Elevation (emotion)

Elevation is an emotion elicited by witnessing virtuous acts of remarkable moral goodness.[1][2][3] It is experienced as a distinct feeling of warmth and expansion that is accompanied by appreciation and affection for the individual whose exceptional conduct is being observed.[3] Elevation motivates those who experience it to open up to, affiliate with, and assist others. Elevation makes an individual feel lifted up and optimistic about humanity.[4]

## Contents

* 1 Background/overview
* 2 Major theories
* 2.1 Haidt's third dimension of social cognition
* 2.2 Fredrickson's broaden and build theory
* 2.3 Elevation as an other-praising emotion
* 2.4 Elevation as a self-transcendent positive emotion
* 3 Major empirical findings
* 3.1 Difference from happiness
* 3.2 Increased oxytocin in nursing mothers
* 3.3 Increased prosocial behavior
* 3.4 Improving functioning in clinically depressed and anxious individuals
* 4 Applications
* 4.1 In the workplace
* 4.2 Promoting altruistic behavior
* 4.3 Increasing spirituality
* 5 Controversies
* 6 Conclusion
* 7 See also
* 8 References
* 9 External links

## Background/overview

Elevation is defined as an emotional response to moral beauty. It encompasses both the physical feelings and motivational effects that an individual experiences after witnessing acts of compassion or virtue. Psychologist Jonathan Haidt also posits that elevation is the opposite of social disgust, which is the reaction to reading about or witnessing "any atrocious deed."[4] Elevation is related to awe and wonder and has not previously been addressed by the field of traditional psychology. Haidt insists that elevation is worth studying because we cannot fully understand human morality until we can explain how and why humans are so powerfully affected by the sight of strangers helping one another. The goal of positive psychology is to bring about a balanced reappraisal of human nature and human potential. Positive psychologists are interested in understanding the motivations behind prosocial behavior in order to learn how to encourage individuals to help and care for each other. Thus, the field attempts to discern what causes individuals to act altruistically. While there is a great deal of research about individual acts of altruism, the amount of research done about a person's reaction to the altruism of others is surprisingly low. It is an oversight that Jonathan Haidt and others like him have striven to correct.[4]

## Major theories

### Haidt's third dimension of social cognition

Jonathan Haidt is a preeminent researcher in the study of elevation and other positive moral emotions. He defines elevation as an emotion that is caused by witnessing virtuous acts or feats of moral beauty.[4] He asserts that elevation elicits warm, pleasurable sensations in the chest, and it also motivates individuals to act more virtuously themselves. In his explanation of elevation, Haidt describes the three dimensions of social cognition. The horizontal dimension of solidarity refers to the fact that people vary in distance to the self in regards to affection and mutual obligation. For example, across cultures individuals act differently towards their friends than strangers. The second, vertical dimension is that of hierarchy, status, or power. Individuals moderate their social exchanges by the relative status of the people whom they are interacting with. Haidt asserts that individuals can vary along a third dimension, which he calls "elevation versus degradation" or "purity versus pollution."[4] This vertical dimension refers to the fact that individuals vary in their state and trait levels of spiritual purity. When individuals feel disgust toward certain behaviors, this emotion informs them that someone else is moving down on the third dimension. Haidt defines elevation as the opposite of disgust, because witnessing others rise on the third dimension causes the viewer to also feel higher on this dimension.

### Fredrickson's broaden and build theory

Elevation exemplifies Barbara Fredrickson's (1998) broaden and build theory of positive emotions, which asserts that positive emotions expand an individual's scope of attention and cognition in the moment while also building resources for the future. Elevation makes an individual feel admiration for the altruist and also more motivated to help others. Elevation has the potential to spread by creating an upward helping spiral in which individuals view others doing good deeds and then feel an increased urge to help others.[5]

### Elevation as an other-praising emotion

Sara Algoe and Jonathan Haidt claim that elevation is in the "other-praising" family of emotions along with gratitude and admiration.[6] These three emotions are positive reactions to witnessing the actions of exemplary others. The outcome of all three "other-praising" emotions is a focus on other people. Algoe and Haidt also provide empirical evidence to support this theory. They conducted a study in which participants were prompted to remember a time when they had experienced an event that would elicit elevation, gratitude, admiration, or joy. The participants then completed a questionnaire. Their results suggest that the "other-praising" emotions are different from happiness and distinct from each other due to differing motivational impulses. Elevation motivates individuals to be open and compassionate towards other people. Compared to joy or amusement, people experiencing elevation were more likely to express a desire to perform kind or helpful actions for others, become better people, and imitate the virtuous exemplar.

### Elevation as a self-transcendent positive emotion

Michelle Shiota and others assert that elevation is a self-transcendent positive emotion that serves to direct attention away from the self towards appreciating an exceptional human action or remarkable aspect of the natural world.[7] In doing so, elevation encourages individuals to transcend daily routines, limits, and perceived boundaries. Shoita et al. describe how elevation functions as a moral emotion. It directs a person's judgments regarding others' morality and influences the person's own ensuing moral decisions in ways that may circumvent or precede logical moral reasoning.[7] Elevation may have the adaptive function of motivating people to help others while also assisting those who experience the emotion. For example, elevation may help individuals select caring relationship partners by eliciting affection for people who exhibit altruism or compassion. Elevation may also help foster norms of helping in groups or communities. When one member of a community witnesses another helping, they are likely to feel elevated and react by helping someone else in the group.[7]

## Major empirical findings

### Difference from happiness

Researchers have illustrated that elevation elicits patterns of physical sensations and motivations that differ from those feelings and impulses caused by happiness.[4] They induced elevation in a laboratory setting by showing undergraduates a 10-minute video clip documenting the life of Mother Teresa. In the control conditions, students were either shown a documentary that was emotionally neutral or a clip from America's Funniest Home Videos. Those in the elevation condition were more likely to report physical feelings of warmth or tingling in their chests. They were also more likely to express a desire to help or associate with others and to cultivate themselves to become better people. They found that happiness caused people to engage in more self-focused or internal pursuits, while elevation appeared to turn participants' attention outward toward other people.[4]

### Increased oxytocin in nursing mothers

Jennifer Silvers and Jonathan Haidt found that elevation may increase the amount of oxytocin circulating in the body by promoting the release of the hormone. In their study, nursing mothers and their infants watched video clips that either evoked elevation or amusement. Mothers who watched the elevation-inducing clip were more likely to nurse, leak milk, or cuddle their babies. These actions are associated with oxytocin and thus suggest a possible physiological mechanism underlying feelings of elevation.[8]

### Increased prosocial behavior

Results from two studies conducted by Simone Schnall and others suggest that viewing an altruistic act increases a person's motivation to act prosocially.[9] In the first study, participants either viewed a clip of professional musicians expressing gratitude to their mentors, which was designed to elicit elevation, or a neutral video. People who watched the elevation-evoking video were more likely to agree to help with a later, uncompensated study than those in a neutral state. In the second experiment, participants were assigned to watch either an elevation film clip, control film clip, or a clip from a British comedy program. They were then asked if they would help the researcher complete a tedious questionnaire filled with math problems for as long as they agreed to keep going. Participants who reported feeling elevated helped the experimenter with the tedious task for almost twice as much time than the participants who were amused or were in the control condition. Also, the length of time that the participants assisted was predicted by self-reported characteristics of subjective elevation such as desiring to help others and feeling hopeful about humanity; however, helping time was not predicted by positive affect in general.[9]

Keith Cox studied undergraduates on a spring break service trip and discovered that those who reported more extreme and repeated experiences of elevation during the trip did more trip-specific volunteer activities related to their outing when they arrived home. These findings imply that the experience of elevation moved students to volunteer in the area in which they felt elevation.[10]

### Improving functioning in clinically depressed and anxious individuals

Research has shown that elevation can contribute to emotional and social functioning in clinically depressed and anxious individuals. For ten days, participants completed brief daily surveys to assess elevation, feelings of competence, interpersonal functioning, symptoms, and compassionate goals. Their findings indicated that on days that clinically distressed individuals experienced high elevation in relation to their normal levels, they reported a greater desire to help others and to be close to others. They also reported less interpersonal conflict and fewer symptoms of distress.[11]

## Applications

### In the workplace

In a 2010 study, Michelangelo Vianello, Elisa Maria Galliani, and Jonathan Haidt found that an employer's ability to inspire elevation in employees strengthened positive attitudes and enhanced virtuous organizational behavior. It appears that employees pay a great deal of attention to the moral behavior of their superiors and respond positively to the display of fairness and moral integrity. Such displays inspire moral elevation and result in intense positive emotions. According to this study, employers could benefit from the positive effects associated with elevation and should actively strive to inspire it in their subordinates.[12]

### Promoting altruistic behavior

A study done at the University of Cambridge shows that elevation leads to an increase in altruism. In the study, individuals experiencing elevation were more likely to volunteer to participate in an unpaid study, and spent twice as long helping an experimenter perform tedious tasks compared to those experiencing mirth or in a neutral emotional state. The researchers concluded that witnessing another person's altruistic behavior elicits elevation, which leads to tangible increases in altruism. According to these results, the best method of encouraging altruistic behavior may be simply to lead by example.[9]

### Increasing spirituality

Researchers have found that elevation and other self-transcendent positive emotions cause people to view others and the world as more benevolent.[13] This perception leads to increased spirituality, because seeing a person or action that is greater than oneself results in greater faith in the goodness of people and the world; it may also cause those who experience the emotion to view life as more meaningful. The researchers observed the greatest effect of elevation on spirituality in people who were less or non-religious.[13] Because spirituality has been connected to prosocial behavior, this link could indicate other benefits of elevation. Holding a more positive view of the world could lead to increased helping behavior, which could encourage many positive interactions. This increase in positive experiences could lead to improved well-being and better health outcomes in individuals;instead of getting caught up in daily stress and negativity, they will be better able to identify and cultivate the positive aspects of their lives.

## Controversies

There has been some debate in the scientific community over whether elevation is a uniquely human trait. Primatologist Jane Goodall argues that other animals are capable of experiencing awe, elevation and wonder.[14] Goodall is famous for her execution of the longest uninterrupted study of a group of animals. She lived among wild chimpanzees in Tanzania, observing them for 45 years. Several times, she witnessed signs of heightened arousal in chimpanzees in the presence of spectacular waterfalls or rainstorms. Each time, the chimp would perform a magnificent display, swaying rhythmically from one foot to the other, stamping in the water, and throwing rocks. Goodall postulates that such displays are the precursors of religious ritual, and are inspired by feelings akin to elevation or awe.[14]

## Conclusion

Most of the research on elevation has stressed its effects on social interactions and behaviors.[7] However, researchers are working to identify the specific physiological mechanisms underlying the warm, open sensation in the chest elicited by elevation. Video clips that induce elevation have been found to cause a decrease in vagal parasympathetic impact on the heart.[8] However, further investigation is necessary in order to determine whether elevation has a unique physiological profile.

Also, researchers are now beginning to investigate the claim that profound experiences of elevation can be peak experiences that can alter people's identities and spiritual lives. While moral development is often conceptualized as a lifelong process, Haidt offers an "inspire and rewire" hypothesis to describe momentary experiences that can cause permanent moral transformation. He suggests that powerful moments of elevation may act as a "mental reset button" by erasing cynical or pessimistic feelings and substituting them with feelings of hope, love, and a sensation of moral inspiration.[4]

## See also

* Admiration
* Artistic inspiration
* Awe
* Gratitude
* Kindness priming (psychology)
* Moral psychology
* Positive psychology

## References

1. ↑ Thomson, Andrew L.; Siegel, Jason T. (20 December 2016). "Elevation: A review of scholarship on a moral and other-praising emotion". The Journal of Positive Psychology 12 (6): 628–638. doi:10.1080/17439760.2016.1269184.
2. ↑ Pohling, Rico; Diessner, Rhett (December 2016). "Moral Elevation and Moral Beauty: A Review of the Empirical Literature". Review of General Psychology 20 (4): 412–425. doi:10.1037/gpr0000089.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Aquino, Karl; Brent McFerran; Marjorie Laven (April 2011). "Moral identity and the experience of moral elevation in response to acts of uncommon goodness". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 100 (4): 703–718. doi:10.1037/a0022540. PMID 21443375.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Haidt, Jonathan (2003). "Elevation and the positive psychology of morality". Flourishing: Positive psychology and the life well-lived. pp. 275–289. doi:10.1037/10594-012. ISBN 1-55798-930-3. https://archive.org/details/flourishingposit00keye_329.
5. ↑ Haidt, Jonathan (7 March 2000). "The Positive Emotion of Elevation". Prevention & Treatment 3 (1). doi:10.1037/1522-3736.3.1.33c.
6. ↑ Algoe, Sara; Jonathan Haidt (2009). "Witnessing Excellence in Action: The other-praising emotions of elevation, admiration, and gratitude.". Journal of Positive Psychology 4 (2): 105–127. doi:10.1080/17439760802650519. PMID 19495425.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Shiota, Michelle; Thrash, T. M.; Danvers, A. F.; Dombrowski, J. T. (2014). "Transcending the self: Awe, elevation, and inspiration.". in M. Tugade, M. Shiota & L. Kirby. Handbook of Positive Emotions. The Guilford Press. pp. 362–377.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Silvers, Jennifer; Jonathan Haidt (2008). "Moral Elevation Can Induce Nursing". Emotion 8 (2): 291–295. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.8.2.291. PMID 18410202.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Schnall, Simone; Jean Roper; Daniel Fessler (2010). "Elevation Leads to Altruistic Behavior". Psychological Science 21 (3): 315–320. doi:10.1177/0956797609359882. PMID 20424062. http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/239317.
10. ↑ Cox, Keith (2010). "Elevation predicts domain-specific volunteerism 3 months later". The Journal of Positive Psychology 5 (5): 333–341. doi:10.1080/17439760.2010.507468.
11. ↑ Erickson, Thane; James Abelson (2012). "Even the downhearted may be uplifted: Moral elevation in the daily life of clinically depressed and anxious adults". Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 31 (7): 707–728. doi:10.1521/jscp.2012.31.7.707.
12. ↑ Vianello, Michelangelo; Maria Galliani; Jonathan Haidt (20 October 2010). "Elevation at work: The effects of leaders' moral excellence". The Journal of Positive Psychology 5 (5): 390–411. doi:10.1080/17439760.2010.516764. http://faculty.virginia.edu/haidtlab/articles/vianello.galliani.2010.elevation-at-work.pub081.pdf. Retrieved 14 April 2014.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Van Cappellen, Patty; Saroglou V; Iweins C; Piovesana M; Fredrickson BL (13 May 2013). "Self-transcendent positive emotions increase spirituality through basic world assumptions". Cognition & Emotion 27 (8): 1378–1394. doi:10.1080/02699931.2013.787395. PMID 23662802.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Goodall, Jane (2005). "Primate Spirituality". Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature: 1303–1306. Archived from the original on 27 March 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140327072357/http://www.religionandnature.com/ern/sample/Goodall--PrimateSpirituality.pdf. Retrieved 14 April 2014.

## External links

* http://www.elevationresearch.org/[1] This website contains research about the self-transcendent emotions.

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