Leiomyoma

A leiomyoma, also known as a fibroid, is a benign smooth muscle tumor that very rarely becomes cancer (0.1%). They can occur in any organ, but the most common forms occur in the uterus, small bowel, and the esophagus. Polycythemia may occur due to increased erythropoietin production as part of a paraneoplastic syndrome.

The word is from leio- \+ myo- \+ -oma, 'smooth-muscle tumor'. The plural form can be either the English leiomyomas or the classical leiomyomata.

## Contents

* 1 Uterus
* 2 Gallbladder
* 3 Skin
* 4 Esophagus, stomach and small intestines
* 5 Other locations, metastatic leiomyoma
* 6 Familial leiomyoma
* 7 Pathologic findings
* 8 See also
* 9 References
* 10 External links

## Uterus

Leiomyoma enucleated from a uterus. External surface on left; cut surface on right. Micrograph of a small, well-circumscribed colonic leiomyoma arising from the muscularis mucosae and showing fascicles of spindle cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm and elongated, cigar-shaped nuclei File:Beta-catenin immunohistochemistry in leiomyoma.jpgImmunohistochemistry for β-catenin in uterine leiomyoma, which is negative as there is only staining of cytoplasm but not of cell nuclei. This is a consistent finding, which helps in distinguishing such tumors from β-catenin positive spindle cell tumors.[1]

Uterine fibroids are leiomyomata of the uterine smooth muscle. As other leiomyomata, they are benign, but may lead to excessive menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia), often cause anemia and may lead to infertility.

A rare form of these tumors is uterine lipoleiomyoma—benign tumors consisting of a mixture of adipocytes and smooth muscle cells. Uterine lipoleiomyomata have been observed together with ovarian and other pathologies and some of them may develop into liposarcoma.[2][3] These tumors are monoclonal, and non-random chromosomal abnormalities have been seen in 40% of the tumors.

## Gallbladder

Mesenchymal neoplasms of the gallbladder are rare and in particular leiomyomas of the gallbladder have been rarely reported, all of them in patients with immune system disorders. However, a case was reported in absence of associated immunodeficiency at Monash Hospital in Melbourne, Australia, in a healthy 39-year-old woman with no symptoms.[4]

## Skin

Leiomyomas of the skin are generally (1) acquired, and (2) divided into several categories:[5][6][7]

* Solitary cutaneous leiomyoma
* Multiple cutaneous (or pilar) leiomyomas arising from the arrectores pilorum muscles
* Angioleiomyomas (vascular leiomyomas) that are thought to arise from vascular smooth muscle
* Dartoic (or genital) leiomyomas originating in the dartos muscles of the genitalia, areola, and nipple
* Angiolipoleiomyoma

## Esophagus, stomach and small intestines

Leiomyoma is the most common benign mesenchymal tumor of esophagus and second most common benign tumor of the small bowel (with gastrointestinal stromal tumor as most common).[8] Although leiomyoma is the most common benign esophageal tumor, malignant carcinoma is still 50 times more likely.[9] Approximately 50% of cases are found in the jejunum, followed by the ileum in 31% of cases. Almost one half of all lesions are less than 5 centimeters.[10]

## Other locations, metastatic leiomyoma

* Metastatic leiomyoma are an extremely rare complication after surgery to remove the uterus for uterine fibroids. The most frequent sites of occurrence are the lungs and pelvis. The lesions are hormonally responsive.[11][12][13]
* Fibromyoma of the breast is an extremely rare benign breast neoplasm. Most reports in literature mention a history of hysterectomy for uterine fibroids, although the question of whether these fibromyomas are possibly metastases of the uterine fibroids has not been investigated. An alternative hypothesis is an origin from the smooth muscle of the nipple.
* Leiomyoma may spontaneously occur in any muscle. Depending on the location of the tumor, identification may not be timely until overall mass becomes undeniably noticeable. The symptoms for a 30-year-old male with a 10 cm leiomyoma included "dead leg" pains. Tumor was intertwined with quadriceps muscles, making identification and excision difficult. Tumor was successfully excised with only minor rehabilitation required.[14]

## Familial leiomyoma

## Pathologic findings

Leiomyomas are benign tumors but are sometimes observed to have low (but identifiable) levels of mitotic activity. Leiomyomas of the skin are associated with a form of nuclear atypia typically characterized by cigar-shaped nuclei with tapered ends.[7]

## See also

* Leiomyosarcoma
* Elagolix/estradiol/norethindrone acetate

## References

1. ↑ El Sabeh M, Saha SK, Afrin S, Islam MS, Borahay MA (2021). "Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in uterine leiomyoma: role in tumor biology and targeting opportunities.". Mol Cell Biochem 476 (9): 3513-3536. doi:10.1007/s11010-021-04174-6. PMID 33999334. PMC 9235413. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33999334.
2. ↑ Pedeutour, F.; Quade, B. J.; Sornberger, K.; Tallini, G.; Ligon, A. H.; Weremowicz, S.; Morton, C. C. (2000). "Dysregulation ofHMGIC in a uterine lipoleiomyoma with a complex rearrangement including chromosomes 7, 12, and 14". Genes, Chromosomes and Cancer 27 (2): 209–215. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2264(200002)27:2<209::AID-GCC14>3.0.CO;2-U. PMID 10612811.
3. ↑ McDonald, A. G.; Cin, P. D.; Ganguly, A.; Campbell, S.; Imai, Y.; Rosenberg, A. E.; Oliva, E. (2011). "Liposarcoma Arising in Uterine Lipoleiomyoma". The American Journal of Surgical Pathology 35 (2): 221–227. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e31820414f7. PMID 21263242.
4. ↑ Segura-Sampedro, J. J.; Alamo-Martínez, J. M.; Cañete-Gómez, J.; Suárez-Artacho, G.; González-Cantón, J. R.; Gómez-Bravo, M. Á.; Padillo-Ruiz, F. J. (2012). "Gallbladder leiomyoma in absence of immune system disorders: An unusual diagn". Revista Española de Enfermedades Digestivas 104 (7): 382–384. doi:10.4321/S1130-01082012000700009. PMID 22849501.
5. ↑ Freedberg, Irwin M.; Fitzpatrick, Thomas B. (2003). Fitzpatrick's dermatology in general medicine (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division. p. 1033. ISBN 0-07-138076-0.
6. ↑ Odom, Richard B.; Davidsohn, Israel; James, William D.; Henry, John Bernard; Berger, Timothy G.; Dirk M. Elston (2006). Andrews' diseases of the skin: clinical dermatology (10th ed.). Saunders Elsevier. p. 627. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0. https://archive.org/details/andrewsdiseasess00mdwi_659.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Elenitsas R, & Chu E.Y. (2019). Pathology of skin lesions. Kang S, & Amagai M, & Bruckner A.L., & Enk A.H., & Margolis D.J., & McMichael A.J., & Orringer J.S.(Eds.), Fitzpatrick's Dermatology, 9e. McGraw-Hill Education.
8. ↑ Radiologic Pathology Archives: Esophageal Neoplasms: Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation Rachel B. Lewis, Anupamjit K. Mehrotra, Pablo Rodriguez, and Marc S. Levine. RadioGraphics 2013 33:4, 1083-1108. Accessed 2017-07-08
9. ↑ Radiologic Pathology Archives: Esophageal Neoplasms: Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation Rachel B. Lewis, Anupamjit K. Mehrotra, Pablo Rodriguez, and Marc S. Levine. RadioGraphics 2013 33:4, 1083-1108. Accessed 2017-07-08
10. ↑ Michael P. Buetow, M.D.. "Leiomyoma of Jejunum". Applied Radiology Online. http://www.appliedradiology.com/case/case.asp?ID=88&SubCatID=97&CatID=43&ThreadID=.
11. ↑ Patton, K.; Cheng, L.; Papavero, V.; Blum, M.; Yeldandi, A.; Adley, B.; Luan, C.; Diaz, L. et al. (2006). "Benign metastasizing leiomyoma: clonality, telomere length and clinicopathologic analysis". Modern Pathology 19 (1): 130–140. doi:10.1038/modpathol.3800504. PMID 16357844.
12. ↑ Beck, M. M.; Biswas, B.; d'Souza, A.; Kumar, R. (2012). "Benign metastasising leiomyoma after hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy". Hong Kong medical [Xianggang yi xue za zhi / Hong Kong Academy of Medicine] 18 (2): 153–155. PMID 22477740.
13. ↑ Rivera, J. A.; Christopoulos, S.; Small, D.; Trifiro, M. (2004). "Hormonal Manipulation of Benign Metastasizing Leiomyomas: Report of Two Cases and Review of the Literature". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 89 (7): 3183–3188. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-032021. PMID 15240591.
14. ↑ Bulmer, J. H. (February 1967). "Smooth Muscle Tumours of the Limbs" (in en). The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume 49-B (1): 52–58. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.49B1.52. ISSN 0301-620X. https://online.boneandjoint.org.uk/doi/10.1302/0301-620X.49B1.52.

## External links

Classification|

* ICD-10: D21, D25 (ILDS D21.M40)
* ICD-9-CM: 218
* ICD-O: M8890/0-8894
* MeSH: D007889

|

External resources|

* MedlinePlus: dostinex

* Esophageal Leiomyoma at eMedicine

* v
* t
* e

Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology

Growths|

| Epidermal|

* wart
* callus
* seborrheic keratosis
* acrochordon
* molluscum contagiosum
* actinic keratosis
* squamous-cell carcinoma
* basal-cell carcinoma
* Merkel-cell carcinoma
* nevus sebaceous
* trichoepithelioma

|

Pigmented|

* Freckles
* lentigo
* melasma
* nevus
* melanoma

Dermal and
subcutaneous|

* epidermal inclusion cyst
* hemangioma
* dermatofibroma (benign fibrous histiocytoma)
* keloid
* lipoma
* neurofibroma
* xanthoma
* Kaposi's sarcoma
* infantile digital fibromatosis
* granular cell tumor
* leiomyoma
* lymphangioma circumscriptum
* myxoid cyst

Rashes|

| With
epidermal
involvement|

| Eczematous|

* contact dermatitis
* atopic dermatitis
* seborrheic dermatitis
* stasis dermatitis
* lichen simplex chronicus
* Darier's disease
* glucagonoma syndrome
* langerhans cell histiocytosis
* lichen sclerosus
* pemphigus foliaceus
* Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
* Zinc deficiency

|

Scaling|

* psoriasis
* tinea (corporis
* cruris
* pedis
* manuum
* faciei)
* pityriasis rosea
* secondary syphilis
* mycosis fungoides
* systemic lupus erythematosus
* pityriasis rubra pilaris
* parapsoriasis
* ichthyosis

Blistering|

* herpes simplex
* herpes zoster
* varicella
* bullous impetigo
* acute contact dermatitis
* pemphigus vulgaris
* bullous pemphigoid
* dermatitis herpetiformis
* porphyria cutanea tarda
* epidermolysis bullosa simplex

Papular|

* scabies
* insect bite reactions
* lichen planus
* miliaria
* keratosis pilaris
* lichen spinulosus
* transient acantholytic dermatosis
* lichen nitidus
* pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta

Pustular|

* acne vulgaris
* acne rosacea
* folliculitis
* impetigo
* candidiasis
* gonococcemia
* dermatophyte
* coccidioidomycosis
* subcorneal pustular dermatosis

Hypopigmented|

* tinea versicolor
* vitiligo
* pityriasis alba
* postinflammatory hyperpigmentation
* tuberous sclerosis
* idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis
* leprosy
* hypopigmented mycosis fungoides

Without
epidermal
involvement|

| Red|

| Blanchable
Erythema|

| Generalized|

* drug eruptions
* viral exanthems
* toxic erythema
* systemic lupus erythematosus

|

Localized|

* cellulitis
* abscess
* boil
* erythema nodosum
* carcinoid syndrome
* fixed drug eruption

Specialized|

* urticaria
* erythema (multiforme
* migrans
* gyratum repens
* annulare centrifugum
* ab igne)

Nonblanchable
Purpura|

| Macular|

* thrombocytopenic purpura
* actinic/solar purpura

|

Papular|

* disseminated intravascular coagulation
* vasculitis

Indurated|

* scleroderma/morphea
* granuloma annulare
* lichen sclerosis et atrophicus
* necrobiosis lipoidica

Miscellaneous
disorders|

| Ulcers|

|

Hair|

* telogen effluvium
* androgenic alopecia
* alopecia areata
* systemic lupus erythematosus
* tinea capitis
* loose anagen syndrome
* lichen planopilaris
* folliculitis decalvans
* acne keloidalis nuchae

Nail|

* onychomycosis
* psoriasis
* paronychia
* ingrown nail

Mucous
membrane|

* Aphthous stomatitis
* oral candidiasis
* lichen planus
* leukoplakia
* pemphigus vulgaris
* mucous membrane pemphigoid
* cicatricial pemphigoid
* herpesvirus
* coxsackievirus
* syphilis
* systemic histoplasmosis
* squamous-cell carcinoma

{{Navbox

| name = Soft tissue tumors and sarcomas
| title = Connective/[[Physics:Soft tsoft tissue tumors and sarcomas (ICD-O 8800–9059) (C45–C49/D17–D21, 171/214–215)
| state = autocollapse|

| listclass = hlist

| group1 = Not otherwise specified
| list1 =

* Soft-tissue sarcoma
* Desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor

| group2 = Connective tissue neoplasm

| list2 =

Fibromatous|

| Fibroma/fibrosarcoma:|

* Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans
* Desmoplastic fibroma

|

Fibroma/fibromatosis:|

* Aggressive infantile fibromatosis
* Aponeurotic fibroma
* Collagenous fibroma
* Diffuse infantile fibromatosis
* Familial myxovascular fibromas
* Fibroma of tendon sheath
* Fibromatosis colli
* Infantile digital fibromatosis
* Juvenile hyaline fibromatosis
* Plantar fibromatosis
* Pleomorphic fibroma
* Oral submucous fibrosis

Histiocytoma/histiocytic sarcoma:|

* Benign fibrous histiocytoma
* Malignant fibrous histiocytoma
* Atypical fibroxanthoma
* Solitary fibrous tumor

Myxomatous|

* Myxoma/myxosarcoma
* Cutaneous myxoma
* Superficial acral fibromyxoma
* Angiomyxoma
* Ossifying fibromyxoid tumour

Fibroepithelial|

* Brenner tumour
* Fibroadenoma
* Phyllodes tumor

Synovial-like|

* Synovial sarcoma
* Clear-cell sarcoma

| group3 = Lipomatous
| list3 =

* Lipoma/liposarcoma
* Myelolipoma
* Myxoid liposarcoma
* PEComa
* Angiomyolipoma

* Chondroid lipoma
* Intradermal spindle cell lipoma
* Pleomorphic lipoma
* Lipoblastomatosis
* Spindle cell lipoma
* Hibernoma

| group4 = Myomatous

| list4 =

general:|

* Myoma/myosarcoma

|

smooth muscle:|

* Leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma

skeletal muscle:|

* Rhabdomyoma/rhabdomyosarcoma: Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma
* Sarcoma botryoides
* Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma

* Leiomyoma
* Angioleiomyoma
* Angiolipoleiomyoma
* Genital leiomyoma
* Leiomyosarcoma
* Multiple cutaneous and uterine leiomyomatosis syndrome
* Multiple cutaneous leiomyoma
* Neural fibrolipoma
* Solitary cutaneous leiomyoma
* STUMP

| group5 = Complex mixed and stromal
| list5 =

* Adenomyoma
* Pleomorphic adenoma
* Mixed Müllerian tumor
* Mesoblastic nephroma
* Wilms' tumor
* Malignant rhabdoid tumour
* Clear-cell sarcoma of the kidney
* Hepatoblastoma
* Pancreatoblastoma
* Carcinosarcoma

| group6 = Mesothelial
| list6 =

* Mesothelioma
* Adenomatoid tumor

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