Limb-sparing techniques

Limb-sparing techniques, also known as limb-saving or limb-salvage techniques, are performed in order to preserve the look and function of limbs.[1] Limb-sparing techniques are used to preserve limbs affected by trauma, arthritis, cancers such as high-grade bone sarcomas, and vascular conditions such as diabetic foot ulcers.[2] As the techniques for chemotherapy, radiation, and diagnostic modalities improve, there has been a trend toward limb-sparing procedures to avoid amputation,[3] which has been associated with a lower 5-year survival rate[4] and cost-effectiveness[2] compared to limb salvage in the long-run. There are many different types of limb-sparing techniques, including arthrodesis, arthroplasty, endoprosthetic reconstruction, various types of implants, rotationplasty, osseointegration limb replacement, fasciotomy, and revascularization.

## Contents

* 1 Arthrodesis
* 2 Arthroplasty
* 3 Implants
* 3.1 Alloprosthetic composites
* 3.2 Prosthetic implants
* 3.3 3D-printed implants
* 4 Rotationplasty
* 4.1 Reasons for rotationplasty
* 4.2 History of rotationplasty
* 4.3 Rotationplasty procedure
* 4.4 Advantages and disadvantages of rotationplasty
* 5 References

## Arthrodesis

X-ray of a wrist that has undergone carpal arthrodesis (fusion of the wrist joint). In this case, this means that screws have been inserted through multiple wrist bones so they are now immobilized. Over time, these bones will fuse together, preventing them from rubbing against each other and causing pain.

Arthrodesis is the surgical immobilization of bones within a joint to promote fusion of the joint.[5] Arthrodesis is performed most commonly on joints of the feet, hands, and spine.[6][7][8] Arthrodesis can relieve pain from arthritis and fractures.[9] This is accomplished through the use of orthobiologics such as allografts and autografts.[10] Allografts are done by creating bone grafts from a donor bone bank, whereas autografts are bone grafts from other bones in a patient's body.[10] Patient-reported outcomes following this procedure are typically positive in terms of long-term pain relief; however, the procedure also results in decreased range of motion.[11]

## Arthroplasty

Diagrams of the most common joints that undergo arthroplasty (joint replacement): shoulders, hips, and knees. Notice that the articular surface of each joint has been removed and replaced with metal and plastic implants to recreate the normal joint interface.

Arthroplasty, otherwise known as joint replacement, is a surgical procedure which involves resurfacing, realignment, or removal of bone at a joint interface to restore the joint's function.[12] Arthroplasty is often performed on hips, knees, shoulders, and ankles to improve range of motion and relieve pain from arthritis or trauma.[13][14] Arthroplasty of the shoulder is one of the most common of these procedures, although it has only been widely used since 1955.[15] Themistocles Gluck is thought to have created the first shoulder arthroplasty in the 1800s.[15] Since Gluck never published any results or notes on the procedure, Jules-Emile Pean is credited with performing the first shoulder arthroplasty in 1893.[15]

## Implants

### Alloprosthetic composites

Alloprosthetic composites are a combination of multiple limb-sparing techniques, namely allografts and prosthesis. Allografts are used to replace the bone that has been "resected" using arthroplasty techniques, and then prosthesis is used to support and strengthen the allografts.[16] Alloprosthetic composites are flexible in that surgeons can adapt the implants for any situation.[17]

### Prosthetic implants

Prosthetic implants are used when sections of bone must be replaced and no further growth is expected. Implants are mostly made from metals, but the possibility of using ceramic material has been discussed among surgeons. Prosthetics can be temporary or permanent. Temporary implants remain in place until the bone has healed and are then removed. The temporary implants take most of the burden off of the fracture, causing the bone to become less dense. This can lead to re-fracturing of the bone after the implant is removed. The implants can also cause stress concentrations as a result of the material difference between the bone and the plate. With the permanent prostheses, a putty-like substance is injected into the implant site to keep the body, mainly the immune system, from fighting off the implant. This substance can deteriorate bony tissue and cause serious bone problems for the patient. Prosthetic limbs have been used for many years.

Diagram of workflow describing the basic process of 3D-printing an implant for the skull. Notice the use of the advanced computer software to create a 3-dimensional rendering of the part of the skull that will be printed. The rightmost photo depicts the 3D-printed implant placed on the actual skull.

### 3D-printed implants

3D-printing leverages the power of computer rendering of advanced imaging to tailor implants to each patient, which can then be used to create a physical realization of that implant to use in that individual's surgery.[18][19] 3D-printing of medical devices was first used in the 1990s for dental implants and custom prosthetics but has since been used for various bones and organs such as urinary bladders.[20][21][22]

## Rotationplasty

Rotationplasty, more commonly known as Van-Nes or Borggreve Rotation, is a limb-sparing medical procedure performed when a patient's leg is amputated at the knee.[23] The ankle joint is then rotated 180 degrees and is attached to the former knee joint, becoming a new knee joint.[23] This allows patients to have two fully functional feet, as opposed to losing one leg completely to amputation.[24]

### Reasons for rotationplasty

Originally, rotationplasty was performed to treat infections and tumors around the knee, especially osteosarcoma of the knee.[25] While it is still being used to treat their complications, rotationplasty is also used to treat growing children who have been diagnosed with tumors around the knee.[26] Rotationplasty is also performed on children with congenital femoral deficiencies, such as those that cause unstable hip joints or limb-length discrepancy of the femur.[27] This procedure gives patients the ability to retain the use of both feet, allowing them to continue living an active lifestyle.

### History of rotationplasty

Rotationplasty was first performed by Borggreve in the early 1900s on a 12-year-old boy with tuberculosis.[28] However, the procedure was not well known until 1950. At that time, physician Van Nes reported the results of rotationplasty procedures and became well known for founding the procedure. Since then, many surgeons have performed modified versions of rotationplasty and have had great success.[29]

### Rotationplasty procedure

In the actual procedure, the bone affected by the tumor, as well as a small part of the healthy femur and occasionally tibia bone, is removed.[30] The ankle joint is then turned 180 degrees and is reattached to the thigh.[30] They are held together by plates and screws until they have healed naturally. The surgery can take anywhere from 6–10 hours, with a day or two in intensive care.[26] The leg is kept in a cast for 6–12 weeks. After the leg has sufficiently healed, the leg can be fitted for a prosthetic.[29]

### Advantages and disadvantages of rotationplasty

In the same scenario, amputation would not leave a knee joint. Rotationplasty retains the use of a knee joint. Furthermore, it provides a better position for a prosthetic limb compared to amputation.[30] As a result, children who have had rotationplasty can return to their previous activities such as playing sports and avoid undergoing additional surgeries throughout their lives. Rotationplasty is also durable[26] and has been associated with enhanced quality of life and life contentment.[31] Unfortunately, not every case turns out favorably. Rotationplasty can result in problems with blood supply to the leg, infection, nerve injuries, problems with bone healing, and fracture of the leg.[32]

## References

1. ↑ "Definition of limb-sparing surgery" (in en). 2011-02-02. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/limb-sparing-surgery.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kadam, Dinesh (May 2013). "Limb salvage surgery". Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery 46 (2): 265–274. doi:10.4103/0970-0358.118603. ISSN 0970-0358. PMID 24501463.
3. ↑ Kauvar, David S.; Propper, Brandon W. (2022-01-01), Rasmussen, Todd E.; Tai, Nigel R. M., eds., "22 - Lower Extremity Vascular Trauma" (in en), Rich's Vascular Trauma (Fourth Edition) (Philadelphia: Elsevier): pp. 273–287, ISBN 978-0-323-69766-8, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323697668000226, retrieved 2023-01-13
4. ↑ Han, Gang; Bi, Wen-Zhi; Xu, Meng; Jia, Jin-Peng; Wang, Yan (2016-04-26). "Amputation Versus Limb-Salvage Surgery in Patients with Osteosarcoma: A Meta-analysis". World Journal of Surgery 40 (8): 2016–2027. doi:10.1007/s00268-016-3500-7. ISSN 1432-2323. PMID 27116252. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27116252/.
5. ↑ Chambers, Aaron R.; Dreyer, Mark A. (2022), "Triple Arthrodesis", StatPearls (Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing), PMID 31869177, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551713/, retrieved 2023-01-17
6. ↑ Goyal, Nikhil; Bali, Shivkumar; Ahuja, Kaustubh; Chaudhary, Sunny; Barik, Sitanshu; Kandwal, Pankaj (2021). "Posterior Arthrodesis of Atlantoaxial Joint in Congenital Atlantoaxial Instability Under 5 Years of Age: A Systematic Review". Journal of Pediatric Neurosciences 16 (2): 97–105. doi:10.4103/jpn.JPN_270_20. ISSN 1817-1745. PMID 35018176.
7. ↑ Faulkner, Harrison; An, Vincent; Lawson, Richard; Graham, David; Sivakumar, Brahman (2021-03-07). "Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Arthrodesis Techniques: A Systematic Review". Hand 18 (1): 74–79. doi:10.1177/1558944721998019. ISSN 1558-9455. PMID 33682483.
8. ↑ Shih, Chia-Lung; Chen, Shu-Jung; Huang, Peng-Ju (2020). "Clinical Outcomes of Total Ankle Arthroplasty Versus Ankle Arthrodesis for the Treatment of End-Stage Ankle Arthritis in the Last Decade: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery 59 (5): 1032–1039. doi:10.1053/j.jfas.2019.10.008. ISSN 1542-2224. PMID 32709528. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32709528/.
9. ↑ Jimenez, Andreea; Anand, Prashanth (2022), "Wrist Arthrodesis", StatPearls (Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing), PMID 32310475, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556015/, retrieved 2023-01-17
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Greer, Nancy; Yoon, Patrick; Majeski, Brittany; Wilt, Timothy J. (2020). Orthobiologics in Foot and Ankle Arthrodesis Sites: A Systematic Review. VA Evidence-based Synthesis Program Reports. Washington (DC): Department of Veterans Affairs (US). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558309/.
11. ↑ Fadhel, Wael Ben; Taieb, Léa; Villain, Benoît; Mebtouche, Nasser; Levante, Stéphane; Bégué, Thierry; Aurégan, Jean-Charles (2022-02-05). "Outcomes after primary ankle arthrodesis in recent fractures of the distal end of the tibia in the elderly: a systematic review". International Orthopaedics 46 (6): 1405–1412. doi:10.1007/s00264-022-05317-0. ISSN 1432-5195. PMID 35122504. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35122504/.
12. ↑ Hsu, Hunter; Siwiec, Ryan M. (2022), "Knee Arthroplasty", StatPearls (Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing), PMID 29939691, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507914/, retrieved 2023-01-18
13. ↑ Shah, Nihar S.; Umeda, Yuta; Suriel Peguero, Emil; Erwin, Jace T.; Laughlin, Richard (2021). "Outcome Reporting in Total Ankle Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review". The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery 60 (4): 770–776. doi:10.1053/j.jfas.2021.02.003. ISSN 1542-2224. PMID 33766479. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33766479/.
14. ↑ Stibolt, Robert; Patel, Harshadkumar; Huntley, Samuel; Lehtonen, Eva; Shah, Ashish; Naranje, Sameer (2018-04-26). "Total hip arthroplasty for posttraumatic osteoarthritis following acetabular fracture: A systematic review of characteristics, outcomes, and complications". Chinese Journal of Traumatology 21 (3): 176–181. doi:10.1016/j.cjtee.2018.02.004. ISSN 1008-1275. PMID 29773451.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Flatow, Evan L.; Harrison, Alicia K. (2011). "A History of Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty". Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research 469 (9): 2432–2439. doi:10.1007/s11999-010-1733-6. PMID 21213090.
16. ↑ Janssen, Stein; Langerhuizen, David; Schwab, Joseph; Bramer, Jos (2019-07-07). "Outcome after reconstruction of proximal femoral tumors: A systematic review". Journal of Surgical Oncology 119 (1): 120–129. doi:10.1002/jso.25297. ISSN 1096-9098. PMID 30466190. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30466190/.
17. ↑ Donati, Davide; Di Bella, Claudia; Frisoni, Tommaso; Cevolani, Luca; Degroot, Henry (2011). "Alloprosthetic Composite is a Suitable Reconstruction After Periacetabular Tumor Resection". Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research 469 (5): 1450–1458. doi:10.1007/s11999-011-1799-9. PMID 21312077.
18. ↑ Burnard, Joshua L.; Parr, William C. H.; Choy, Wen Jie; Walsh, William R.; Mobbs, Ralph J. (2020-06-01). "3D-printed spine surgery implants: a systematic review of the efficacy and clinical safety profile of patient-specific and off-the-shelf devices" (in en). European Spine Journal 29 (6): 1248–1260. doi:10.1007/s00586-019-06236-2. ISSN 1432-0932. PMID 31797140.
19. ↑ Costanzo, Roberta; Ferini, Gianluca; Brunasso, Lara; Bonosi, Lapo; Porzio, Massimiliano; Benigno, Umberto Emanuele; Musso, Sofia; Gerardi, Rosa Maria et al. (2022-03-28). "The Role of 3D-Printed Custom-Made Vertebral Body Implants in the Treatment of Spinal Tumors: A Systematic Review". Life 12 (4): 489. doi:10.3390/life12040489. ISSN 2075-1729. PMID 35454979.
20. ↑ Papotto, Giacomo; Testa, Gianluca; Mobilia, Giuseppe; Perez, Stefano; Dimartino, Sara; Giardina, Serena Maria Chiara; Sessa, Giuseppe; Pavone, Vito (2021-10-11). "Use of 3D printing and pre-contouring plate in the surgical planning of acetabular fractures: A systematic review". Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Surgery & Research 108 (2): 103111. doi:10.1016/j.otsr.2021.103111. ISSN 1877-0568. PMID 34648997.
21. ↑ Whitaker, Matthew (2015-06-12). "The history of 3D printing in healthcare". The Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 96 (7): 228–229. doi:10.1308/147363514X13990346756481. ISSN 1473-6357.
22. ↑ Wallace, Nicholas; Schaffer, Nathaniel; Aleem, Ilyas; Patel, Rakesh (2020-12-01). "3D-printed Patient-specific Spine Implants: A Systematic Review". Clinical Spine Surgery 33 (10): 400–407. doi:10.1097/BSD.0000000000001026. ISSN 2380-0194. PMID 32554986. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32554986/.
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "Definition of rotationplasty". 2011-02-02. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/rotationplasty.
24. ↑ Gaillard, Jean; Fouasson-Chailloux, Alban; Eveno, Dominique; Bokobza, Guillaume; Da Costa, Marta; Heidar, Romain; Pouedras, Marie; Nich, Christophe et al. (2022). "Rotationplasty Salvage Procedure as an Effective Alternative to Femoral Amputation in an Adult With a History of Osteosarcoma: A Case Report and Review". Frontiers in Surgery 8: 820019. doi:10.3389/fsurg.2021.820019. ISSN 2296-875X. PMID 35071319.
25. ↑ Ramseier, Leonhard E.; Dumont, Charles E.; Ulrich Exner, G. (2008). "Rotationplasty (Borggreve/Van Nes and modifications) as an alternative to amputation in failed reconstructions after resection of tumours around the knee joint". Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery 42 (4): 199–201. doi:10.1080/02844310802069434. PMID 18763196.
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Soni, Emily. "A Surgeon's Approach – The Dynamics of Rotationplasty." Rotationplasty. N.p., 2011. Web. 19 Oct 2011. <http://www.rotationplasty.org/A-Surgeons-Approach--The-Dynamics-of-Rotationplasty>.
27. ↑ Brown, Kenneth L.B. (2001). "Resection, Rotationplasty, and Femoropelvic Arthrodesis in Severe Congenital Femoral Deficiency". The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery-American Volume 83 (1): 78–85. doi:10.2106/00004623-200101000-00011. PMID 11205862.
28. ↑ Borggreve, J (1930-01-01). "Kniegelenksersatz durch das in der Beinlängsachse um 180° gedrehte Fußgelenk". Archiv für Orthopädische und Unfall-Chirurgie 28: 175–178. doi:10.1007/BF02581614. https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Arch+Orthop+Unfall&title=Kniegelenksersatz+durch+das+in+der+Beinlängsachse+um+180+Grad+gedrehte+Fussgelenk&author=J+Borggreve&volume=28&publication_year=1930&pages=175-178&.
29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Kotz, Rainer (1997). "Rotationplasty". Seminars in Surgical Oncology 13 (1): 34–40. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2388(199701/02)13:1<34::AID-SSU6>3.0.CO;2-5. PMID 9025180.
30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Bernthal, Nicholas; Monument, Michael; Randall, R. Lor; Jones, Kevin (2014-06-01). "Rotationplasty: Beauty is in the Eye of the Beholder". Operative Techniques in Orthopaedics 24 (2): 103–110. doi:10.1053/j.oto.2013.11.001. PMID 25414567.
31. ↑ Rödl, Robert W.; Pohlmann, Ursula; Gosheger, Georg; Lindner, Norbert J.; Winkelmann, Winfried (2002). "Rotationplasty--quality of life after 10 years in 22 patients". Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 73 (1): 85–88. doi:10.1080/000164702317281468. PMID 11928918.
32. ↑ Hillmann, A.; Gosheger, G.; Hoffmann, C.; Ozaki, T.; Winkelmann, W. (2000). "Rotationplasty - surgical treatment modality after failed limb salvage procedure". Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery 120 (10): 555–558. doi:10.1007/s004020000175. PMID 11110135.

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