Gynecologic ultrasonography

Short description: Application of medical ultrasonography to the female pelvic organs

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Gynecologic ultrasonography

Left hydrosalpinx on gynecologic ultrasonography

Other names| Gynecologic sonography
ICD-9-CM| 88.76, 88.79
OPS-301 code| 3-05d

[edit on Wikidata]

Gynecologic ultrasonography or gynecologic sonography refers to the application of medical ultrasonography to the female pelvic organs (specifically the uterus, the ovaries, and the fallopian tubes) as well as the bladder, the adnexa, and the recto-uterine pouch. The procedure may lead to other medically relevant findings in the pelvis.This technique is useful to detect myomas or mullerian malformations.

## Contents

* 1 Routes
* 2 Applications
* 3 Sonohysterography
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 External links

## Routes

Device for both vaginal ultrasonography and abdominal ultrasonography Transvaginal ultrasonography to check the location of an intrauterine device (IUD)

The examination can be performed by transabdominal ultrasonography, generally with a full bladder which acts as an acoustic window to achieve better visualization of pelvis organs, or by transvaginal ultrasonography with a specifically designed vaginal transducer. Transvaginal imaging utilizes a higher frequency imaging, which gives better resolution of the ovaries, uterus and endometrium (the fallopian tubes are generally not seen unless distended), but is limited to depth of image penetration, whereas larger lesions reaching into the abdomen are better seen transabdominally. Having a full bladder for the transabdominal portion of the exam is helpful because sound travels through fluid with less attenuation to better visualize the uterus and ovaries which lies posteriorly to the bladder. The procedure is by definition invasive when performed transvaginally. Scans are performed by health care professionals called sonographers, or gynecologists trained in ultrasound.

## Applications

Gynecologic sonography is used extensively:

* to assess pelvic organs,
* to diagnose acute appendicitis[1]
* to diagnose and manage gynecologic problems including endometriosis, leiomyoma, adenomyosis, ovarian cysts and lesions,
* to identify adnexal masses, including ectopic pregnancy,
* to diagnose gynecologic cancer
* in infertility treatments to track the response of ovarian follicles to fertility medication (i.e. Pergonal). However, it often underestimates the true ovarian volume.[2]

Through transvaginal sonography ovarian cysts can be aspirated. This technique is also used in transvaginal oocyte retrieval to obtain human eggs (oocytes) through sonographic directed transvaginal puncture of ovarian follicles in IVF.

Gynecologic ultrasonography is sometimes overused when it is used to screen for ovarian cancer in women who are not at risk for this cancer.[3] There is consensus that women with only average risk for ovarian cancer should not be screened with this procedure for cancer.[3]

## Sonohysterography

Sonohysterography. The sterile saline instilled into the cavity of the uterus is anechoic (rendered as dark in the middle of the image). It shows a normal endometrium as a hyperechoid (brighter) band around the cavity, in this case without any focal changes.

Sonohysterography is a specialized procedure by which fluid, usually sterile saline (then called saline infusion sonography or SIS), is instilled into the uterine cavity, and gynecologic sonography performed at the same time. A review in 2015 came to the conclusion that SIS is highly sensitive in the detection of intrauterine abnormalities in subfertile women, comparable to hysteroscopy. SIS is highly sensitive and specific test in the diagnosis of uterine polyps, submucous uterine fibroids, uterine anomalies and intrauterine adhesions (as part of Asherman's syndrome), and can be used as a screening tool for subfertile women prior to IVF treatment.[4]

Sonohysterography using a balloon catheter (seen in the middle of the image)

## See also

* Gynography
* Gynoroentgenology
* Obstetric ultrasonography
* Sonosalpingography
* Vaginal ultrasonography

## References

1. ↑ Caspi, B.; Zbar, AP.; Mavor, E.; Hagay, Z.; Appelman, Z. (Mar 2003). "The contribution of transvaginal ultrasound in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis: an observational study.". Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 21 (3): 273–6. doi:10.1002/uog.72. PMID 12666223.
2. ↑ "True ovarian volume is underestimated by two-dimensional transvaginal ultrasound measurement". Fertil. Steril. 93 (3): 995–998. December 2008. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.10.055. PMID 19108822.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, "Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question", Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation (American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists), http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-college-of-obstetricians-and-gynecologists/, retrieved August 1, 2013 , which cites
* U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (2004). "Screening for Ovarian Cancer: Recommendation Statement". The Annals of Family Medicine 2 (3): 260–262. doi:10.1370/afm.200. PMID 15209204.
* Lin, Kenneth; Barton, Mary B. (April 2012), "Screening for Ovarian Cancer - Evidence Update for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Reaffirmation Recommendation Statement", AHRQ Publication No. 12-05165-EF-3 (United States Preventive Services Task Force), http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf12/ovarian/ovarart.htm, retrieved 30 August 2013
* Partridge, E.; Greenlee, A. R.; Xu, R. T.; Kreimer, C.; Williams, J. L.; Riley, T. R.; Reding, B.; Church, C. C. et al. (2009). "Results from four rounds of ovarian cancer screening in a randomized trial". Obstetrics and Gynecology 113 (4): 775–782. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e31819cda77. PMID 19305319.
* American College of Obstetricians; Gynecologists Committee on Gynecologic Practice (2011). "Committee Opinion No. 477: The Role of the Obstetrician–Gynecologist in the Early Detection of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer". Obstetrics & Gynecology 117 (3): 742–746. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e31821477db. PMID 21343791.
4. ↑ Seshadri, S.; El-Toukhy, T.; Douiri, A.; Jayaprakasan, K.; Khalaf, Y. (2014). "Diagnostic accuracy of saline infusion sonography in the evaluation of uterine cavity abnormalities prior to assisted reproductive techniques: a systematic review and meta-analyses". Human Reproduction Update 21 (2): 262–274. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmu057. ISSN 1355-4786. PMID 25505226.

## External links

* Information about Sonography
* Fertility and Gynaecology Academy

* v
* t
* e

Medical imaging (ICD-9-CM V3 87–88, ICD-10-PCS B, CPT 70010–79999)

X-ray/
Radiography|

| 2D|

| Medical:|

* Pneumoencephalography
* Dental radiography
* Sialography
* Myelography
* CXR
* Bronchography
* AXR
* KUB
* DXA/DXR
* Upper gastrointestinal series/Small-bowel follow-through/Lower gastrointestinal series
* Cholangiography/Cholecystography
* Mammography
* Pyelogram
* Cystography
* Arthrogram
* Hysterosalpingography
* Skeletal survey
* Angiography
* Angiocardiography
* Aortography
* Venography
* Lymphogram
* Orbital radiography

|

Industrial:|

* Radiographic testing

CT scan|

| Techniques:|

* General operation of CT
* Quantitative CT
* High-resolution CT
* X-ray microtomography
* Electron beam computed tomography
* Cone beam computed tomography

|

Targets|

* Coronary
* Calcium scan
* CT angiography
* Abdominal and pelvic CT
* Virtual colonoscopy
* CT angiography
* Coronary CT
* Pulmonary CT
* Head CT
* Thyroid CT
* Whole body imaging
* Full-body CT scan

Other|

* Fluoroscopy
* Dental panoramic radiography
* X-ray motion analysis

MRI|

* MRI of the brain
* MR neurography
* Cardiac MRI/Cardiac MRI perfusion
* MR angiography
* MR cholangiopancreatography
* Breast MRI
* Functional MRI
* Sequences
* Diffusion MRI
* Perfusion MRI
* Tractography
* Synthetic MRI

Ultrasound|

* Echocardiography
* Doppler ultrasonography
* Doppler echocardiography
* TTE
* TEE
* Transcranial Doppler
* Intravascular
* Gynecologic
* Obstetric
* Echoencephalography
* Abdominal ultrasonography
* Transrectal
* Breast ultrasound
* Transscrotal ultrasound
* Carotid ultrasonography
* Contrast-enhanced
* 3D ultrasound
* Endoscopic ultrasound
* Emergency ultrasound
* FAST
* Pre-hospital ultrasound
* Duplex

Radionuclide|

| 2D / scintigraphy|

* Cholescintigraphy
* Scintimammography
* Ventilation/perfusion scan
* Radionuclide ventriculography
* Radionuclide angiography
* Radioisotope renography
* Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy
* Radioactive iodine uptake test
* Bone scintigraphy
* Immunoscintigraphy
* Dacryoscintigraphy
* DMSA scan
* Gastric emptying scan

Full body:|

* Octreotide scan
* Gallium 67 scan
* Indium-111 WBC scan

3D / ECT|

| SPECT (gamma ray):|

* Myocardial perfusion imaging

|

PET (positron):|

* Brain PET
* Cardiac PET
* PET mammography
* PET-CT
* PET-MRI

Optical/Laser|

* Optical tomography
* Optical coherence tomography
* Confocal microscopy
* Endomicroscopy
* Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging

Thermography|

* non-contact thermography
* contact thermography
* dynamic angiothermography

Target conditions|

* Acute stroke
* Pregnancy

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Female genital surgical and other procedures (gynecological surgery) (ICD-9-CM V3 65–71, ICD-10-PCS 0U)

Adnexa|

| Ovaries|

* Oophorectomy
* Salpingoophorectomy

|

Fallopian tubes|

* Falloposcopy
* Salpingectomy
* Tubal ligation
* Essure
* Tubal reversal

Uterus|

| General:|

* Genitoplasty
* Hysterectomy
* Hysterotomy
* Pelvic exenteration
* Uterine artery embolization
* Transplantation

|

Uterine cavity:|

* Hysteroscopy
* Vacuum aspiration

Endometrium:|

* Endometrial biopsy
* Endometrial ablation

Myometrium:|

* Uterine myomectomy

Cervix:|

* Colposcopy
* Cervical conization
* LEEP
* Cervical cerclage
* Cervical screening (pap test)
* Cervicectomy
* Pessary insertion

Vagina|

* Vaginectomy
* Culdoscopy
* Culdocentesis
* Episiotomy
* husband stitch
* Hymenotomy
* Colpocleisis
* Hymenorrhaphy
* Vaginal wet mount
* Vaginal transplantation

Vulva|

* Vulvectomy
* Female genital mutilation
* Labiaplasty
* Clitoral hood reduction
* Vestibulectomy

Medical imaging|

* Gynecologic ultrasonography
* Hysterosalpingography

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