Gallop rhythm

For other uses, see Gallop.

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Gallop rhythm

Specialty| Cardiology

A gallop rhythm refers to a (usually abnormal) rhythm of the heart on auscultation.[1] It includes three or four sounds, thus resembling the sounds of a gallop.

The normal heart rhythm contains two audible heart sounds called S1 and S2 that give the well-known "lub-dub" rhythm; they are caused by the closing of valves in the heart. The first heart sound (S1) is closure of the valve at the end of ventricular filling (the tricuspid and mitral valves); the second heart sound (S2), is closure of the aortic and/or the pulmonary valves as the ventricles relax. Extra sounds, (third and/or fourth heart sound, can be normal, especially in children, or with severe exercise, but are generally heard (on the left side) when ventricular function is impaired, e.g., in case of acute infarction or severe cardiac failure. The sounds are thought to be caused by the atrium, facing back-pressure, forcing volume into an incompletely emptied ventricle. Then, given tachycardia, a "gallop" is produced. With right-sided back pressure after pulmonary embolism, and therefore an incompletely emptied right ventricle, a right-sided gallop can occur.

## Contents

* 1 Associated conditions
* 2 References
* 3 Further reading
* 4 External links

## Associated conditions

Gallop rhythms may be heard in young or athletic people, but may also be a sign of serious cardiac problems like heart failure as well as pulmonary edema. Gallop rhythms may be associated with the following:[citation needed]

* Ventricular overload
* Sinus tachycardia

## References

1. ↑ Tavel ME (November 1996). "The appearance of gallop rhythm after exercise stress testing". Clin Cardiol 19 (11): 887–91. doi:10.1002/clc.4960191109. PMID 8914783.

## Further reading

* http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/20/6/1053.short \- American Heart Assoc., Gallop Rhythm of the Heart
* "Diastolic gallop sounds, the mechanism of production". J. Clin. Invest. 36 (7): 1035–42. 1957. doi:10.1172/JCI103499. PMID 13449156.

## External links

Classification|

* ICD-9-CM: 427.9, 785.3

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Physiology of the cardiovascular system

Heart|

| Cardiac output|

* Cardiac cycle
* Cardiac output
* Heart rate
* Stroke volume
* Stroke volume
* End-diastolic volume
* End-systolic volume
* Afterload
* Preload
* Frank–Starling law
* Cardiac function curve
* Venous return curve
* Wiggers diagram
* Pressure volume diagram

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Ultrasound|

* Fractional shortening = (End-diastolic dimension
* End-systolic dimension) / End-diastolic dimension
* Aortic valve area calculation
* Ejection fraction
* Cardiac index

Heart rate|

* Cardiac pacemaker
* Chronotropic (Heart rate)
* Dromotropic (Conduction velocity)
* Inotropic (Contractility)
* Bathmotropic (Excitability)
* Lusitropic (Relaxation)

Conduction|

* Conduction system
* Cardiac electrophysiology
* Action potential
* cardiac
* atrial
* ventricular
* Effective refractory period
* Pacemaker potential
* Electrocardiography
* P wave
* PR interval
* QRS complex
* QT interval
* ST segment
* T wave
* U wave
* Hexaxial reference system

Chamber pressure|

* Central venous
* Right
* atrial
* ventricular
* pulmonary artery
* wedge
* Left
* atrial
* ventricular
* Aortic

Other|

* Ventricular remodeling

Vascular system/
Hemodynamics|

| Blood flow|

* Compliance
* Vascular resistance
* Pulse
* Perfusion

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Blood pressure|

* Pulse pressure
* Systolic
* Diastolic
* Mean arterial pressure
* Jugular venous pressure
* Portal venous pressure

Regulation of BP|

* Baroreflex
* Kinin–kallikrein system
* Renin–angiotensin system
* Vasoconstrictors
* Vasodilators
* Autoregulation
* Myogenic mechanism
* Tubuloglomerular feedback
* Cerebral autoregulation
* Paraganglia
* Aortic body
* Carotid body
* Glomus cell

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Symptoms and signs relating to the cardiovascular system (R00–R03, 785)

Chest pain|

* Referred pain
* Angina
* Aerophagia

Auscultation|

* Heart sounds
* Split S2
* S3
* S4
* Gallop rhythm
* Heart murmur
* Systolic
* Diastolic
* Continuous
* Pericardial friction rub
* Heart click
* Bruit
* carotid

Pulse|

* Tachycardia
* Bradycardia
* Pulsus tardus et parvus
* Pulsus paradoxus
* doubled
* Pulsus bisferiens
* Dicrotic pulse
* Pulsus bigeminus
* Pulsus alternans
* Pulse deficit

Vascular disease|

* Gangrene

Other|

* Palpitations
* Apex beat
* Cœur en sabot
* Jugular venous pressure
* Cannon A waves
* Hyperaemia

Shock|

* Cardiogenic
* Obstructive
* Hypovolemic
* Distributive
* Septic
* Neurogenic
* Refractory vasodilatory shock

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