Gram-negative bacterial infection

Gram-negative cell wall

A gram-negative bacterial infection is a disease caused by gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli.[1]

This class is defined morphologically (by the presence of a bacterial outer membrane), and not histologically (by a pink appearance when stained), though the two usually coincide.

One reason for this division is that the outer membrane is of major clinical significance: it can play a role in the reduced effectiveness of certain antibiotics,[2] and it is the source of endotoxin.[3]

The gram status of some organisms is complex or disputed:

* Mycoplasma are sometimes considered gram-negative,[4][5] but because of its lack of a cell wall and unusual membrane composition, it is sometimes considered separately from other gram-negative bacteria.[6]
* Gardnerella is often considered gram-negative,[7] but it is classified in MeSH as both gram-positive and gram-negative.[8] It has some traits of gram-positive bacteria,[9] but has a gram-negative appearance.[10] It has been described as a "gram-variable rod".[11][12]

## References

1. ↑ "Risk factors for Gram-negative bacterial infections in febrile neutropenia". Haematologica 90 (8): 1102–9. August 2005. PMID 16079110. http://www.haematologica.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16079110.
2. ↑ "Inhibitors of efflux pumps in Gram-negative bacteria". Trends Mol Med 11 (8): 382–9. August 2005. doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2005.06.006. PMID 15996519.
3. ↑ "Introduction: Bacterial Infections: Merck Manual Home Edition". http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec17/ch190/ch190a.html.
4. ↑ Mycoplasma at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
5. ↑ "mycoplasma" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
6. ↑ Sasaki T (April 1991). "Evidence that mycoplasmas, gram-negative bacteria, and certain gram-positive bacteria share a similar protein antigen". J. Bacteriol. 173 (7): 2398–400. doi:10.1128/jb.173.7.2398-2400.1991. PMID 2007558.
7. ↑ "Gardnerella" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
8. ↑ Gardnerella at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
9. ↑ "Gardnerella vaginalis has a gram-positive cell-wall ultrastructure and lacks classical cell-wall lipopolysaccharide". J. Med. Microbiol. 29 (3): 229–35. July 1989. doi:10.1099/00222615-29-3-229. PMID 2787405.
10. ↑ "Clue cells in bacterial vaginosis: immunofluorescent identification of the adherent gram-negative bacteria as Gardnerella vaginalis". J. Infect. Dis. 160 (3): 490–6. September 1989. doi:10.1093/infdis/160.3.490. PMID 2668431.
11. ↑ "eMedicine - Gardnerella : Article by Diana Curran". http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic841.htm. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
12. ↑ "eMedicine/Stedman Medical Dictionary Lookup!". http://www.emedicine.com/asp/dictionary.asp?keyword=Gardnerella. [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]

## External links

Classification|

* MeSH: D016905

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* v
* t
* e

* Infectious diseases
* Bacterial diseases: BV4]] non-proteobacterial G- (primarily A00–A79, 001–041, 080–109)

Spirochaete|

| Spirochaetaceae|

| Treponema|

* Treponema pallidum
* Syphilis/bejel
* Yaws
* Treponema carateum (Pinta)
* Treponema denticola

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Borrelia|

* Borrelia burgdorferi/Borrelia afzelii
* Lyme disease
* Erythema chronicum migrans
* Neuroborreliosis

* Borrelia recurrentis (Louse borne relapsing fever)
* Borrelia hermsii/Borrelia duttoni/Borrelia parkeri (Tick borne relapsing fever)

Leptospiraceae|

| Leptospira|

* Leptospira interrogans (Leptospirosis)

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Chlamydiaceae|

| Chlamydia|

* Chlamydia psittaci (Psittacosis)
* Chlamydia pneumoniae

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Chlamydia|

* Chlamydia trachomatis
* Chlamydia
* Lymphogranuloma venereum
* Trachoma

Bacteroidetes|

* Bacteroides fragilis
* Tannerella forsythia
* Capnocytophaga canimorsus
* Porphyromonas gingivalis
* Prevotella intermedia

Fusobacteria|

* Fusobacterium necrophorum (Lemierre's syndrome)
* Fusobacterium nucleatum
* Fusobacterium polymorphum

* Streptobacillus moniliformis (Rat-bite fever/Haverhill fever)

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