Geographic tongue

Short description: Tongue disorder

Geographic tongue

Other names| Benign migratory glossitis, Glossitis areata exfoliativa, Erythema migrans of tongue
A patient with geographic tongue
Specialty| Oral Medicine, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dermatology
Symptoms| Burning sensation (rare)
Causes| Unknown
Diagnostic method| Visual examination
Differential diagnosis| Oral lichen planus, erythematous candidiasis, leukoplakia, glossitis, and chemical burns
Prevention| None
Treatment| Reassurance, time
Medication| None
Frequency| 2-3%
Deaths| None

Geographic tongue, also known by several other terms,[note 1] is a condition of the mucous membrane of the tongue, usually on the dorsal surface. It is a condition affecting approximately 2–3% of the general population.[2][7] It is characterized by areas of smooth, red depapillation (loss of lingual papillae) that migrate over time. The name comes from the map-like appearance of the tongue,[8] with the patches resembling the islands of an archipelago.[2] The cause is unknown, but the condition is entirely benign (importantly, it does not represent oral cancer), and there is no curative treatment. Uncommonly, geographic tongue may cause a burning sensation on the tongue, for which various treatments have been described with little formal evidence of efficacy.

## Contents

* 1 Signs and symptoms
* 2 Causes
* 3 Predisposing factors
* 4 Diagnosis
* 4.1 Classification
* 5 Treatment
* 6 Prognosis
* 7 Epidemiology
* 8 Manifestations in COVID-19 infection
* 9 Notes
* 10 References
* 11 External links

## Signs and symptoms

The appearance of geographic tongue is variable from one person to the next and changes over time. The bottom image shows fissured tongue combined with geographic tongue. It is common for these two conditions to coexist.

In health, the dorsal surface of the tongue is covered in tuft-like projections called lingual papillae (some of which are associated with taste buds), which give the tongue an irregular surface texture and a white-pink color. Geographic tongue is characterized by areas of atrophy and depapillation (loss of papillae), leaving an erythematous (darker red) and smoother surface than the unaffected areas. The depapillated areas are usually well-demarcated,[4] and bordered by a slightly raised, white, yellow or grey, serpiginous (snaking) peripheral zone.[9] A lesion of geographic tongue may start as a white patch before the depapillation occurs.[4] In certain cases there may be only one lesion, but this is uncommon;[4] the lesions will typically occur in multiple locations on the tongue and coalesce over time to form the typical map-like appearance. The lesions usually change in shape and size, and migrate to other areas, sometimes within hours.[10] The condition may affect only part of the tongue, with a predilection for the tip and the sides of the tongue,[4] or the entire dorsal surface at any one time. The condition goes through periods of remission and relapse. Loss of the white peripheral zone is thought to signify periods of mucosal healing.[9]

There are usually no symptoms other than the unusual appearance of the tongue, but in some cases persons may experience pain or burning, such as when eating hot, acidic, spicy, or other kinds of foods (e.g., cheese, tomatoes, fruit).[1][10] Where there is a burning symptom, other causes of a burning sensation on the tongue are considered, such as oral candidiasis.[11]

## Causes

The cause is unknown.[1][12][13] Geographic tongue does not usually cause any symptoms, and in those cases where there are symptoms, an oral parafunctional habit may be a contributory factor.[9] Persons with parafunctional habits related to the tongue may show scalloping on the sides of the tongue (crenated tongue). Some suggest that hormonal factors may be involved,[2] because one reported case in a female appeared to vary in severity in correlation with oral contraceptive use.[4] People with geographic tongue frequently claim that their condition worsens during periods of psychological stress.[9] Geographic tongue is inversely associated with smoking and tobacco use.[12] Sometimes geographic tongue is said to run in families,[2] and it is reported to be associated with several different genes, though studies show family association may also be caused by similar diets. Some have reported links with various human leukocyte antigens, such as increased incidence of HLA-DR5, HLA-DRW6 and HLA-Cw6 and decreased incidence in HLA-B51.[10] Vitamin B2 deficiency (ariboflavinosis) can cause several signs in the mouth, possibly including geographic tongue,[14] although other sources state that geographic tongue is not related to nutritional deficiency.[2] Fissured tongue often occurs simultaneously with geographic tongue,[1] and some consider fissured tongue to be an end stage of geographic tongue.[9]

In the past, some research suggested that geographic tongue was associated with diabetes, seborrheic dermatitis, and atopy; however, newer research does not corroborate these findings.[12] Others suggest allergy as a major factor, for example to nickel sulphate.[15]

Geographic tongue and psoriasis co-occur at a rate that is higher than would be predicted by chance, although most people with geographic tongue do not develop psoriasis, and most people with psoriasis do not have geographic tongue.[16][17][18] People who have both geographic tongue and psoriasis may have a greater severity of psoriasis and be less responsive to psoriasis treatment.[19]

Lesions that are histologically indistinguishable from geographic tongue may also be diagnosed in reactive arthritis (arthritis, uveitis/conjunctivitis, and urethritis).[9]

## Predisposing factors

Geographic tongue (GT) is a lesion with an unknown origin. However, it has been reported more frequently in people with psoriasis,[16] a history of allergies, asthma, and rhinitis. Studies have also suggested that psychological/psychiatric factors, diabetes, gastrointestinal diseases, and haematological disorders may predispose a person to GT; however, more studies with a larger cohort are needed to determine if GT could be an oral manifestation of a systemic disease.

There is strong evidence to support a high prevalence of celiac disease and iron-deficiency anaemia in patients with GT. Oral candidiasis and caries are commonly reported in patients with GT; however, this can be explained by saliva of a lower pH, which will promote the cariogenic process.

The most common areas in which GT can be found include the lateral border of the tongue, followed by the anterior dorsum of the tongue and the ventral surface.[20]

## Diagnosis

Diagnosis of geographic tongue (GT) mainly relies on clinical intraoral findings. As GT is usually asymptomatic in the mouth, it does not require treatment. A differential diagnosis between oral candidiasis and GT, two similar looking conditions, can be established through a careful and thorough examination. GT is a keratotic lesion that can be described as a round or irregular shaped white plaque, cannot be scraped off, and is normally self-resolving.[21] These lesions are known to reoccur within variable periods. Although rare, cytological techniques and biopsies can be used to aid in a clinical diagnosis. The cytological description can define the disease due to its inflammatory characteristics, with its main characteristic being nuclear demarcation. Furthermore, it is important to be aware that GT may be related to other extraoral and intraoral conditions.

The differential diagnosis includes oral lichen planus,[11] erythematous candidiasis,[11] leukoplakia,[11] lupus erythematosus,[10] glossitis,[10] and chemical burns.[2] Atrophic glossitis is usually distinguished from benign migratory glossitis on the basis of the migrating pattern of the lesions and the presence of a whitish border, features which are not present in atrophic glossitis, which instead shows lesions which enlarge rather than migrate.[22] Rarely, blood tests may be required to distinguish from glossitis associated with anemia or other nutritional deficiencies.[10] Since the appearance and the history of the condition (i.e., migrating areas of depapillation) are so striking, there is rarely any need for a biopsy.[11] When a biopsy is taken, the histopathologic appearance is quite similar to psoriasis:

* Hyperparakeratosis.
* Acanthosis.
* Subepithelial T lymphocyte inflammatory infiltrate.
* Migration of neutrophilic granulocytes into the epithelial layer, which may create superficial microabscesses, similar to the Munro's microabscesses described in pustular psoriasis.[9]

### Classification

Geographic tongue could be considered to be a type of glossitis. It usually presents only on the dorsal two-thirds and lateral surfaces of the tongue,[1] but less commonly an identical condition can occur on other mucosal sites in the mouth, such as the ventral surface (undersurface) of the tongue, mucosa of the cheeks or lips, or the soft palate or floor of the mouth, usually in addition to tongue involvement.[11] In such cases, terms such as stomatitis erythema migrans,[11] ectopic geographic tongue,[11] areata migrans,[7] geographic stomatitis,[9] or migratory stomatitis are used instead of geographic tongue. Beside the differences in locations of presentation inside the oral cavity and prevalence among the general population, in all other aspects of clinical significance, symptoms, treatment, and histopathologic appearance, these two forms are identical.

This condition is sometimes termed (oral) erythema migrans, but this has no relation to the more common use of the term erythema migrans (erythema chronicum migrans) to describe the appearance of skin lesions in Lyme disease and southern tick-associated rash illness.[10]

## Treatment

Geographic tongue, also termed benign migratory glossitis, usually presents without symptoms, and due to a lack of reliable evidence, researchers can not identify a specific treatment for the condition. It is currently suggested that patients are given reassurance that the condition is entirely benign and self-resolving.

Although there is no established gold standard treatment confirmed by current evidence, patients with symptomatic GT can be advised on several treatment options prescribed by the clinician on a case-by-case basis. This includes possible prescriptions of antihistamines, anxiolytics, corticosteroids, and topical anaesthetics. It is recommended that patients avoid spicy and acidic foods. Research has not shown high levels of evidence for the treatment of symptomatic GT and larger study sizes are needed to come to a reliable recommendation.[23]

## Prognosis

The condition may disappear over time, but it is impossible to predict if or when this may happen.[9]

## Epidemiology

Geographic tongue is a common condition, affecting 2-3% of the adult general population,[1] although other sources report a prevalence of up to 14%.[12] It is one of the most common tongue disorders that occur in children.[24] The condition often starts in childhood, sometimes at an early age, but others report that the highest incidence occurs in the over 40 age group.[24] Females are sometimes reported to be more commonly affected than males,[1] in a 2:1 ratio,[4] although others report that the gender distribution is equal.[9]

## Manifestations in COVID-19 infection

Many articles including case reports, case series, and cross-sectional studies have been done since the 2020 outbreak of COVID-19 caused a global pandemic. These studies have shown that approximately 20% of people with COVID-19 can present with mucosal manifestations in their oral cavities, including geographic tongue. Geographic tongue may appear alongside the onset of the regular symptoms of COVID-19.

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is known to be an important biomarker in people with COVID-19 in relation to a cytokine storm where too many inflammatory cells have a detrimental effect on organ systems throughout the body. Geographic tongue is associated with elevated levels of IL-6, which possibly helps explain the presentation in confirmed COVID-19 cases. This evidence is minimal and requires more studies and research to confirm these claims.[25]

## Notes

1. ↑ Also known as benign migratory glossitis,[1] erythema migrans,[1] erythema migrans lingualis,[2] glossitis areata exfoliativa,[3] glossitis areata migrans, lingua geographica, psoriasiform mucositis, stomatitis areata migrans, wandering rash of the tongue,[4] and transitory benign plaques of the tongue.[5][6]

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Kerawala, Cyrus, ed (2010). Oral and maxillofacial surgery. Oxford specialist handbooks in surgery. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 427. ISBN 978-0-19-920483-0. OCLC 403362622. https://www.worldcat.org/title/403362622.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Mangione, Salvatore (2012). Physical Diagnosis Secrets: With STUDENT CONSULT Online Access. Elsevier. pp. 604–605. ISBN 978-0323112116. https://books.google.com/books?id=7G94Z2ToIBIC&q=geographic+tongue+hormonal+women&pg=PT605. Retrieved November 12, 2012.
3. ↑ "Geographic Glossitis entry on Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)". National Library of Medicine. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2013/MB_cgi.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Oral & maxillofacial pathology (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. 2002. pp. 677–679. ISBN 978-0721690032. https://archive.org/details/oralmaxillofacia00nevi.
5. ↑ James, William D. et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. p. 800. ISBN 978-0-7216-2921-6. https://archive.org/details/andrewsdiseasess00mdwi_659.
6. ↑ Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 978-1-4160-2999-1.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Template:Fitzpatrick 6
8. ↑ Desai, A. B.; Vishwanathan, J. (1989). Textbook Of Paediatrics. India: Orient Blackswan. p. 405. ISBN 978-8125004400. https://books.google.com/books?id=dhB2qVWw9SoC&q=no+cure+geographic+tongue&pg=PA405. Retrieved November 12, 2012.
9. ↑ 9.00 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09 Greenberg, MS; Glick, M; Ship, JA (2008). Burket's oral medicine (11th ed.). Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker. pp. 103, 104. ISBN 978-1550093452. https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2SP8cOZPvkC&q=geographic+tongue&pg=PA103.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 Scully, Crispian (2008). Oral and maxillofacial medicine : the basis of diagnosis and treatment (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p. 205,206. ISBN 9780443068188.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 Clinical oral medicine and pathology. New York: Humana Press. 2010. pp. 20, 21. ISBN 978-1-60327-519-4. https://archive.org/details/clinicaloralmedi00bruc.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Reamy, BV; Derby, R; Bunt, CW (Mar 1, 2010). "Common tongue conditions in primary care.". American Family Physician 81 (5): 627–34. PMID 20187599. http://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/0301/p627.html.
13. ↑ Cameron, Peter; Jelinek, George; Everitt, Ian (2006). Tratado de Medicina de Urgencias Pediátricas. Elsevier. p. 365. ISBN 978-0443073489. https://books.google.com/books?id=Woq0HVYwr4kC&q=zinc+allergies+geographic+tongue&pg=PA365. Retrieved November 12, 2012.
14. ↑ Textbook of gastroenterology (5th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Blackwell Pub.. 2009. p. 2547. ISBN 978-1-4051-6911-0. https://archive.org/details/textbookgastroen00yama_718.
15. ↑ Minciullo, PL; Paolino, G; Vacca, M; Gangemi, S; Nettis, E (1 September 2016). "Unmet diagnostic needs in contact oral mucosal allergies.". Clinical and Molecular Allergy 14 (1): 10. doi:10.1186/s12948-016-0047-y. PMID 27587983.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Horiuchi, Yasuhiro (2023-12). "Geographic tongue: What is this disease?". Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft = Journal of the German Society of Dermatology: JDDG 21 (12): 1465–1467. doi:10.1111/ddg.15226. ISSN 1610-0387. PMID 37984855. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37984855.
17. ↑ Sobecka-Frankiewicz, Magdalena; Rudnicka, Joanna; Iwanicka-Grzegorek, Ewa; Mielczarek, Agnieszka (2023-05). "Oral changes in patients with psoriasis". International Journal of Dermatology 62 (5): 604–610. doi:10.1111/ijd.16350. ISSN 1365-4632. PMID 35834660. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35834660.
18. ↑ Nery, Fernanda Veiga Rodeiro; Souza, Daniel Adrian Silva; Dantas, Juliana Borges de Lima; Martins, Gabriela Botelho; Reis, Sílvia Regina de Almeida; Medrado, Alena Ribeiro Alves Peixoto (2023-01). "Oral manifestations in patients diagnosed with psoriasis: A systematic review". Special Care in Dentistry: Official Publication of the American Association of Hospital Dentists, the Academy of Dentistry for the Handicapped, and the American Society for Geriatric Dentistry 43 (1): 29–39. doi:10.1111/scd.12733. ISSN 1754-4505. PMID 35714330. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35714330.
19. ↑ González-Álvarez, Laura; García-Martín, José M.; García-Pola, María José (May 2019). "Association between geographic tongue and psoriasis: A systematic review and meta-analyses". Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine 48 (5): 365–372. doi:10.1111/jop.12840. ISSN 1600-0714. PMID 30739339.
20. ↑ González-Álvarez, L.; García-Pola, M. J.; Garcia-Martin, J. M. (2018). "Geographic tongue: Predisposing factors, diagnosis and treatment. A systematic review". Revista Clinica Espanola 218 (9): 481–488. doi:10.1016/j.rce.2018.05.006. PMID 29903400.
21. ↑ Gonzalez-Alvarez (2018). "Geographic tongue: Predisposing factors, diagnosis and treatment. A systematic review". Revista Clinica Espanola 218 (9): 481–488. doi:10.1016/j.rce.2018.05.006. PMID 29903400.
22. ↑ Adeyemo, TA; Adeyemo, WL; Adediran, A; Akinbami, AJ; Akanmu, AS (May–Jun 2011). "Orofacial manifestations of hematological disorders: anemia and hemostatic disorders.". Indian Journal of Dental Research 22 (3): 454–61. doi:10.4103/0970-9290.87070. PMID 22048588.
23. ↑ de Campos, Wladimir Gushiken; Esteves, Camila Vieira; Fernandes, Lígia Gonzaga; Domaneschi, Carina; Júnior, Celso Augusto Lemos (September 2018). "Treatment of symptomatic benign migratory glossitis: a systematic review". Clinical Oral Investigations 22 (7): 2487–2493. doi:10.1007/s00784-018-2553-4. ISSN 1436-3771. PMID 29982968.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Rioboo-Crespo Mdel, R; Planells-del Pozo, P; Rioboo-García, R (Nov–Dec 2005). "Epidemiology of the most common oral mucosal diseases in children.". Medicina Oral, Patologia Oral y Cirugia Bucal 10 (5): 376–87. PMID 16264385. http://www.medicinaoral.com/pubmed/medoralv10_i5_p376.pdf.
25. ↑ Amorim Dos Santos, J.; Normando, A. G. C.; Carvalho da Silva, R. L.; Acevedo, A. C.; De Luca Canto, G.; Sugaya, N.; Santos-Silva, A. R.; Guerra, E. N. S. (November 2021). "Oral Manifestations in Patients with COVID-19: A 6-Month Update". Journal of Dental Research 100 (12): 1321–1329. doi:10.1177/00220345211029637. ISSN 1544-0591. PMID 34324825.

## External links

Classification|

* ICD-11: DA03.1
* ICD-10: K14.1
* ICD-9-CM: 529.1

|

External resources|

* MedlinePlus: 001049

* v
* t
* e

Oral and maxillofacial pathology (K00–K06, K11–K14, 520–525, 527–529)

Lips

* Cheilitis
* Actinic
* Angular
* Plasma cell
* Cleft lip
* Congenital lip pit
* Eclabium
* Herpes labialis
* Macrocheilia
* Microcheilia
* Nasolabial cyst
* Sun poisoning
* Trumpeter's wart

Tongue

* Ankyloglossia
* Black hairy tongue
* Caviar tongue
* Crenated tongue
* Cunnilingus tongue
* Fissured tongue
* Foliate papillitis
* Glossitis
* Geographic tongue
* Median rhomboid glossitis
* Transient lingual papillitis
* Glossoptosis
* Hypoglossia
* Lingual thyroid
* Macroglossia
* Microglossia
* Rhabdomyoma

Palate

* Bednar's aphthae
* Cleft palate
* High-arched palate
* Palatal cysts of the newborn
* Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia
* Stomatitis nicotina
* Torus palatinus

Oral mucosa – Lining of mouth

* Amalgam tattoo
* Angina bullosa haemorrhagica
* Behçet's disease
* Bohn's nodules
* Burning mouth syndrome
* Candidiasis
* Condyloma acuminatum
* Darier's disease
* Epulis fissuratum
* Erythema multiforme
* Erythroplakia
* Fibroma
* Giant-cell
* Focal epithelial hyperplasia
* Fordyce spots
* Hairy leukoplakia
* Hand, foot and mouth disease
* Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis
* Herpangina
* Herpes zoster
* Intraoral dental sinus
* Leukoedema
* Leukoplakia
* Lichen planus
* Linea alba
* Lupus erythematosus
* Melanocytic nevus
* Melanocytic oral lesion
* Molluscum contagiosum
* Morsicatio buccarum
* Oral cancer
* Benign: Squamous cell papilloma
* Keratoacanthoma
* Malignant: Adenosquamous carcinoma
* Basaloid squamous carcinoma
* Mucosal melanoma
* Spindle cell carcinoma
* Squamous cell carcinoma
* Verrucous carcinoma
* Oral florid papillomatosis
* Oral melanosis
* Smoker's melanosis
* Pemphigoid
* Benign mucous membrane
* Pemphigus
* Plasmoacanthoma
* Stomatitis
* Aphthous
* Denture-related
* Herpetic
* Smokeless tobacco keratosis
* Submucous fibrosis
* Ulceration
* Riga–Fede disease
* Verruca vulgaris
* Verruciform xanthoma
* White sponge nevus

Teeth (pulp, dentin, enamel)

* Amelogenesis imperfecta
* Ankylosis
* Anodontia
* Caries
* Early childhood caries
* Concrescence
* Failure of eruption of teeth
* Dens evaginatus
* Talon cusp
* Dentin dysplasia
* Dentin hypersensitivity
* Dentinogenesis imperfecta
* Dilaceration
* Discoloration
* Ectopic enamel
* Enamel hypocalcification
* Enamel hypoplasia
* Turner's hypoplasia
* Enamel pearl
* Fluorosis
* Fusion
* Gemination
* Hyperdontia
* Hypodontia
* Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis
* Impaction
* Wisdom tooth impaction
* Macrodontia
* Meth mouth
* Microdontia
* Odontogenic tumors
* Keratocystic odontogenic tumour
* Odontoma
* Dens in dente
* Open contact
* Premature eruption
* Neonatal teeth
* Pulp calcification
* Pulp stone
* Pulp canal obliteration
* Pulp necrosis
* Pulp polyp
* Pulpitis
* Regional odontodysplasia
* Resorption
* Shovel-shaped incisors
* Supernumerary root
* Taurodontism
* Trauma
* Avulsion
* Cracked tooth syndrome
* Vertical root fracture
* Occlusal
* Tooth loss
* Edentulism
* Tooth wear
* Abrasion
* Abfraction
* Acid erosion
* Attrition

Periodontium (gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, alveolus) – Gums and tooth-supporting structures

* Cementicle
* Cementoblastoma
* Gigantiform
* Cementoma
* Eruption cyst
* Epulis
* Pyogenic granuloma
* Congenital epulis
* Gingival enlargement
* Gingival cyst of the adult
* Gingival cyst of the newborn
* Gingivitis
* Desquamative
* Granulomatous
* Plasma cell
* Hereditary gingival fibromatosis
* Hypercementosis
* Hypocementosis
* Linear gingival erythema
* Necrotizing periodontal diseases
* Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
* Pericoronitis
* Peri-implantitis
* Periodontal abscess
* Periodontal trauma
* Periodontitis
* Aggressive
* As a manifestation of systemic disease
* Chronic
* Perio-endo lesion
* Teething

Periapical, mandibular and maxillary hard tissues – Bones of jaws

* Agnathia
* Alveolar osteitis
* Buccal exostosis
* Cherubism
* Idiopathic osteosclerosis
* Mandibular fracture
* Microgenia
* Micrognathia
* Intraosseous cysts
* Odontogenic: periapical
* Dentigerous
* Buccal bifurcation
* Lateral periodontal
* Globulomaxillary
* Calcifying odontogenic
* Glandular odontogenic
* Non-odontogenic: Nasopalatine duct
* Median mandibular
* Median palatal
* Traumatic bone
* Osteoma
* Osteomyelitis
* Osteonecrosis
* Bisphosphonate-associated
* Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis
* Osteoradionecrosis
* Osteoporotic bone marrow defect
* Paget's disease of bone
* Periapical abscess
* Phoenix abscess
* Periapical periodontitis
* Stafne defect
* Torus mandibularis

Temporomandibular joints, muscles of mastication and malocclusions – Jaw joints, chewing muscles and bite abnormalities

* Bruxism
* Condylar resorption
* Mandibular dislocation
* Malocclusion
* Crossbite
* Open bite
* Overbite
* Overeruption
* Overjet
* Prognathia
* Retrognathia
* Scissor bite
* Maxillary hypoplasia
* Temporomandibular joint dysfunction

Salivary glands

* Benign lymphoepithelial lesion
* Ectopic salivary gland tissue
* Frey's syndrome
* HIV salivary gland disease
* Necrotizing sialometaplasia
* Mucocele
* Ranula
* Pneumoparotitis
* Salivary duct stricture
* Salivary gland aplasia
* Salivary gland atresia
* Salivary gland diverticulum
* Salivary gland fistula
* Salivary gland hyperplasia
* Salivary gland hypoplasia
* Salivary gland neoplasms
* Benign: Basal cell adenoma
* Canalicular adenoma
* Ductal papilloma
* Monomorphic adenoma
* Myoepithelioma
* Oncocytoma
* Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum
* Pleomorphic adenoma
* Sebaceous adenoma
* Malignant: Acinic cell carcinoma
* Adenocarcinoma
* Adenoid cystic carcinoma
* Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma
* Lymphoma
* Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
* Sclerosing polycystic adenosis
* Sialadenitis
* Parotitis
* Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis
* Sialectasis
* Sialocele
* Sialodochitis
* Sialosis
* Sialolithiasis
* Sjögren's syndrome

Orofacial soft tissues – Soft tissues around the mouth

* Actinomycosis
* Angioedema
* Basal cell carcinoma
* Cutaneous sinus of dental origin
* Cystic hygroma
* Gnathophyma
* Ludwig's angina
* Macrostomia
* Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome
* Microstomia
* Noma
* Oral Crohn's disease
* Orofacial granulomatosis
* Perioral dermatitis
* Pyostomatitis vegetans

Other

* Eagle syndrome
* Hemifacial hypertrophy
* Facial hemiatrophy
* Oral manifestations of systemic disease

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