders (F51 and G47 / 307.4 and 327)

Sleep stages|

* Rapid eye movement (REM)
* Non-rapid eye movement
* Slow-wave

Brain waves|

* Alpha wave
* Beta wave
* Delta wave
* Gamma wave
* K-complex
* Mu rhythm
* Sensorimotor rhythm
* Sleep spindle
* Theta wave

Sleep
disorders|

| Dyssomnia|

* Hypersomnia
* Insomnia
* Kleine–Levin syndrome
* Narcolepsy
* Sleep apnea
* Central hypoventilation syndrome
* Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
* Sleep state misperception

|

Circadian rhythm
disorders

* Advanced sleep phase disorder
* Delayed sleep phase disorder
* Irregular sleep–wake rhythm
* Jet lag
* Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder
* Shift work sleep disorder

Parasomnia|

* Catathrenia
* Night terror
* Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
* Sleepwalking
* Somniloquy

Other|

* Bruxism
* Cyclic alternating pattern
* Night eating syndrome
* Nocturia
* Periodic breathing
* Nocturnal myoclonus

Benign
phenomena|

* Dream
* Exploding head syndrome
* False awakening
* Hypnagogia / Sleep onset
* Hypnic jerk
* Lucid dream
* Nightmare
* Nocturnal clitoral tumescence
* Nocturnal emission
* Nocturnal penile tumescence
* Sleep paralysis
* Somnolence

Related
topics|

* Bed
* Bunk bed
* Daybed
* Four-poster bed
* Futon
* Hammock
* Mattress
* Sleeping bag
* Bed bug
* Bedding
* Bedroom
* Bedtime
* Bedtime story
* Bedtime toy
* Biphasic and polyphasic sleep
* Chronotype
* Dream journal
* Excessive daytime sleepiness
* Hypnopompic state
* Hypnosis
* Lullaby
* Microsleep
* Nap
* Nightwear
* Power nap
* Second wind
* Siesta
* Sleep and creativity
* Sleep and learning
* Sleep debt
* Sleep deprivation
* Sleep diary
* Sleep hygiene
* Sleep induction
* Sleep inertia
* "Sleeping sickness"1
* Sleeping while on duty
* Sleepover
* Snoring
* Somnology
* Polysomnography
* Sleep medicine

* 1 Not a sleep disorder.

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyssomnia. Read more

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