Health problems of musicians

Musicians can experience a number of health problems related to the practice and performance of music.[1] The differences in career paths, occupations and performance scenarios are some of the determinants of a wide range of possible health effects.

## Contents

* 1 Health conditions
* 2 See also
* 3 References
* 4 External links

## Health conditions

The most common injury type suffered by musicians is repetitive strain injury. A survey of orchestral performers found that 64–76% had significant repetitive strain injuries.[2] Other types of musculoskeletal disorders, such as carpal tunnel syndrome and focal dystonia, are also common.[3][4][5]

Non-musculoskeletal problems include:

* contact dermatitis,
* hearing problems due to exposure to loud music, such as tinnitus, hearing loss, hyperacusis and diplacusis,[6][7][8][9]
* respiratory disorders or pneumothorax,
* increased intraocular pressure,
* gastroesophageal reflux disease, and
* psychological issues such as performance anxiety.[3]

They are also at an increased risk of having problems with the stomatognathic system, in particular the mouth and teeth, which may in some cases lead to permanent injuries that prevent the musicians from playing.[10]

There is little consistency across the hearing healthcare sector with respect to the care of musicians' hearing and the provision of hearing protection.[11] However, the American Academy of Audiology has published a consensus document regarding best practices for hearing loss prevention with musicians.[12]

Playing a brass or woodwind instrument puts the musician at greater risk of inguinal hernia.[13] Woodwind instrumentalists, in rare cases, suffer a condition known as hypersensitivity pneumonitis, also referred to as saxophone lung, caused by Exophiala infection. It is held that this can occur if instruments are not cleaned properly.[14]

The risks for disc jockeys working in nightclubs with loud music include noise-induced hearing loss and tinnitus.[15] Nightclubs constantly exceed safe levels of noise exposure, with average sound levels ranging from 93.2 to 109.7 dB.[16] Constant music exposure creates temporary and permanent auditory dysfunction for professional disk jockeys, with average levels at 96 dB, which is above the level at which ear protection is mandatory for industry. Three-quarters of disk jockeys have tinnitus[17] and are at risk of tenosynovitis in the wrists and other limbs. Tenosynovitis results from staying in the same position over multiple gigs for scratching motion and cueing; this would be related to a repetitive strain injury.[18] Gigs can last 4–5 hours in nightlife and the hospitality industry; as a result there are potential complications of prolonged standing which include slouching, varicose veins, cardiovascular disorders, joint compression, and muscle fatigue.[19][20] It is also common for other staff to experience these, such as bartenders and security staff.

The World Health Organization launched the Make Listening Safe initiative as part of the celebration of World Hearing Day on 3 March 2015.[21] WHO reviewed existing noise regulations for various entertainment sites – including clubs, bars, concert venues, and sporting arenas and released a global Standard for Safe Listening Venues and Events as part of World Hearing Day 2022.

## See also

* Performing arts medicine
* Safe-In-Sound Award
* Safe listening
* Hyperacusis
* Diplacusis
* 2023 concert abuse spate

## References

1. ↑ Hatheway, Melissa; Chesky, Kris (December 2013). "Epidemiology of health concerns among collegiate student musicians participating in marching band". Medical Problems of Performing Artists 28 (4): 242–251. ISSN 0885-1158. PMID 24337037.
2. ↑ "A painful melody: repetitive strain injury among musicians". Pittsburg State University. 2010. http://www.working-well.org/articles/pdf/Musicians.pdf.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "A review of the unique injuries sustained by musicians". JAAPA 21 (4): 45–6, 48, 50 passim. April 2008. doi:10.1097/01720610-200804000-00015. PMID 18468369.
4. ↑ Blanco-Piñeiro, Patricia; Díaz-Pereira, M. Pino; Martínez, Aurora (2017). "Musicians, postural quality and musculoskeletal health: A literature's review". Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 21 (1): 157–172. doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2016.06.018. ISSN 1532-9283. PMID 28167172.
5. ↑ Wallace, Eric; Klinge, Derek; Chesky, Kris (June 2016). "Musculoskeletal Pain in Trombonists: Results from the UNT Trombone Health Survey". Medical Problems of Performing Artists 31 (2): 87–95. doi:10.21091/mppa.2016.2016. ISSN 0885-1158. PMID 27281379.
6. ↑ "Archived copy". https://www.audiology.org/sites/default/files/publications/resources/Musicians Consensus Doc_Final_1.23.20.pdf.
7. ↑ "Workplace Solutions: Reducing the Risk of Hearing Disorders among Musicians". 2015. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/wp-solutions/2015-184/pdfs/2015-184.pdf.
8. ↑ "Noise exposure and hearing loss in classical orchestra musicians: A five-year follow-up". Noise & Health 20 (93): 42–46. 2018. doi:10.4103/nah.NAH_39_17. PMID 29676294.
9. ↑ Di Stadio, Arianna; Dipietro, Laura; Ricci, Giampietro; Della Volpe, Antonio; Minni, Antonio; Greco, Antonio; de Vincentiis, Marco; Ralli, Massimo (2018). "Hearing Loss, Tinnitus, Hyperacusis, and Diplacusis in Professional Musicians: A Systematic Review". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15 (10): 2120. doi:10.3390/ijerph15102120. ISSN 1660-4601. PMID 30261653.
10. ↑ "Orofacial problems in musicians: a review of the literature". Medical Problems of Performing Artists 26 (3): 150–6. September 2011. doi:10.21091/mppa.2011.3024. PMID 21987070.
11. ↑ McGinnity, Siobhan; Beach, Elizabeth Francis; Mulder, Johannes; Cowan, Robert (2018). "Caring for musicians' ears: insights from audiologists and manufacturers reveal need for evidence-based guidelines". International Journal of Audiology 57 (sup1): S12–S19. doi:10.1080/14992027.2017.1405288. ISSN 1708-8186. PMID 29192525. https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/221243/4/Caring for musicians ears insights from audiologists and manufacturers reveal need for evidence based guidelines.pdf.jpg.
12. ↑ "Musicians and Music Industry" (in en). 19 November 2019. https://www.audiology.org/publications/guidelines-and-standards/musicians-and-music-industry.
13. ↑ Okoshi, Kae; Minami, Taro; Masahiro, Kikuchi; Tomizawa, Yasuko (2017). "Musical Instrument-Associated Health Issues and Their Management". The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine 243 (1): 49–56. doi:10.1620/tjem.243.49. PMID 28931767. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tjem/243/1/243_49/_html/-char/ja#sec07. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
14. ↑ Lallanilla, Marc (8 November 2013). "What Is Saxophone Lung?". Live Science. http://www.livescience.com/41057-what-is-saxophone-lung-hypersensitivity-pneumonitis.html.
15. ↑ Potier, M.; Hoquet, C.; Lloyd, R.; Nicolas-Puel, C.; Uziel, A.; Puel, J. L. (2009). "The risks of amplified music for disc-jockeys working in nightclubs". Ear and Hearing 30 (2): 291–3. doi:10.1097/AUD.0b013e31819769fc. PMID 19194290.
16. ↑ Santos, L.; Morata, T. C.; Jacob, L. C.; Albizu, E.; Marques, J. M.; Paini, M. (2007). "Music exposure and audiological findings in Brazilian disc jockeys (DJs)". International Journal of Audiology 46 (5): 223–31. doi:10.1080/14992020601188575. PMID 17487670.
17. ↑ Bray, A.; Szymański, M.; Mills, R. (2004). "Noise induced hearing loss in dance music disc jockeys and an examination of sound levels in nightclubs". The Journal of Laryngology and Otology 118 (2): 123–8. doi:10.1258/002221504772784577. PMID 14979949.
18. ↑ Suttle, A. L.; Wallace, E. A. (2011). "Disc jockey tenosynovitis". The American Journal of Medicine 124 (4): e1. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.09.025. PMID 21435409.
19. ↑ Waters, T. R.; Dick, R. B. (2015). "Evidence of health risks associated with prolonged standing at work and intervention effectiveness". Rehabilitation Nursing 40 (3): 148–65. doi:10.1002/rnj.166. PMID 25041875.
20. ↑ Bahk, J. W.; Kim, H.; Jung-Choi, K.; Jung, M. C.; Lee, I. (2012). "Relationship between prolonged standing and symptoms of varicose veins and nocturnal leg cramps among women and men". Ergonomics 55 (2): 133–9. doi:10.1080/00140139.2011.582957. PMID 21846281.
21. ↑ Shrivastava, SaurabhR; Shrivastava, PrateekS; Ramasamy, Jegadeesh (2015). "Joining hands with World Health Organization initiative Make Listening Safe" (in en). Noise and Health 17 (76): 173–174. doi:10.4103/1463-1741.155854. ISSN 1463-1741. PMID 25913558.

## External links

* Okoshi, Kae; Minami, Taro; Masahiro, Kikuchi; Tomizawa, Yasuko (2017). "Musical Instrument-Associated Health Issues and Their Management". The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine 243 (1): 49–56. doi:10.1620/tjem.243.49. PMID 28931767. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tjem/243/1/243_49/_article. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
* National Association of Schools of Music (NASM) and the Performing Arts Medicine Association (PAMA) Advisories on Hearing Health. [1]
* Make Listening Safe Campaign UK

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