Early goal-directed therapy

Short description: Critical care practices for sepsis

Early goal-directed therapy

[edit on Wikidata]

Early goal-directed therapy (GDT) was introduced by Emanuel P. Rivers in The New England Journal of Medicine in 2001 and is a technique used in critical care medicine involving intensive monitoring and aggressive management of perioperative hemodynamics in patients with a high risk of morbidity and mortality.[1] In cardiac surgery, goal-directed therapy has proved effective when commenced after surgery. The combination of GDT and Point-of-Care Testing has demonstrated a marked decrease in mortality for patients undergoing congenital heart surgery.[2] Furthermore, a reduction in morbidity and mortality has been associated with GDT techniques when used in conjunction with an electronic medical record.[3]

Early goal-directed therapy is a more specific form of therapy used for the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. This approach involves adjustments of cardiac preload, afterload, and contractility to balance oxygen delivery with an increased oxygen demand before surgery.[4]

Three trials published in 2014/2015 have shown that early goal directed therapy should be abandoned.[5]

## Evidence

EGDT, as compared to usual modern care, does not appear to improve outcomes but results in greater expense.[5]

## Elements

In the event of hypotension and/or lactate greater than 4 mmol/L, initial management includes a minimum fluid challenge of 30 ml/kg of crystalloid solution.[6] Crystalloid solutions are recommended over colloid solutions given the cost and lack in difference of mortality benefit.[6] Albumin may be considered if large amounts of crystalloid solution is needed.

Indications of a positive response to fluid resuscitation may include:

* a transient increase in central venous pressure (CVP)[6]
* a decrease in heart rate[6]

If hypotension persists despite fluid resuscitation (septic shock) and/or lactate > 4 mmol/L (36 mg/dl), goals in the first 6 hours of resuscitation include:

* Achieve CVP of 8-12 mmHg. Mechanical ventilation, increased abdominal pressure, and preexisting impaired ventricular compliance may require higher CVP targets of 12-15 mmHg[6]
* Achieve superior vena cava oxygen saturation (ScvO2) of > 70% OR mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2) of > 65%. If initial fluid resuscitation fails to achieve adequate oxygen saturation additional options include dobutamine infusion (maximum 20 µg/kg/min) or transfusion of packed red blood cells to a hematocrit ≥ 30%. If a ScvO2 is unavailable, lactate normalization may be used as a surrogate marker. A reduction in lactate by ≥ 10% is noninferior to achieving a ScvO2 of ≥ 70% [7]
* Achieve mean arterial pressure (MAP) ≥ 65mmHg[6] The presence of atherosclerosis or pre-existing uncontrolled hypertension may necessitate a higher MAP target.
* Achieve urine output ≥ 0.5 mL/kg/h[6]

## References

1. ↑ Gordon, AC; Russell, JA (2005). "Goal directed therapy: How long can we wait?". Critical Care 9 (6): 647–8. doi:10.1186/cc3951. PMID 16356258.
2. ↑ Rossi, AF; Khan, DM; Hannan, R; Bolivar, J et al. (January 2005). "Goal-directed medical therapy and point-of-care testing improve outcomes after congenital heart surgery". Intensive Care Medicine 31 (1): 98–104. doi:10.1007/s00134-004-2504-1. PMID 15650863.
3. ↑ Rossi, AF; Khan, D (June 2004). "Point of care testing: Improving pediatric outcomes". Clinical Biochemistry 37 (6): 456–61. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2004.04.004. PMID 15183294.
4. ↑ Rivers, E; Nguyen, B; Havstad, S; Ressler, J et al. (November 2001). "Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock". The New England Journal of Medicine 345 (19): 1368–77. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa010307. PMID 11794169.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 PRISM, Investigators.; Rowan, KM; Angus, DC; Bailey, M; Barnato, AE; Bellomo, R; Canter, RR; Coats, TJ et al. (8 June 2017). "Early, Goal-Directed Therapy for Septic Shock - A Patient-Level Meta-Analysis.". The New England Journal of Medicine 376 (23): 2223–2234. doi:10.1056/nejmoa1701380. PMID 28320242. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1563650/1/nejmoa1701380.pdf.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines Committee including The Pediatric Subgroup; Dellinger, R.P.; Levy, M.M.; Rhodes, A. et al. (2013). "Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2012". Critical Care Medicine 41 (2): 580–637. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31827e83af. PMID 23353941. http://www.sccm.org/Documents/SSC-Guidelines.pdf.
7. ↑ Emergency Medicine Shock Research Network (EMShockNet), Investigators; Jones, AE; Shapiro, NI; Trzeciak, S et al. (February 24, 2010). "Lactate clearance vs central venous oxygen saturation as goals of early sepsis therapy: A randomized clinical trial". JAMA 303 (8): 739–46. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.158. PMID 20179283.

* v
* t
* e

Intensive care medicine

* Health science
* Medicine
* Medical specialities
* Respiratory therapy

General terms|

* Intensive care unit (ICU)
* Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)
* Pediatric intensive care unit (PICU)
* Coronary care unit (CCU)
* Critical illness insurance

Conditions|

| Organ system failure|

Shock sequence
SIRS
Sepsis
Severe sepsis
Septic shock
Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome

Other shock
Cardiogenic shock
Distributive shock
Anaphylaxis
Obstructive shock
Neurogenic shock
Spinal shock
Vasodilatory shock

Organ failure
Acute renal failure
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Acute liver failure
Respiratory failure
Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome

* Neonatal infection
* Polytrauma
* Coma

|

Complications|

* Critical illness polyneuropathy / myopathy
* Critical illness–related corticosteroid insufficiency
* Decubitus ulcers
* Fungemia
* Stress hyperglycemia
* Stress ulcer

Iatrogenesis|

* Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
* Oxygen toxicity
* Refeeding syndrome
* Ventilator-associated lung injury
* Ventilator-associated pneumonia
* Dialytrauma

Diagnosis|

* Arterial blood gas
* Catheter
* Arterial line
* Central venous catheter
* Pulmonary artery catheter
* Blood cultures
* Screening cultures

Life-supporting treatments|

* Airway management
* Chest tube
* Dialysis
* Enteral feeding
* Goal-directed therapy
* Induced coma
* Mechanical ventilation
* Therapeutic hypothermia
* Total parenteral nutrition
* Tracheal intubation

Drugs|

* Analgesics
* Antibiotics
* Antithrombotics
* Inotropes
* Intravenous fluids
* Neuromuscular-blocking drugs
* Recombinant activated protein C
* Sedatives
* Stress ulcer prevention drugs
* Vasopressors

ICU scoring systems|

* APACHE II
* Glasgow Coma Scale
* PIM2
* SAPS II
* SAPS III
* SOFA

Physiology|

* Hemodynamics
* Hypotension
* Level of consciousness
* Acid–base imbalance
* Water-electrolyte imbalance

Organisations|

* Society of Critical Care Medicine
* Surviving Sepsis Campaign
* European Society of Paediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care

Related specialties|

* Anesthesiology
* Cardiology
* Internal medicine
* Neurology
* Pediatrics
* Pulmonology
* Surgery
* Traumatology

0.00

(0 votes)

Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early goal-directed therapy. Read more

|

Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Medicine:Early_goal-directed_therapy&oldid=2558621"
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template