HIV retinopathy

Short description: Eye disease in HIV/AIDS

HIV Retinopathy

Other names| AIDS retinopathy, HIV microvasculopathy or Noninfectious retinal microvasculopathy
A sample retinal image (not from HIV Retinopathy) with cotton wool spots and hemorrhages
Specialty| Ophthalmology
Symptoms| Cotton wool spots, retinal hemorrhages
Complications| Blindness
Causes| HIV/AIDS
Diagnostic method| Eye examination
Differential diagnosis| CMV retinitis
Treatment| Treatment for HIV/AIDS

HIV retinopathy, also known as AIDS retinopathy, HIV microvasculopathy or Noninfectious retinal microvasculopathy, is an eye condition associated with HIV infection. It is characterized by damage to the small blood vessels in the retina. While asymptomatic during initial stages, it may lead to vision loss if HIV/AIDS is not properly managed.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus[1] that attacks the immune system of the human body. HIV attacks and destroys CD4 T cells, the central mediators of immune response in humans, leading to a weakened immune response and increased susceptibility to infections and diseases.[2] HIV/AIDS related eye diseases are common among people living with this disease worldwide. Among these diseases, HIV retinopathy is the most common condition.[3] This condition is seen in 40% to 60% of HIV positive patients.[4] It is the most common cause of loss of vision in these patients.[4]

## Contents

* 1 Signs and symptoms
* 1.1 Complications
* 2 Pathophysiology
* 3 Diagnosis
* 3.1 Differential diagnosis
* 4 Treatment
* 5 Prevalence
* 6 History
* 7 References

## Signs and symptoms

HIV retinopathy is usually asymptomatic.[3] The lack of symptoms can often help distinguish HIV retinopathy from other ophthalmic complications seen in AIDS such as infectious retinitis.[3]

The most common sign seen in HIV retinopathy is oncotic lesions in the retinal nerve fiber layer, known as cotton wool spots.[3][5] These feathery white spots seen around the posterior pole of the retina may vary in size from 150 to 350 microns.[3] Retinal hemorrhages (bleeding from small blood vessels) and microaneurysms are the other signs that may seen in retina.[6]

HIV retinopathy, in its early stages, usually does not affect vision in a way that is noticeable to the patient.[7] But, if HIV/AIDS is not treated or treatment is delayed HIV Retinopathy may lead to permanent visual loss.[4]

### Complications

In addition to affecting vision, HIV Retinopathy can cause subclinical visual field loss in HIV/AIDS patients.[7] It is also said that HIV retinopathy increases the risk of Cytomegalovirus infection in the retina due to the breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier.[7]

## Pathophysiology

HIV retinopathy is a microvasculopathy that may occur due to immune complex deposition, increased plasma viscosity, opportunistic infections and invasion of vascular endothelium by HIV, local release of cytotoxic factors, or rheologic abnormalities.[4][8]

## Diagnosis

Diagnosis is mainly by eye examination in HIV patients. Signs of retinopathy can be diagnosed using ophthalmoscopy, dilated fundus examination, or fundus photography.[4] Its prevalence is inversely proportional to the CD4 T cell count.[4] CD4 count is measured using laboratory blood test by flow cytometry.[9]

### Differential diagnosis

Another condition seen in AIDS patients that is similar to HIV retinopathy, but less common than this is CMV retinitis.[10] Early signs of CMV retinitis may resemble cotton-wool spots, but with close observation over several weeks, CMV retinitis can be seen to enlarge while the cotton-wool spots fade.[8]

## Treatment

HIV Retinopathy itself is usually asymptomatic and does not require any treatment, but treatment for AIDS is important.[4][11] HIV Retinopathy was a very common cause of blindness in people with AIDS before the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy, but its incidence is declining due to proper and timely management of AIDS.[4] Even if there is signs of Retinopathy, it may reverse as the CD4 T cell count increase. Reversal of HIV retinopathy is a helpful sign of positive response to antiretroviral therapy in AIDS patients.[3] But if HIV treatment is delayed it may lead to permanent visual loss.[4]

Occurrence of HIV retinopathy may also be an indicator of therapeutic failure in AIDS patients undergoing treatment.[6]

## Prevalence

HIV Retinopathy may seen in any individuals with HIV infection or AIDS, regardless age, sex, race or ethnic groups.[12] HIV retinopathy is the most common cause of loss of vision in HIV/AIDS patients.[4] In a study in HIV-infected patients, the presence of retinopathy was noted in 66% of patients with category C disease, 40% of patients in category B, 1% of patients in category A, and 0% in HIV-negative homosexual men.[8] Its prevalence is inversely proportional to the CD4 T cell count.[4]

## History

Ocular involvement in AIDS infection, as the form of cotton wool spots, CMV retinitis and Kaposi's sarcoma, was first described in 1982, by Gary Holland, then an ophthalmology resident at the Jules Stein Eye Institute at UCLA, in the American Journal of Ophthalmology.[6][13] In 1996, Tay-Kearney and Jabs classified the ocular complications of HIV infection into five broad categories, HIV retinopathy, opportunistic ocular infections, ocular adnexal neoplasms, neuro-ophthalmic lesions, and drug-induced manifestations.[14]

## References

1. ↑ "Retrovirus Definition". https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv-aids/glossary/634/retrovirus.
2. ↑ Vidya Vijayan, K. K.; Karthigeyan, Krithika Priyadarshini; Tripathi, Srikanth P.; Hanna, Luke Elizabeth (2017). "Pathophysiology of CD4+ T-Cell Depletion in HIV-1 and HIV-2 Infections". Frontiers in Immunology 8. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00580. ISSN 1664-3224. PMID 28588579.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Dunn, James P. (2022), "HIV Retinopathy" (in en), Albert and Jakobiec's Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology (Springer, Cham): pp. 3167–3177, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42634-7_32, ISBN 978-3-030-42634-7, https://link.springer.com/rwe/10.1007/978-3-030-42634-7_32, retrieved 2025-07-28
4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 Feroze, Kaberi B.; Gulick, Peter G. (2025), "HIV Retinopathy", StatPearls (Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing), PMID 29261911, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470530/, retrieved 2025-07-28
5. ↑ Kozak, Igor; Sasik, Roman; Freeman, William R.; Sprague, L. James; Gomez, Maria Laura; Cheng, Lingyun; El-Emam, Sharif; Mojana, Francesca et al. (2013). "A degenerative retinal process in HIV-associated non-infectious retinopathy". PLOS ONE 8 (9). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074712. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 24069333. Bibcode: 2013PLoSO...874712K.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Sudharshan, Sridharan; Nair, Nivedita; Curi, Andre; Banker, Alay; Kempen, John H. (September 2020). "Human immunodeficiency virus and intraocular inflammation in the era of highly active anti retroviral therapy – An update" (in en-US). Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 68 (9): 1787–1798. doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_1248_20. ISSN 0301-4738. PMID 32823395.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Johnson, Gordon J.; Minassian, Darwin C.; Weale, Robert A.; West, Sheila K. (2012-03-13) (in en). Epidemiology Of Eye Disease, The (Third ed.). World Scientific. ISBN 978-1-911299-51-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=-s42DwAAQBAJ&dq=hiv+retinopathy+complications&pg=PA524.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Tay-Kearney, Mei-Ling; Jabs, Douglas A. (1 November 1996). "Ophthalmic Complications of HIV Infection" (in English). Medical Clinics 80 (6): 1471–1492. doi:10.1016/S0025-7125(05)70499-5. ISSN 0025-7125. PMID 8941232. https://www.medical.theclinics.com/article/S0025-7125(05)70499-5/fulltext.
9. ↑ Li, Raymund; Duffee, Doug; Gbadamosi-Akindele, Maryam F. (2025). "CD4 Count". StatPearls (StatPearls Publishing). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470231/.
10. ↑ "CMV Retinitis" (in en). https://eyewiki.org/CMV_Retinitis.
11. ↑ Kozner, Pavel; Machala, Ladislav; Rozsypal, Hanus; Brozek, Bretislav (October 2009). "[HIV retinopathy]". Klinicka Mikrobiologie a Infekcni Lekarstvi 15 (5): 183–184. ISSN 1211-264X. PMID 19916158.
12. ↑ "HIV Retinopathy" (in en). https://www.dovemed.com/diseases-conditions/hiv-retinopathy.
13. ↑ "HIV and Ophthalmology" (in en). https://glaucomatoday.com/articles/2009-jan-feb/GT0109_04-php.
14. ↑ Mahy, Brian W. J.; Regenmortel, Marc H. V. van (2010-05-21) (in en). Desk Encyclopedia of Human and Medical Virology. Academic Press. p. 600. ISBN 978-0-12-378559-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=nsh48WKIbhQC.

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