Epidemic Intelligence Service

Short description: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention program

Epidemic Intelligence Service

Logo of Epidemic Intelligence Service

Agency overview
Formed| October 26, 1951; 74 years ago (1951-10-26)[1]
Headquarters| Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.
[ ⚑ ] : 33°47′58″N 84°19′42″W﻿ / ﻿33.79944°N 84.32833°W﻿ / 33.79944; -84.32833
Employees| 60[2]
Parent agency| Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Website| Template:OfficialURL

The Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) is a program of the United States' Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).[3] The modern EIS is a two-year, hands-on post-doctoral training program in epidemiology, with a focus on field work.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Background
* 3 History of responses
* 4 EIS conference
* 5 In popular culture
* 6 References
* 7 Further reading
* 8 External links

## History

Alexander Langmuir, Chief of the U.S. Public Health Service, proposed the creation of the Epidemic Intelligence Service on March 30, 1951.[4] Langmuir argued that the agency could identify appropriate defense measures against biological warfare germs, develop new detection methods, and train laboratory workers to rapidly recognize biological warfare germs.[4] This justification arose from biological warfare concerns during the Korean War.[5]

The Epidemic Intelligence Service was organized on September 26, 1951, with the purpose of investigating disease outbreaks that are beyond the control of state and local health departments, enforcing interstate quarantine regulations, and providing epidemic aid at the request of state health agencies. The Epidemic Intelligence Service's first staff members were 21 medical officers of the Public Health Service.[1]

## Background

The EIS is operated by the CDC's Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services (CSELS), in the Office of Public Health Scientific Services (OPHSS).[6]

Program participants, known colloquially as "disease detectives", are formally called "EIS officers" (or EIS fellows) by the CDC and have been dispatched to investigate hundreds of possible epidemics created by natural and artificial causes. Since 1951, more than 3,000 EIS officers have been involved in domestic and international response efforts, including the anthrax, hantavirus, West Nile virus in the United States, and the 2013–2016 Ebola outbreak in West Africa.[7][8]

EIS officers begin their fellowship with a one-month training program at CDC headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia; however, 95% of their two-year term consists of experiential rather than classroom training.[9] For the remainder of their service, EIS officers are assigned to operational branches within the CDC or at state and local health departments around the country. Placement is determined via a highly competitive matching process.[9] The CDC pairs EIS officers with a Public Health Advisor, forming a scientist (EIS officer) and operations (PHA) team.[10] The EIS is a common recruiting pathway into the Public Health Service Commissioned Corps.[11]

The EIS is the prototype for Field Epidemiology Training Programs (FETP), which operate in numerous countries with technical assistance provided by the CDC.[12] However, attempts to establish FETPs in Indonesia, Hungary, Ivory Coast, and within the World Health Organization have failed due to insufficient long-term support.[13]

## History of responses

Since the inception of the EIS, officers have been involved with treatment, eradication, and disease-control efforts for a variety of medically related crises.[14] Below is an abridged timeline of their work.

* 1950s: The EIS worked on polio, lead poisoning, and Asian influenza
* 1960s: Cancer clusters, and smallpox
* 1970s: Legionnaires' disease, Ebola, and Reye syndrome
* 1980s: Toxic shock syndrome, birth defects, and HIV/AIDS
* 1990s: Tobacco, West Nile virus, and contaminated water
* 2000s: Post 9/11 anthrax attacks, E. coli O157:H7, SARS, H1N1, and the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina
* 2010s: The aftermath of the Haiti earthquake, obesity, fungal meningitis, and Ebola
* 2020s: Zika virus, COVID-19 pandemic[15]

## EIS conference

EIS officers attend an annual conference in Atlanta, Georgia, to present components of their work from the preceding year.[16]

During the conference, the Alexander D. Langmuir Prize is awarded "to a current officer or first-year alumnus of the EIS for the best scientific publication. The award consists of a $100 cash prize, an engraved paperweight, a case of ale or beer redolent of the John Snow Pub in London, and an inscription on the permanent plaque at CDC."[17]

A complete list of Langmuir Prize winners is included below:[18]

Year  | Article title  | Publication  | Author(s)

|
|
|

1966  | Complications of Smallpox Vaccination: I. National Survey in the United States, 1963.  | N Engl J Med 1967;276:125–32.  | J.M. Neff, J.M. Lane, J.H. Pert, R. Moore, J.D. Millar, D.A. Henderson
1967  | An Outbreak of Neuromyasthenia in a Kentucky Factory—The Possible Role of a Brief Exposure to Organic Mercury.  | Am J Epidemiol 1967;86:756–64.  | G. Miller, R. Chamberlin, W.M. McCormack
1968  | Salmonellosis from Chicken Prepared in Commercial Rotisseries: Report of an Outbreak.  | Am J Epidemiol 1969;90:429–37.  | S.B. Werner, J. Allard, E.A. Ager
1969  | Outbreak of Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever in Spokane County, Washington.  | JAMA 1969;210:1045–50.  | R.S. Thompson, W. Burgdorfer, R. Russell, B.J. Francis
1970  | Tularemia Epidemic: Vermont, 1968—Forty-Seven Cases Linked to Contact with Muskrats.  | N Engl J Med 1969;280:1253–60.  | L.S. Young, D.S. Bicknell, B.G. Archer, et al.
1971  | Tomato Juice-Associated Gastroenteritis, Washington and Oregon, 1969.  | Am J Epidemiol 1972;96:219–26.  | W.H. Barker Jr., V. Runte
1972  | Salmonella Septicemia from Platelet Transfusions: Study of an Outbreak Traced to a Hematogenous Carrier of Salmonella cholerae-suis.  | Ann Intern Med 1973;78: 633–41.  | F.S. Rhame, R.K. Root, J.D. MacLowry, T.A. Dadisman, J.V. Bennett
1973  | Outbreak of Typhoid Fever in Trinidad in 1971 Traced to a Commercial Ice Cream Product.  | Am J Epidemiol 1974;100:150–7.  | A. Taylor Jr., A. Santiago, A.Gonzales-Cortes, E.J. Gangarosa
1974  | Oyster-Associated Hepatitis: Failure of Shellfish Certification Programs To Prevent Outbreaks.  | JAMA 1975;233:1065–8.  | B.L. Portnoy, P.A. Mackowiak, C.T. Caraway, J.A. Walker, T.W. McKinley, C.A. Klein Jr.
1975  | Staphylococcal Food Poisoning Aboard a Commercial Aircraft.  | Lancet 1975;2:595–9.  | M.S. Eisenberg, K. Gaarslev, W. Brown, M. Horwitz, D. Hill
1976  | Nursery Outbreak of Peritonitis with Pneumoperitoneum Probably Caused by Thermometer-Induced Rectal Perforation.  | Am J Epidemiol 1976;104:632–44.  | M.A. Horwitz, J.V. Bennett
1977  | Epidemic Yersinia entercolitica Infection due to Contaminated Chocolate Milk.  | N Engl J Med 1978;298:76–9.  | R.E. Black, R.J. Jackson, T. Tsai, et al.
1978  | Measles Vaccine Efficacy in Children Previously Vaccinated at 12 Months of Age.  | Pediatrics 1978;62: 955–60.  | J.S. Marks, T.J. Halpin, W.A. Orenstein
1979  | An Outbreak of Legionnaires’ Disease Associated with a Contaminated Air-Conditioning Cooling Tower.  | N Engl J Med 1980;302:365–70.  | T.J. Dondero Jr., R.C. Rendtorff, G.F. Mallison, et al.
1979  | Risk of Vascular Disease in Women: Smoking, Oral Contraceptives, Noncontraceptive Estrogens, and Other Factors.  | JAMA 1979;242:1150–4.  | D.B. Petitti, J.Wingerd, J. Pellegrin, et al.
1980  | Injuries from the Wichita Falls Tornado: Implications for Prevention.  | Science 1980;207:734–8.  | R.I. Glass, R.B. Craven, D.J. Bregman, et al.
1981  | Respiratory Irritation due to Carpet Shampoo: Two Outbreaks.  | Environ Int 1982;8:337–41.  | K. Kreiss, M.G. Gonzalez, K.L. Conright, A.R. Scheere
1981  | Toxic-Shock Syndrome in Menstruating Women: Association with Tampon Use and Staphylococcus aureus and Clinical Features in 52 Cases.  | N Engl J Med 1980;303:1436–42.  | K.N. Shands, G.P. Schmid, B.B. Dan, et al.
1982  | Risk Factors for Heatstroke: A Case-Control Study.  | JAMA 1982;247:3332–6.  | E.M. Kilbourne, K. Choi, T.S. Jones, S.B. Thacker
1983  | Epidemic Listeriosis C—Evidence for Transmission by Food.  | N Engl J Med 1983;308:203–6.  | W.F. Schlech III, P.M. Lavigne, R.A. Bortolussi, et al.
1984  | Unexplained Deaths in a Children's Hospital: An Epidemiologic Assessment.  | N Engl J Med 1985;313: 211–6.  | J.W. Buehler, L.F. Smith, E.M. Wallace, C.W. Heath, R. Kusiak, J.L. Herndon.
1984  | Medication Errors with Inhalant Epinephrine Mimicking an Epidemic of Neonatal Sepsis.  | N Engl J Med 1984;310:166–70.  | S.L. Solomon, E.M. Wallace, E.L. Ford-Jones, et al.
1985  | The Use and Efficacy of Child-Restraint Devices: The Tennessee Experience, 1982 and 1983.  | JAMA 1984;252:2571–5.  | M.D. Decker, M.J. Dewey, R.H. Hutcheson Jr., W.S. Schaffner
1986  | The Role of Parvovirus B19 in Aplastic Crisis and Erythema Infectiosum (Fifth Disease).  | J Infect Dis 1986;154:383–93.  | T.L. Chorba, P. Coccia, R.C. Holman, et al.
1987  | Oral Contraceptives and Cervical Cancer Risk in Costa Rica: Detection Bias or Causal Association?  | JAMA 1988;259:59–64.  | K.L. Irwin, L. Rosero-Bixby, M.W. Oberle, et al.
1988  | A Day-Care–Based Case-Control Efficacy Study of Haemophilus influenzae B Polysaccharide Vaccine.  | JAMA 1988;260:1413–8.  | L.H. Harrison, C. Broome, A.W. Hightower, et al.
1989  | Group A Meningococcal Carriage in Travelers Returning from Saudi Arabia.  | JAMA 1988;260:2686–9.  | P.S. Moore, L.H. Harrison, E.E. Telzak, G.W. Ajello, C.V. Broome
1989  | Transmission of Plasmodium vivax Malaria in San Diego County, California, 1986.  | Am J Trop Med Hyg 1990;42:3–9.  | Y.A. Maldonado, B.L. Nahlen, R.R. Roberta, et al.
1990  | An Outbreak of Surgical Wound Infections due to Group A Streptococcus Carried on the Scalp.  | N Engl J Med 1990;323:968–72.  | T.D. Mastro, T.A. Farley, J.A. Elliott, et al.
1991  | An Investigation of the Cause of the EosinophiliaMyalgia Syndrome Associated with Tryptophan Use.  | N Engl J Med 1990;323:357–65.  | E.A. Belongia, C.W. Hedberg, G.J. Gleich, et al.
1992  | An Outbreak of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Among Hospitalized Patients with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome.  | N Engl J Med 1992;326:1514–21.  | B.R. Edlin, J.I. Tokars, M.H. Grieco, et al.
1993  | Comparison of Prevention Strategies for Neonatal Group B Streptococcal Infection: A Population-Based Economic Analysis.  | JAMA 1993;270:1442–8.  | J.C. Mohle-Boetani, A. Schuchat, B.D. Plikaytis, J.D. Smith, C.V. Broome
1993  | Retrospective Study of the Impact of Lead-Based Hazard Remediation on Children's Blood Lead Levels in St. Louis, Missouri.  | Am J Epidemiol 1994;139:1016–26.  | C. Staes, T. Matte, C.B. Copley, D. Flanders, S. Binder
1994  | A Massive Outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium Infection Transmitted Through the Public Water Supply.  | N Engl J Med 1994;331:161–7.  | W.R. Mac Kenzie, N.J. Hoxie, M.E. Proctor, et al.
1995  | A Multistate Outbreak of Escherichia coli 0157:H7-Associated Bloody Diarrhea and Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome from Hamburgers: The Washington Experience.  | JAMA 1994;272:1349–53.  | B.P. Bell, M. Goldoft, P.M. Griffin, et al.
1996  | A Multistate Outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis Infections Associated with Consumption of Schwan's Ice Cream.  | N Engl J Med 1996;334:1281–6  | T.W. Hennessy, C.W. Hedberg, L. Slutsker, et al.
1996  | Passenger to Passenger Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Aboard Commercial Aircraft During Transoceanic Travel.  | N Engl J Med 1996;334:993–8.  | T.A. Kenyon, S.E. Valway, W.W. Ihle, I.M. Onorato
1997  | Epidemic Meningococcal Disease and Tobacco Smoke: A Risk Factor Study in the Pacific Northwest.  | Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997;16:979–83.  | M.A. Fisher, K. Hedberg, P. Cardosi, et al.
1998  | Suicide After Natural Disasters.  | N Engl J Med 1998;338:373–8.  | E.G. Krug, M. Kresnow, J.P. Peddicord, et al.
1999  | Legalized Physician-Assisted Suicide in Oregon—The First Year's Experience.  | N Engl J Med 1999;340:577–83.  | A.E. Chin, K. Hedberg, G.K. Higginson, D.W. Fleming
2000  | Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis After Pertussis Prophylaxis with Erythromycin: A Case Review and Cohort Study.  | Lancet 1999;354:2101–5.  | M.A. Honein, L.J. Paulozzi, I.M. Himelright, et al.
2001  | Salmonella Typhimurium Infections Transmitted by Chlorine-Pretreated Clover Sprout Seeds.  | Am J Epidemiol 2001;154:1020–8.  | J.T. Brooks, S. Rowe, P. Shillam, et al.
2002  | Serratia liquefaciens Bloodstream Infections from Contamination of Epoetin Alfa at a Hemodialysis Center.  | N Engl J Med 2001;344:1491–7.  | L.A. Grohskopf, V.R. Roth, D.R. Feikin, et al.
2003  | Transmission of West Nile Virus from an Organ Donor to Four Transplant Recipients.  | N Engl J Med 2003;348:2196–203.  | M. Iwamoto, D.B. Jernigan, A. Guasch, et al., the West Nile Virus in Transplant Recipients Investigation Team
2004  | Risk of Bacterial Meningitis in Children with Cochlear Implants.  | N Engl J Med 2003;349:435–45.  | J. Reefhuis, M.A. Honein, C.G. Whitney, et al.
2005  | Changes in Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Among HIV-Infected Adults Living in the Era of Childhood Pneumococcal Immunization.  | Ann Intern Med 2006;144:1–9.  | B.L. Flannery, R.T. Heffernan, L.H. Harrison, et al.
2006  | Case-Control Study of an Acute Aflatoxicosis Outbreak, Kenya, 2004.  | Environ Health Perspect 005;113:1779–83.  | E. Azziz-Baumgartner, K.Y. Lindblade, K. Gieseker, et al., and the Aflatoxin Investigative Group
2007  | Methamphetamine Use Is Independently Associated with Risky Sexual Behaviors and Adolescent Pregnancy.  | J Sch Health 2008;78:641–8.  | L.B. Zapata, S.D Hillis, P.M. Marchbanks, K.M. Curtis, R. Lowry
2008  | Characteristics of Perpetrators in Homicide-Followedby-Suicide Incidents: National Violent Death Reporting System—17 US States, 2003–2005.  | Am J Epidemiol 2008;168:1056–64.  | J. Logan, H.A. Hill, A.E. Crosby, D.L. Karch, J.D. Barnes, K.M. Lubell
2009  | Epidemiologic Investigation of Immune-Mediated Polyradiculoneuropathy Among Abattoir Workers Exposed to Porcine Brain.  | PLoS ONE. 2009;5:e9782.  | S.M. Holzbauer, A.S. DeVries, J.J. Sejvar, et al.
2010  | Increasing Compliance with Mass Drug Administration Programs for Lymphatic Filariasis in Orissa, India, 2009: Impact of an Education and a Lymphedema Management Program.  | PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010;201;4:e728.  | P.T. Cantey, J. Rout, G. Rao, J. Williamson, L.M. Fox
2011  | Effect of Rotavirus Vaccine on Healthcare Utilization for Diarrhea in US Children.  | N Engl J Med 2011;365;12:1108–17.  | J. Cortes, A. Curns, J. Tate, M. Cortese, M. Patel, F. Zhou, U. Parashar
2012  | Multistate Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infections Associated with In-Store Sampling of a Raw-Milk Gouda Cheese, 2010.  |  | J. McCollum, N. Williams, S. W. Beam, et al.
2013  | Necrotizing Cutaneous Mucormycosis After a Tornado in Joplin, Missouri, in 2011.  | N Engl J Med 2012;367;2214–25.  | R. Fanfair, K. Benedict, J. Bos, et al.
2014  | Raccoon Rabies Virus Variant Transmission Through Solid Organ Transplantation.  | JAMA 2013;310:398–407.  | N.M. Vora, S.V. Basavaraju, KA Feldman, et al.
2015  | New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-producing carbapenem-resistant E. coli associated with exposure to duodenoscopes.  | JAMA. 2014;312(14):1447-1455  | L. Epstein, J. Hunter, M.A. Arwaddy, et al.
2016  | Exposure to Advertisements and Electronic Cigarette: Use Among U.S. Middle and High School Students.  |  | T. Singh, I.T. Agaku, R.A. Arrazola, K.L. Marynak, L.J. Neff, I.T. Rolle, B.A. King
2017  | Geospatial analysis of household spread of Ebola virus in a quarantined village – Sierra Leone, 2014  | Epi and Inf 2017;145(14):2921-2929.  | B. L. Gleason, S. Foster, G. E. Wilt, et al.
2018  | Educational Disabilities Among Children Born with Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome.  | Educational Disabilities Among Children Born with Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome.  | M.A. Fill, A.M. Miller, R.H. Wilkinson
2019  | Homelessness and Hepatitis A — San Diego County, 2016–2018.  | Clin Infect Dis 2020;71(1):14–21.  | C.M. Peak, S.S. Stous, J.M. Healy, et al.
2020  | Factors Associated with Candida auris Colonization and Transmission in Skilled Nursing Facilities with Ventilator Units, New York, 2016-2018.  | Clin Infect Dis 2021;72(11):e753–e760.  | J. Rossow, B. Ostrowsky, E. Adams, et al.
2021  | Presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections and Transmission in a Skilled Nursing Facility.  | N Engl J Med. 2020;382(22):2081–2090.  | M.M. Arons, K.M. Hatfield, S.C. Reddy, et al.
2022  | Multistate Outbreak of Spinal and Disseminated Tuberculosis Caused by Surgical Implantation of a Bone Allograft Product.  |  | N. Schwartz, A. Hernandez-Romieu
2022  | Association Between 3 Doses of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine and Symptomatic Infection Caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Delta Variants.  | JAMA. 2022 Feb 15;327(7):639-651.  | E.K. Accorsi, A. Britton, Fleming-Dutra KE, et al.
2023  | School District Prevention Policies and Risk of COVID-19 Among In-Person K—12 Educators, Wisconsin, 2021.  | Am J Public Health 2022;112(12):1791-1799.  | Peter M. DeJonge, Ian W. Pray, Ronald Gangnon, et al.

## In popular culture

In the 2011 film Contagion, the character Doctor Erin Mears (portrayed by Kate Winslet) is a physician and investigator with the Epidemic Intelligence Service who was tasked by the CDC to discover the origin of a highly contagious and deadly virus known as MEV-1 which was rapidly spreading throughout the world following initial outbreaks in Kowloon, Hong Kong and Minneapolis, Minnesota.[19]

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Epidemic Intelligence Service Is Organized". Associated Press. The News (Frederick, Maryland). p. 13.
2. ↑ "2020 Annual Update". Epidemic Intelligence Service. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020.
3. ↑ Duhigg, Charles (April 26, 2020). "Seattle's Leaders Let Scientists Take the Lead. New York's Did Not" (in en). The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/05/04/seattles-leaders-let-scientists-take-the-lead-new-yorks-did-not.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Popham, John (March 31, 1951). "Langmuir Warns of Germ Warfare". New York Times News Service. Chattanooga Daily Times (Chattanooga, Tennessee). p. 2.
5. ↑ "EIS History". Epidemic Intelligence Service. Centers for Disease Control. Retrieved January 20, 2018.
6. ↑ "Who We Are". cdc.gov. https://www.cdc.gov/csels/whoweare.html.
7. ↑ "A History of Success". cdc.gov. https://www.cdc.gov/eis/history.html.
8. ↑ "2014-2016 Ebola epidemic in West Africa". cdc.gov. https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/2014-west-africa/index.html.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Frequently Asked Questions About EIS|Epidemic Intelligence Service|CDC". Cdc.gov. 2015-03-05. https://www.cdc.gov/EIS/FAQ.html.
10. ↑ Sb, Thacker; Ra, Goodman; Rc, Dicker (November 1990). "Training and Service in Public Health Practice, 1951-90--CDC's Epidemic Intelligence Service" (in en). Public Health Reports 105 (6): 599–604. PMID 2175439. Wikidata ()
11. ↑ "U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps Opportunities". USPHS. https://www.usphs.gov/docs/pdfs/bks/USPHS_Physician_111111.pdf.
12. ↑ "Field Epidemiology Training Program". cdc.gov. https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/healthprotection/fetp/index.htm.
13. ↑ Pendergast, Mark (2010). Inside the Outbreaks: The Elite Medical Detectives of the Epidemic Intelligence Service. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 9780151011209.
14. ↑ "Recruitment Resources | Epidemic Intelligence Service | CDC". Cdc.gov. https://www.cdc.gov/EIS/Recruitment.html.
15. ↑ Mancini, Donato Paolo (22 April 2020). "Wanted: a civilian army of contact tracers to end the lockdown". Financial Times. https://www.cdc.gov/eis/downloads/civilian-army-financial-times-508.pdf.
16. ↑ "EIS Conference". cdc.gov. https://www.cdc.gov/eis/conference.html.
17. ↑ "James Buffington Jr. And Lois Chapman Buffington Endowment For The Alexander D. Langmuir Prize". CDC Foundation. https://www.cdcfoundation.org/what/program/langmuir.
18. ↑ "2017 EIS Conference". cdc.gov. https://www.cdc.gov/eis/downloads/eis-conference-2017.pdf.
19. ↑ Kritz, Fran (2020-02-16). "Fact-Checking 'Contagion' — In Wake Of Coronavirus, The 2011 Movie Is Trending" (in en). NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/02/16/802704825/fact-checking-contagion-in-wake-of-coronavirus-the-2011-movie-is-trending.

## Further reading

| Scholia has a profile for Epidemic Intelligence Service ().

|

* Langmuir, Alexander D.; Andrews, Justin M. (March 1952). "Biological Warfare Defense". American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health 42 (3): 235–238. doi:10.2105/AJPH.42.3.235. PMID 14903238. PMC 1526030. https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.42.3.239. Wikidata ()
* Langmuir, AD (1980). "The Epidemic Intelligence Service of the Center for Disease Control.". Public Health Reports 95 (5): 470–7. PMID 6106957. Wikidata ()
* Sb, Thacker; Ra, Goodman; Rc, Dicker (November 1990). "Training and Service in Public Health Practice, 1951-90--CDC's Epidemic Intelligence Service" (in en). Public Health Reports 105 (6): 599–604. PMID 2175439. Wikidata ()
* Schaffner, W.; LaForce, F. M. (15 October 1996). "Training Field Epidemiologists: Alexander D. Langmuir and the Epidemic Intelligence Service". American Journal of Epidemiology 144 (Supplement 8): S16–S22. doi:10.1093/aje/144.Supplement_8.S16. PMID 8857837. https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/144/Supplement_8/S16/110249. Wikidata ()
* Ostroff, Stephen M. (1 March 2001). "The Epidemic Intelligence Service in the United States". Eurosurveillance 6 (3): 34–36. doi:10.2807/esm.06.03.00216-en. PMID 11682711. Wikidata ()
* Thacker, S. B. (1 December 2001). "Epidemic Intelligence Service of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: 50 Years of Training and Service in Applied Epidemiology". American Journal of Epidemiology 154 (11): 985–992. doi:10.1093/aje/154.11.985. PMID 11724713. https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/154/11/985/185371. Wikidata ()
* Meyerson, Beth E.; Martich, Frederick A.; Naehr, Gerald P. (2008). Ready to Go: The History and Contributions of U.S. Public Health Advisors. Research Triangle Park, NC: American Social Health Association. ISBN 978-0-615-20383-6.
* Pendergrast, Mark (2011). Inside the Outbreaks: The Elite Medical Detectives of the Epidemic Intelligence Service. ISBN 978-0-547-52030-8.
* "Epidemic Intelligence Service Officers by Class Year, 1951-2005". American Journal of Epidemiology 174 (suppl 11): i–x. 30 November 2011. doi:10.1093/aje/kwr449. https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/174/suppl_11/i/108707. Wikidata ()
* Gerard Gallagher (2017). "CDC's EIS program molds clinicians into public health professionals." (Healio.com)

## External links

* No URL found. Please specify a URL here or add one to Wikidata.

* v
* t
* e

United States biological defense program

Organizations|

| Federal
administrative|

| DHS|

* DHS Chemical and Biological Defense Division
* DHS Office of Health Affairs (National Biosurvelliance Integration Center, BioWatch)
* National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center
* National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility
* National Bioforensic Analysis Center

|

DNI|

* National Counterproliferation Center (Advisory Committee on Bioterrorism)

DHHS|

* Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response
* Division of Select Agents and Toxins (CDC)
* National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity

DoD|

* Assistant SECDEF for NCB Defense Programs
* Defense Threat Reduction Agency
* Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System
* Joint Program Executive Office of Chemical and Biological Defense (JPEO-CBD)
* National Center for Medical Intelligence

Federal
research|

| Trans-
departmental|

* National Interagency Confederation for Biological Research (National Interagency Biodefense Campus, Fort Detrick)
* Integrated National Biodefense Medical Countermeasures Portfolio (DHHS/DoD)

|

Military|

* U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases
* Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
* Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
* Dugway Proving Ground

Civilian|

* Galveston National Laboratory (UTMB/NIAID)
* Integrated Research Facility (HHS/NIAID)
* Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (HHS)
* Homeland Security Research Program (EPA/DHS)
* Plum Island Animal Disease Center (USDA)
* Foreign Disease Weed Science Research Unit (USDA)

Response|

| Local|

* Local Health Departments

|

State|

* State Health Departments
* Nebraska Biocontainment Patient Care Unit

Federal|

* National Medical Response Team/National Pharmacy Response Team (NDMS, HHS)
* Chemical Biological Incident Response Force (USMC)
* Epidemic Intelligence Service (CDC)
* Aeromedical Biological Containment System (CDC)
* Bioterror Rapid Response and Advanced Technology Laboratory (CDC)

Non-
governmental|

| Academic centers
& think tanks|

* Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security (formerly Center for Biosecurity)
* Henry L. Stimson Center
* Center for Advancing Microbial Risk Assessment
* Center for Biodefense and Emerging Pathogens (Brown University)
* Middle-Atlantic Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research
* Center for Biodefense Immune Modeling (University of Rochester)
* Johns Hopkins Center for Civilian Biodefense Strategies
* National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases (NCBID; George Mason Univ.)

|

Government
contractors|

* Battelle Memorial Institute
* SRI International
* Idaho Technology
* Phoenix Air

Programs
& projects|

| Threat reduction|

* Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program, including the Cooperative Biological Engagement Program (DoD)
* Project Bacchus
* Project Clear Vision
* Project Jefferson

|

Biosurveillance|

* National Biosurveillance Strategy
* Laboratory Response Network (CDC)
* BioWatch (EPA, CDC)
* Global Bio-Surveillance Technology Initiative (GBTI), Bio-Surveillance Management Office (BMO) (part of JPEO-CBD)
* ESSENCE (DoD)
* RODS (Civilian)

Biosecurity/Biosurety|

* Select Agent Program (CDC)
* Personnel Reliability Program (DoD)

Medical intelligence|

* National Intelligence Assessments on Infectious Diseases

Disaster response|

* National Response Framework of the National Strategy for Homeland Security (DHS; including NIMS & ICS)
* National Disaster Medical System (DHHS)
* Strategic National Stockpile (CDC, DHS)

Technology
& equipment|

| Protection|

* MOPP
* NBC suit
* Respirators

|

Detection|

* Cell CANARY
* Biological Materials MASINT
* Autonomous Pathogen Detection System
* Joint Biological Agent Identification and Diagnostic System (JBAIDS)

Biocontainment|

* Biosafety level
* Biosafety cabinet
* Positive pressure personnel suit

Law|

| Treaties|

* Geneva Protocol (1925, 1975)
* Statement on Chemical and Biological Defense Policies and Programs (1969)
* Biological Weapons Convention (1972)

|

Legislation|

* Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989
* Executive Order 13139 (1999)
* Patriot Act (2001)
* Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness Response Act (2002)
* Agricultural Bioterrorism Protection Act of 2002
* Project Bioshield Act (2004)
* Biodefense and Pandemic Vaccine and Drug Development Act of 2005
* Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act (2005)
* Pandemic and All Hazards Preparedness Act (2006)
* Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Reauthorization Act of 2013

International
representation|

* Global Health Security Initiative
* Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction
* United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540 (2004)

History|

| Past biological
incidents|

* 1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack
* 1989 California medfly attack
* 2001 anthrax attacks
* Wood Green ricin plot (2002)
* 2003 ricin letters
* 2013 ricin letters

|

Defunct organizations
& programs|

* United States Army Medical Unit
* United States biological weapons program
* Sunshine Project
* Aeromedical Isolation Team (DoD)

Related topics|

* Agro-terrorism
* Biodefense
* Biosecurity in the United States
* Biological agent
* Biological hazard
* Biological warfare (BW)
* Biosurveillance
* Bioterrorism
* CBRN defense
* Decontamination
* Entomological warfare
* Isolation (health care)
* Select agent
* Smallpox virus retention debate

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