Extended physiological proprioception

Short description: Ability to perceive at the tip of a tool

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Extended physiological proprioception (EPP) is a concept pioneered by D.C. Simpson (1972) to describe the ability to perceive at the tip of a tool. Proprioception is the concept is that proprioceptors in the muscles and joints couple with cutaneous receptors to identify and manage contacts between the body and the world. Extended physiological proprioception allows for this same process to apply to contacts between a tool that is being held and the world. The work was based on prostheses developed at the time in response to disabilities incurred by infants as the result of use of the drug thalidomide by mothers from 1957 to 1962, with the tool in this case simply being the prosthesis itself. How a person identifies with themself changes after a lower limb amputation affects body image, functioning, awareness, and future projections.

People with amputations have reported phantom limbs.[1][2] This serves as evidence that the brain is hard-wired to perceive body image, making it notable that sensory input and proprioceptive feedback are not essential in its formation.[3] Losing an anatomical part through amputation sets a person up for complex perceptual, emotional, and psychological responses.[4][5] Such responses include phantom limb pain, which is the painful feeling some amputees incur after amputation in the area lost.[6][7] Phantom limb pain permits a natural acceptance and use of prosthetic limbs.[8]

## See also

* The Extended Mind
* Embodied cognition
* Situated cognition

## Further reading

* Simpson, DC (1974). The choice of control system for the multimovement prosthesis: extended physiological proprioception (epp). C. Thomas.
* Plettenburg, Dick H. (2002). "Prosthetic control: a case for Extended Physiological Proprioception". IBME, University of New Brunswick. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/handle/10161/2669.
* Doubler, JA; Childress, DS (1984). "An analysis of extended physiological proprioception as a prosthesis-control technique". Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 21 (1): 5–18. PMID 6527290. https://www.rehab.research.va.gov/jour/84/21/1/pdf/doubler.pdf.

## References

1. ↑ Bradshaw, John L.; Georgiou-Karistianis, Nellie; Gibson, Stephen J.; Giummarra, Melita J. (2007). "Central mechanisms in phantom limb perception: The past, present and future". Brain Research Reviews 54 (1): 219–232. doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.01.009. PMID 17500095.
2. ↑ Holcombe, Alex O.; Seizova-Cajic, Tatjana (2008). "Illusory motion reversals from unambiguous motion with visual, proprioceptive, and tactile stimuli". Vision Research 48 (17): 1743–1757. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2008.05.019. PMID 18617216. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/82386480.pdf.
3. ↑ Price, Elfed Huw (2006). "A critical review of congenital phantom limb cases and a developmental theory for the basis of body image". Consciousness and Cognition 15 (2): 310–322. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2005.07.003. PMID 16182566. https://www.academia.edu/2074080.
4. ↑ Yin, Yue H.; Fan, Yuan J.; Xu, Li D. (2012). "EMG and EPP-Integrated Human–Machine Interface Between the Paralyzed and Rehabilitation Exoskeleton". IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine 16 (4): 542–549. doi:10.1109/TITB.2011.2178034. PMID 22249763. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6126040/authors.
5. ↑ Senra, Hugo; Oliveira, Rui A.; Leal, Isabel; Vieira, Cristina (2012). "Beyond the body image: a qualitative study on how adults experience lower limb amputation". Clinical Rehabilitation 26 (2): 180–91. doi:10.1177/0269215511410731. PMID 21908476. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/70650651.pdf.
6. ↑ Hill, Anne (1999). "Phantom Limb Pain: A Review of the Literature on Attributes and Potential Mechanisms". Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 17 (2): 125–142. doi:10.1016/s0885-3924(98)00136-5. PMID 10069153. https://www.academia.edu/5024127.
7. ↑ Parkes, CM (1975). "Psychosocial transitions: comparison between reactions to loss of a limb and loss of a spouse". British Journal of Medical Psychology. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/psychosocial-transitions-comparison-between-reactions-to-loss-of-a-limb-and-loss-of-a-spouse/364A8047B10C2065BECC17A0EAFACF61.
8. ↑ Batty, Richard; McGrath, Laura; Reavey, Paula (2014). "Embodying limb absence in the negotiation of sexual intimacy". Sexualities 17 (5–6): 686–706. doi:10.1177/1363460714532935. https://oro.open.ac.uk/62763/.

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