List of autoimmune diseases

Short description: none

Dermatosis in Crohn's disease

Demyelination in MS

PAS stain of lupus nephritis

Autoimmune urticaria

Proptosis in Graves' disease

This article provides a list of autoimmune diseases. These conditions, where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, affect a range of organs and systems within the body. Each disorder is listed with the primary organ or body part that it affects and the associated autoantibodies that are typically found in people diagnosed with the condition. Each disorder is also categorized by its acceptance as an autoimmune condition into four levels: confirmed, probable, possible, and uncertain. This classification is based on the current scientific consensus and reflects the level of evidence supporting the autoimmune nature of the disorder. Lastly, the prevalence rate, specifically in the United States, is included to give a sense of how common each disorder is within the population.

* Confirmed – Used for conditions that have strong, well-established evidence of autoimmune etiology.
* Probable – Used for conditions where there is substantial evidence of autoimmune involvement, but the scientific consensus may not be as strong as for those in the 'confirmed' category.
* Possible – Used for conditions that have some evidence pointing towards autoimmune involvement, but it's not yet clear or there is ongoing debate.
* Uncertain – Used for conditions where the evidence of autoimmune involvement is limited or contested.

## Contents

* 1 Integumentary system
* 2 Digestive system
* 3 Heart and vascular system
* 4 Urinary system
* 5 Nervous system
* 6 Endocrine system
* 7 Respiratory system
* 8 Blood
* 9 Reproductive system
* 10 Eyes
* 11 Musculoskeletal system
* 12 Autoimmune comorbidities
* 13 Non-autoimmune
* 14 See also
* 15 Notes
* 16 References
* 17 External links

## Integumentary system

The integumentary system, composed of the skin, hair, nails, and associated glands, serves as a protective barrier between the body and the environment. It also plays a critical role in regulating body temperature and maintaining fluid balance.

Disease  | Primary organ/body part affected  | Autoantibodies  | Acceptance as an autoimmune disease  | Prevalence rate (US)  | Cit.

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Alopecia areata | Hair follicles  | None specific  | Confirmed  | 2.1%  | [1][2]
Autoimmune angioedema | Skin | C1 inhibitor  | Probable  | Less than 5,000  | [3]
Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis  | Skin  | Progesterone | Probable  | Extremely rare  | [4]
Autoimmune urticaria | Skin  | IgG against IgE or IgE receptor  | Probable  | Not well established  | [5][6]
Bullous pemphigoid | Skin  | Anti-BP180, Anti-BP230  | Confirmed  | 6-30 per 100,000 (mostly older adults)  | [7]
Cicatricial pemphigoid | Mucous membranes, sometimes skin  | Anti-BP180, Anti-BP230  | Confirmed  | Rare  | [8]
Dermatitis herpetiformis  | Skin  | Anti-tissue transglutaminase | Confirmed  | 10 per 100,000  | [9]
Dermatomyositis | Skin and muscles  | Anti-Jo1, Anti-Mi2, Anti-SRP, Anti-TIF1  | Confirmed  | 9 in 1,000,000  | [10]
Discoid lupus erythematosus | Skin  | ANA, Anti-dsDNA, Anti-Sm  | Confirmed  | Part of SLE prevalence (20-150 per 100,000)  | [11]
Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita | Skin  | Anti-type VII collagen  | Confirmed  | Extremely rare  | [12]
Erythema nodosum | Skin  | None specific  | Possible  | Not well established  | [13]
Gestational pemphigoid | Skin  | Anti-BP180, Anti-BP230  | Confirmed  | Rare  | [14]
Hidradenitis suppurativa | Skin  | None specific  | Uncertain  | 1-4%  | [15]
Lichen planus | Skin, mucous membranes  | None specific  | Probable  | 1%  | [16]
Lichen sclerosus  | Skin  | None specific  | Probable  | Rare  | [17]
Linear IgA disease  | Skin  | Anti-epidermal basement membrane IgA  | Confirmed  | Extremely rare  | [18]
Morphea | Skin  | None specific  | Probable  | Not well established  | [19]
Psoriasis | Skin  | Various, not specific  | Confirmed  | 2-3%  | [20]
Pemphigus vulgaris | Skin and mucous membranes  | Anti-desmoglein 3, Anti-desmoglein 1  | Confirmed  | 1-5 per 100,000  | [21]
Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis)  | Skin, organs  | ANA, anti-Scl-70, anti-centromere  | Confirmed  | 240 per 1,000,000  | [22]
Sjögren syndrome | Exocrine glands (salivary and lacrimal glands)  | Anti-SSA/Ro, Anti-SSB/La antibodies, anti-centromere  | Confirmed  | 0.1-4% of the population  | [23]
Vitiligo | Skin  | Various, not specific  | Confirmed  | 1%  | [24]

## Digestive system

Autoimmune disease  | Primary organ/body part affected  | Autoantibodies  | Acceptance as an autoimmune disease  | Prevalence rate (US)  | Cit.

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Autoimmune enteropathy | Small intestine | Anti-enterocyte antibodies  | Probable  | Rare  | [25]
Autoimmune hepatitis | Liver | ANA, ASMA, anti-LKM1  | Confirmed  | 1 in 10,000 to 1 in 50,000  | [26]
Celiac disease  | Small intestine | Anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies (tTG), Endomysial antibody (EMA), Deamidated gliadin peptide (DGP)  | Confirmed  | 1 in 100  | [27]
Crohn's disease | Digestive tract  | ASCA, Anti-OmpC, Anti-CBir1, ANCA  | Probable  | 201 per 100,000 adults  | [28]
Intestinal necrotizing arteriolitis  | Liver, pancreas and intestines.  | None specific  | Possible  |  | [29][30]
Pernicious anemia | Stomach  | Anti-IF, Anti-parietal cell  | Confirmed  | 0.1%  | [31]
Ulcerative colitis | Colon and rectum  | pANCA, ASCA  | Probable  | 249 per 100,000 adults  | [32]

## Heart and vascular system

Autoimmune disease  | Primary organ/body part affected  | Autoantibodies  | Acceptance as an autoimmune disease  | Prevalence rate (US)  | Cit.

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Rheumatic heart disease  | Heart valves  | Anti-streptolysin O (ASO), anti-DNase B  | Confirmed  | Declining due to improved treatment of strep throat  | [33]
Kawasaki disease | Coronary arteries | Unknown  | Probable  | 20 per 100,000 children under age 5  | [34]
Giant cell arteritis | Large and medium arteries, can affect coronary arteries  | None specific  | Confirmed  | 200 per 100,000 (over age 50)  | [35][36]
Takayasu's arteritis | Large arteries, including the aorta  | None specific  | Confirmed  | Rare, more common in East Asia  | [36][37]
Behçet's disease | Small to large vessels in mouth, genitals, eyes, skin  | None specific  | Probable  |  | [38]
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) | Small to medium vessels in respiratory tract, skin, heart, kidneys, nerves  | ANCA  | Confirmed  |  | [39]
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) | Small to medium vessels in respiratory tract, kidneys  | c-ANCA/PR3-ANCA  | Confirmed  |  | [39]
IgA vasculitis (IgAV)  | Small vessels in skin, joints, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract  | IgA immune complexes  | Probable  |  | [40]
Leukocytoclastic vasculitis  | Small vessels in skin  | Various immune complexes  | Probable  |  | [41]
Lupus vasculitis | Small to medium vessels in multiple organs  | ANA, anti-dsDNA, anti-Smith, others  | Confirmed  |  | [42]
Rheumatoid vasculitis | Small to medium vessels in skin, nerves, eyes, heart  | Rheumatoid factor, ACPA  | Probable  |  | [43]
Microscopic polyangiitis (MPA)  | Small vessels in kidneys, lungs, nerves, skin  | p-ANCA/MPO-ANCA  | Confirmed  |  | [44]
Necrotizing arteriolitis  | Medium vessels in kidneys and adrenals.  | None specific  | Possible  |  | [29][30]
Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) | Medium to small vessels in kidneys, skin, muscles, joints, nerves  | None specific  | Probable  |  | [45]
Polymyalgia rheumatica  | Large to medium vessels in shoulders, hips  | None specific  | Possible  |  | [46]
Urticarial vasculitis | Small vessels in skin  | C1q antibodies  | Probable  |  | [47]
Vasculitis | All vessel sizes in multiple organs  | Depends on specific type  | Uncertain  |  | [48]

## Urinary system

Autoimmune disease  | Primary organ/body part affected  | Autoantibodies  | Acceptance as an autoimmune disease  | Prevalence rate (US)  | Cit.

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Goodpasture syndrome | Kidneys, lungs  | Anti-GBM antibodies  | Confirmed  | 1 per million people  | [49]
IgA nephropathy | Kidneys  | IgA autoantibodies  | Confirmed  | 3.5 per 100,000  | [50]
Membranous nephropathy  | Kidneys  | Anti-PLA2R antibodies  | Confirmed  | 10 per 100,000  | [51]
Lupus nephritis | Kidneys  | Anti-dsDNA, Anti-Sm, Anti-nuclear antibodies  | Confirmed  | Up to 60% of those with Lupus  | [52]
Interstitial nephritis | Kidneys  | Various autoantibodies  | Probable  | Varies widely, often drug-induced  | [53]
Interstitial cystitis | Bladder | Anti-urothelial and anti-nuclear antibodies  | Probable  | 100-450 per 100,000 women, less common in men  | [54]
Primary sclerosing cholangitis | Bile ducts, can affect gallbladder | P-ANCA, Anti Smooth Muscle Antibodies (ASMA)  | Confirmed  | 1 per 100,000  | [55]

## Nervous system

Autoimmune disease  | Primary organ/body part affected  | Autoantibodies  | Acceptance as an autoimmune disease  | Prevalence rate (US)  | Cit.

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Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis | Central nervous system | Unknown  | Confirmed  | 0.8 per 100,000  | [56]
Acute motor axonal neuropathy | Peripheral nerves  | Anti-GM1 | Confirmed  | Part of Guillain-Barré syndrome prevalence
Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis | Brain | Anti-NMDA receptor | Confirmed  | 1.5 per million  | [57]
Autoimmune encephalitis | Brain  | Various, depending on subtype (e.g., NMDA receptor antibodies, LGI1 antibodies)  | Confirmed  | Rare  | [58]
Balo concentric sclerosis | Central nervous system  | Unknown  | Probable  | Rare  | [59]
Bickerstaff's encephalitis  | Brain  | Anti-GQ1b  | Confirmed  | Rare  | [60]
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy | Peripheral nerves  | Various, including anti-MAG  | Confirmed  | 1-2 per 100,000  | [61]
Guillain-Barré syndrome  | Peripheral nerves  | Various, including anti-GM1, anti-GD1a  | Confirmed  | 1-2 per 100,000  | [62]
Hashimoto's encephalopathy | Brain  | Anti-thyroid (TPO, Tg)  | Probable  | Rare  | [63]
Idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating diseases  | Central nervous system  | Varies  | Probable  | Varies by specific disease  | [64]
Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome | Neuromuscular junction (affecting both CNS and PNS)  | Anti-VGCC  | Confirmed  | 0.5-2 per million  | [65]
Multiple sclerosis  | Central nervous system  | Unknown, but Oligoclonal bands often present in CSF  | Confirmed  | 90 per 100,000  | [66]
Myasthenia gravis | Neuromuscular junction (affecting both CNS and PNS)  | Anti-AChR, anti-MuSK  | Confirmed  | 20 per 100,000  | [67]
Neuromyelitis optica (Devic's disease)/NMOSD  | Optic nerves and spinal cord  | AQP4-IgG (NMO-IgG)  | Confirmed  | 0.5 - 4 per 100,000  | [68]
Restless legs syndrome | Central nervous system (thought to involve dopaminergic pathways)  | Unknown  | Uncertain  | 5-15% (more common in older adults)  | [69]
Stiff-person syndrome | Central nervous system  | Anti-GAD, anti-amphiphysin  | Confirmed  | Rare  | [70]
Sydenham's chorea | Brain  | Anti-basal ganglia  | Confirmed  | Rare (linked to Group A streptococcal infection)  | [71]
Transverse myelitis | Spinal cord  | Various, including anti-AQP4  | Probable  | 1-8 per million  | [72]
Undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD) | Various  | ANA (antinuclear autoantibody) (HEp-2 cells)  | Confirmed  | 2 per 100,000  | [73]

## Endocrine system

Autoimmune disease  | Primary organ/body part affected  | Autoantibodies  | Acceptance as an autoimmune disease  | Prevalence rate (US)  | Cit.

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Addison's disease | Adrenal glands  | 21-hydroxylase antibodies  | Confirmed  | 0.93-1.4 per 10,000  | [74]
Autoimmune oophoritis | Ovaries  | Anti-ovarian antibodies  | Probable  | Rare  | [75]
Autoimmune orchitis  | Testes  | Anti-sperm antibodies  | Probable  | Rare  | [76]
Autoimmune pancreatitis | Pancreas  | IgG4, Anti-CA2 antibodies  | Confirmed  | 0.82-1.3 per 100,000  | [77]
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS1) | Multiple endocrine organs  | Various autoantibodies depending on the organs affected  | Confirmed  | 1 in 100,000 to 200,000  | [78]
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 2 (APS2) | Multiple endocrine organs  | Various autoantibodies depending on the organs affected  | Confirmed  | 1 in 20,000  | [79]
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 3 (APS3) | Multiple endocrine organs  | Various autoantibodies depending on the organs affected  | Confirmed  | Rare  | [79]
Diabetes mellitus type 1 | Pancreas  | Anti-insulin, anti-IA-2, anti-GAD, anti-ZnT8 antibodies  | Confirmed  | 5 per 1,000  | [80][81]
Endometriosis | Endometrium  | Anti-endometrial antibodies  | Probable  | 6-10% of women of reproductive age  | [82]
Graves' disease | Thyroid gland  | TSI, TPO, TG antibodies  | Confirmed  | 1.2% of the population  | [83]
Hashimoto's thyroiditis | Thyroid gland  | TPO, TG antibodies  | Confirmed  | 5% of the population  | [84]
Ord's thyroiditis | Thyroid gland  | TPO, TG antibodies  | Confirmed  | Rare  | [85]

## Respiratory system

Autoimmune disease  | Primary organ/body part affected  | Autoantibodies  | Acceptance as an autoimmune disease  | Prevalence rate (US)  | Cit.

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Goodpasture syndrome | See urinary system [lower-alpha 1] | See urinary system | Confirmed  | See urinary system | N/A
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) | See vascular system [lower-alpha 2] | See vascular system | Confirmed  | See vascular system | N/A
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) | See vascular system [lower-alpha 3] | See vascular system | Confirmed  | See vascular system | N/A
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis | Lungs  | None specific  | Possible  | 20 per 100,000 (men), 13 per 100,000 (women)  | [86]
Interstitial lung disease | Lungs  | Depends on the subtype (e.g. Anti-Jo1 in Anti-synthetase syndrome)  | Probable  | 31.5 per 100,000 (men), 26.1 per 100,000 (women)  | [87]
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis | Lungs  | Anti-GM-CSF antibodies  | Confirmed  | 6.2 per million  | [88]
Rheumatoid lung disease | Lungs  | Rheumatoid factor, Anti-CCP antibodies  | Confirmed  | Part of RA prevalence (about 1%)  | [89]
Sarcoidosis | Lungs and other organs  | None specific  | Confirmed  | 10 - 40 per 100,000  | [90]

## Blood

Autoimmune disease  | Autoantibodies  | Acceptance as an autoimmune disease  | Prevalence rate (US)  | Cit.

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Autoimmune hemolytic anemia | Anti-red blood cell antibodies  | Confirmed  | 1-3 per 100,000  | [91]
Immune thrombocytopenia  | Anti-platelet antibodies  | Confirmed  | 3.3 per 100,000 (adults), 50 per 100,000 (children)  | [92]
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura | ADAMTS13 autoantibodies  | Confirmed  | 1-2 per million  | [93]
Antiphospholipid syndrome | Antiphospholipid antibodies  | Confirmed  | 40-50 per 100,000  | [94]
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria | None specific, mutation causes self-cells to become susceptible to attack  | Possible  | 1-2 per million  | [95]

## Reproductive system

The reproductive system is responsible for the production and regulation of sex hormones, the formation of germ cells, and the nurturing of fertilized eggs. In women, it includes structures such as ovaries, fallopian tubes, a uterus, and a vagina, while in men, it includes testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and the penis. Autoimmune diseases of the reproductive system can affect both male and female fertility and reproductive health.

Autoimmune disease  | Primary organ/body part affected  | Autoantibodies  | Acceptance as an autoimmune disease  | Prevalence rate (US)  | Cit.

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Autoimmune orchitis  | Testes  | Anti-sperm antibodies  | Probable  | Not well established  | [96]
Autoimmune oophoritis | Ovaries  | Anti-ovarian antibodies  | Probable  | Not well established  | [96]
Endometriosis | Uterus, ovaries, and pelvic tissue  | Various, including anti-endometrial antibodies  | Probable  | Approx. 10% of women of reproductive age  | [97]
Premature ovarian failure  | Ovaries  | Anti-ovarian antibodies, Anti-adrenal antibodies  | Confirmed  | 1% of women under 40 years  | [98]

## Eyes

Autoimmune disease  | Primary organ/body part affected  | Autoantibodies  | Acceptance as an autoimmune disease  | Prevalence rate (US)  | Cit.

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Autoimmune retinopathy | Retina | Various  | Confirmed  |  | [99]
Autoimmune uveitis  | Uvea | Various  | Confirmed  |  | [100]
Cogan syndrome | Inner ear and eye  | None specific  | Probable  |  | [101]
Graves' ophthalmopathy | Eye muscles and connective tissue  | TSH receptor antibodies  | Confirmed  |  | [102]
Intermediate uveitis  | Uvea (pars plana)  | Various  | Probable  |  | [103]
Ligneous conjunctivitis | Conjunctiva | Plasminogen deficiency  | Possible  | Rare  | [104]
Mooren's ulcer  | Cornea | None specific  | Probable  | Rare  | [105]
Neuromyelitis optica | Optic nerve and spinal cord | Anti-AQP4  | Confirmed  |  | [106]
Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome | Central nervous system, eye movement control  | Anti-neuronal antibodies  | Possible  |  | [107]
Optic neuritis | Optic nerve  | Various  | Confirmed  |  | [108]
Scleritis | Sclera | Various  | Possible  |  | [109]
Susac's syndrome | Retina, cochlea, and brain  | None specific  | Probable  |  | [110]
Sympathetic ophthalmia | Uveal tract  | Various  | Probable  | Rare  | [111]
Tolosa–Hunt syndrome | Orbit  | None specific  | Uncertain  | Rare  | [112]

## Musculoskeletal system

These autoimmune diseases are primarily associated with the muscles, joints and neuromuscular function.

Autoimmune disease  | Primary organ/body part affected  | Autoantibodies  | Acceptance as an autoimmune disorder  | Prevalence rate (US)  | Cit.

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Dermatomyositis | See integumentary system [lower-alpha 4] | See integumentary system | Confirmed  | See integumentary system | N/A
Fibromyalgia | Musculoskeletal system, pain perception  | None specific  | Possible  |  | [113]
Inclusion body myositis | Proximal and distal muscles  | None specific  | Probable  |  | [114]
Myositis | Skeletal muscles  | Various, depends on subtype  | Confirmed  |  | [115]
Myasthenia gravis | Voluntary muscles, neuromuscular junctions  | Anti-acetylcholine receptor, Anti-MuSK  | Confirmed  |  | [116]
Neuromyotonia | Peripheral nerves affecting muscle control  | Anti-voltage-gated potassium channels  | Probable  |  | [117]
Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration  | Central nervous system, cerebellum  | Anti-Yo, Anti-Hu, Anti-Ri, others  | Confirmed  |  | [118]
Rheumatoid arthritis | Big and small joints of extremities, temporomandibular joints  | Citrullinated proteins  | Confirmed  | 0.5 - 1%
Polymyositis | Proximal skeletal muscles  | Anti-Jo-1, Anti-SRP, others  | Confirmed  |  | [119]

## Autoimmune comorbidities

This list includes conditions that are not diseases, but symptoms or syndromes common to autoimmune disease.[120]

* Chronic fatigue syndrome
* Complex regional pain syndrome
* Eosinophilic esophagitis
* Gastritis
* POEMS syndrome[121]
* Raynaud's phenomenon
* Primary immunodeficiency[122]
* Pyoderma gangrenosum

## Non-autoimmune

At this time, there is not sufficient evidence to indicate that the diseases in the following table are caused by autoimmunity. This section is included because some of these conditions are immune-related but frequently confused with autoimmune diseases. Others are conditions that have been historically speculated as autoimmune due to overlapping symptoms like inflammation, but have been reclassified or excluded based on current research.

Disease  | Reason not believed to be autoimmune  | Cit.

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Agammaglobulinemia  | An immune system disorder but not an autoimmune disease.  |
Amyloidosis | No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.  |
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.  |
Anti-tubular basement membrane nephritis  | No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.  |
Atopic allergy  | A hypersensitivity.  |
Atopic dermatitis | A hypersensitivity.  |
Autism | No consistent evidence of association with maternal autoimmunity.  |
Blau syndrome | Overlaps both sarcoidosis and granuloma annulare. No evidence of association with autoimmunity.  |
Cancer | No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.  |
Castleman's disease  | An immune system disorder but not an autoimmune disease.  |
Chagas disease | No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.  | [123]
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.  | [124][125]
Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis | LPIN2, D18S60. Synonyms: Majeed syndrome.  |
Complement component 2 deficiency  | Possibly symptomatic of autoimmune diseases, but not a disease.  |
Congenital heart block  | May be related to autoimmune activity in the mother.  |
Contact dermatitis  | A hypersensitivity.  |
Cushing's syndrome | No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.  |
Cutaneous leukocytoclastic angiitis  | No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.  |
Dego's disease  | No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.  |
Eosinophilic gastroenteritis | Possibly a hypersensitivity.  |
Eosinophilic pneumonia | A class of diseases, some of which may be autoimmune.  |
Erythroblastosis fetalis  | Mother's immune system attacks fetus. An immune system disorder but not autoimmune.  |
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva | Possibly an immune system disorder but not autoimmune.  |
Gastrointestinal pemphigoid  | No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.  |
Hypogammaglobulinemia  | An immune system disorder but not autoimmune.  |
Idiopathic giant-cell myocarditis | No consistent evidence of autoimmune cause though the disease has been found comorbid with other autoimmune diseases.  | [126]
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis | Autoantibodies: SFTPA1, SFTPA2, TERT, and TERC.  |
IgA nephropathy | An immune system disorder but not an autoimmune disease.  |
IPEX syndrome | A genetic mutation in FOXP3 that leads to autoimmune diseases, but not an autoimmune disorder itself.  |
Ligneous conjunctivitis | No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.  |
Majeed syndrome | No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.  |
Narcolepsy | No evidence of association with autoimmunity. Research not reproducible.[needs update]
Rasmussen's encephalitis | No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.  |
Schizophrenia | No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Serum sickness  | A hypersensitivity.  |
Spondyloarthropathy | No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.  |
Sweet's syndrome  | No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.  |
Takayasu's arteritis | No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.  |
Undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy  |  |

## See also

* Autoimmunity
* Autoantibody

## Notes

1. ↑ For detailed information on Goodpasture syndrome, including its impact on the respiratory system, refer to its entry in the urinary system section.
2. ↑ For detailed information on EGPA, including its impact on the respiratory system, refer to its entry in the vascular system section.
3. ↑ For detailed information on GPA, including its impact on the respiratory system, refer to its entry in the vascular system section.
4. ↑ For detailed information on dermatomyositis, including its impact on the musclar system, refer to its entry in the integumentary system section.

## References

1. ↑ Pratt, C. Herbert; King, Lloyd E.; Messenger, Andrew G.; Christiano, Angela M.; Sundberg, John P. (2017-03-16). "Alopecia areata". Nature Reviews Disease Primers (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 3 (1): 17011. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.11. ISSN 2056-676X. PMID 28300084.
2. ↑ Mirzoyev, Sultan A.; Schrum, Adam G.; Davis, Mark D.P.; Torgerson, Rochelle R. (2014). "Lifetime Incidence Risk of Alopecia Areata Estimated at 2.1% by Rochester Epidemiology Project, 1990–2009". Journal of Investigative Dermatology (Elsevier BV) 134 (4): 1141–1142. doi:10.1038/jid.2013.464. ISSN 0022-202X. PMID 24202232.
3. ↑ "Acquired angioedema - About the Disease". 2021-01-08. https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/8605/acquired-angioedema.
4. ↑ Irshad, Shahmeen; Haider, Muhammad S; Master, Madiha F; Asif, Nasir; Khalil, Ambreen (2021-11-02). "Autoimmune Progesterone Dermatitis". Cureus (Cureus, Inc.) 13 (11). doi:10.7759/cureus.19217. ISSN 2168-8184. PMID 34877200.
5. ↑ Kolkhir, Pavel; Muñoz, Melba; Asero, Riccardo; Ferrer, Marta; Kocatürk, Emek; Metz, Martin; Xiang, Yi-Kui; Maurer, Marcus (2022). "Autoimmune chronic spontaneous urticaria". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (Elsevier BV) 149 (6): 1819–1831. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2022.04.010. ISSN 0091-6749. PMID 35667749.
6. ↑ Wertenteil, Sara; Strunk, Andrew; Garg, Amit (2019). "Prevalence estimates for chronic urticaria in the United States: A sex- and age-adjusted population analysis". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (Elsevier BV) 81 (1): 152–156. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2019.02.064. ISSN 0190-9622. PMID 30872154.
7. ↑ Cole, Connor; Vinay, Keshavamurthy; Borradori, Luca; Amber, Kyle T. (2022-07-07). "Insights Into the Pathogenesis of Bullous Pemphigoid: The Role of Complement-Independent Mechanisms". Frontiers in Immunology (Frontiers Media SA) 13. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.912876. ISSN 1664-3224. PMID 35874745.
8. ↑ Rashid, H.; Lamberts, A.; Borradori, L.; Alberti-Violetti, S.; Barry, R.J.; Caproni, M.; Carey, B.; Carrozzo, M. et al. (2021-07-10). "European guidelines (S3) on diagnosis and management of mucous membrane pemphigoid, initiated by the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology – Part I". Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (Wiley) 35 (9): 1750–1764. doi:10.1111/jdv.17397. ISSN 0926-9959. PMID 34245180.
9. ↑ Reunala, Timo; Hervonen, Kaisa; Salmi, Teea (2021-01-11). "Dermatitis Herpetiformis: An Update on Diagnosis and Management". American Journal of Clinical Dermatology (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 22 (3): 329–338. doi:10.1007/s40257-020-00584-2. ISSN 1175-0561. PMID 33432477.
10. ↑ Nombel, Anaïs; Fabien, Nicole; Coutant, Frédéric (2021-10-20). "Dermatomyositis With Anti-MDA5 Antibodies: Bioclinical Features, Pathogenesis and Emerging Therapies". Frontiers in Immunology (Frontiers Media SA) 12. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.773352. ISSN 1664-3224. PMID 34745149.
11. ↑ Donnelly, AM; Halbert, AR; Rohr, JB (1995). "Discoid lupus erythematosus". Australasian Journal of Dermatology (Wiley) 36 (1): 3–10. doi:10.1111/j.1440-0960.1995.tb00916.x. ISSN 0004-8380. PMID 7763220.
12. ↑ Miyamoto, Denise; Gordilho, Juliana Olivieri; Santi, Claudia Giuli; Porro, Adriana Maria (2022). "Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita". Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia (Elsevier BV) 97 (4): 409–423. doi:10.1016/j.abd.2021.09.010. ISSN 0365-0596. PMID 35701269.
13. ↑ Pérez-Garza, Daniela Michelle; Chavez-Alvarez, Sonia; Ocampo-Candiani, Jorge; Gomez-Flores, Minerva (2021-03-08). "Erythema Nodosum: A Practical Approach and Diagnostic Algorithm". American Journal of Clinical Dermatology (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 22 (3): 367–378. doi:10.1007/s40257-021-00592-w. ISSN 1175-0561. PMID 33683567.
14. ↑ Patel, Payal M.; Jones, Virginia A.; Murray, Taryn N.; Amber, Kyle T. (2020-03-16). "A Review Comparing International Guidelines for the Management of Bullous Pemphigoid, Pemphigoid Gestationis, Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid, and Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita". American Journal of Clinical Dermatology (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 21 (4): 557–565. doi:10.1007/s40257-020-00513-3. ISSN 1175-0561. PMID 32180161.
15. ↑ Goldburg, Samantha R.; Strober, Bruce E.; Payette, Michael J. (2020). "Hidradenitis suppurativa". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (Elsevier BV) 82 (5): 1045–1058. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2019.08.090. ISSN 0190-9622. PMID 31604104.
16. ↑ Tziotzios, Christos; Lee, John Y.W.; Brier, Timothy; Saito, Ryo; Hsu, Chao-Kai; Bhargava, Kapil; Stefanato, Catherine M.; Fenton, David A. et al. (2018). "Lichen planus and lichenoid dermatoses". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (Elsevier BV) 79 (5): 789–804. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2018.02.010. ISSN 0190-9622. PMID 30318136.
17. ↑ Kirtschig, Gudula (2016-05-13). "Lichen Sclerosus—Presentation, Diagnosis and Management". Deutsches Ärzteblatt International (Deutscher Arzte-Verlag GmbH) 113 (19): 337–343. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2016.0337. ISSN 1866-0452. PMID 27232363.
18. ↑ Shin, Leah; Gardner, Jeffrey T.; Dao, Harry (2021-08-12). "Updates in the Diagnosis and Management of Linear IgA Disease: A Systematic Review". Medicina (MDPI AG) 57 (8): 818. doi:10.3390/medicina57080818. ISSN 1648-9144. PMID 34441024.
19. ↑ Florez-Pollack, Stephanie; Kunzler, Elaine; Jacobe, Heidi T. (2018). "Morphea: Current concepts". Clinics in Dermatology (Elsevier BV) 36 (4): 475–486. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2018.04.005. ISSN 0738-081X. PMID 30047431.
20. ↑ Boehncke, Wolf-Henning; Schön, Michael P (2015). "Psoriasis". The Lancet (Elsevier BV) 386 (9997): 983–994. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61909-7. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 26025581.
21. ↑ Melchionda, V.; Harman, K. E. (2019-08-04). "Pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus: an overview of the clinical presentation, investigations and management". Clinical and Experimental Dermatology (Oxford University Press (OUP)) 44 (7): 740–746. doi:10.1111/ced.14041. ISSN 0307-6938. PMID 31378971.
22. ↑ Careta, Mariana Figueiroa; Romiti, Ricardo (2015). "Localized scleroderma: clinical spectrum and therapeutic update". Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia (FapUNIFESP (SciELO)) 90 (1): 62–73. doi:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20152890. ISSN 0365-0596. PMID 25672301.
23. ↑ Brito-Zerón, Pilar; Retamozo, Soledad; Ramos-Casals, Manuel (2023). "Síndrome de Sjögren" (in es). Medicina Clínica (Elsevier BV) 160 (4): 163–171. doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2022.10.007. ISSN 0025-7753. PMID 36528400.
24. ↑ Bergqvist, Christina; Ezzedine, Khaled (2020). "Vitiligo: A Review". Dermatology (S. Karger AG) 236 (6): 571–592. doi:10.1159/000506103. ISSN 1018-8665. PMID 32155629.
25. ↑ Chen, Charles B.; Tahboub, Farah; Plesec, Thomas; Kay, Marsha; Radhakrishnan, Kadakkal (2020-08-24). "A Review of Autoimmune Enteropathy and Its Associated Syndromes". Digestive Diseases and Sciences (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 65 (11): 3079–3090. doi:10.1007/s10620-020-06540-8. ISSN 0163-2116. PMID 32833153.
26. ↑ Sucher, Elisabeth; Sucher, Robert; Gradistanac, Tanja; Brandacher, Gerald; Schneeberger, Stefan; Berg, Thomas (2019-11-25). "Autoimmune Hepatitis—Immunologically Triggered Liver Pathogenesis—Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies". Journal of Immunology Research (Hindawi Limited) 2019: 1–19. doi:10.1155/2019/9437043. ISSN 2314-8861. PMID 31886312.
27. ↑ Catassi, Carlo; Verdu, Elena F; Bai, Julio Cesar; Lionetti, Elena (2022). "Coeliac disease". The Lancet (Elsevier BV) 399 (10344): 2413–2426. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00794-2. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 35691302.
28. ↑ Torres, Joana; Mehandru, Saurabh; Colombel, Jean-Frédéric; Peyrin-Biroulet, Laurent (2017). "Crohn's disease". The Lancet (Elsevier BV) 389 (10080): 1741–1755. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31711-1. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 27914655.
29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 "Pathogenesis of Hypertensive Arterial Necrosis". JAMA 141 (4): 4. September 24, 1949. doi:10.1001/jama.1949.02910040028008.
30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Trumer, Commander (23 May 1963). "More on Necrotizing Arteriolitis". New England Journal of Medicine 268 (21): 1201. doi:10.1056/NEJM196305232682131.
31. ↑ Mohamed, Muhajir; Thio, Joel; Thomas, Remy Susan; Phillips, Jehan (2020-04-24). "Pernicious anaemia". BMJ 369. doi:10.1136/bmj.m1319. ISSN 1756-1833. PMID 32332011.
32. ↑ Ordás, Ingrid; Eckmann, Lars; Talamini, Mark; Baumgart, Daniel C; Sandborn, William J (2012). "Ulcerative colitis". The Lancet (Elsevier BV) 380 (9853): 1606–1619. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60150-0. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 22914296.
33. ↑ Carapetis, Jonathan R.; Beaton, Andrea; Cunningham, Madeleine W.; Guilherme, Luiza; Karthikeyan, Ganesan; Mayosi, Bongani M.; Sable, Craig; Steer, Andrew et al. (2016-01-14). "Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease". Nature Reviews Disease Primers (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 2 (1): 15084. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2015.84. ISSN 2056-676X. PMID 27188830.
34. ↑ Rife, Eileen; Gedalia, Abraham (2020-09-13). "Kawasaki Disease: an Update". Current Rheumatology Reports (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 22 (10): 75. doi:10.1007/s11926-020-00941-4. ISSN 1523-3774. PMID 32924089.
35. ↑ Ciofalo, Andrea; Gulotta, Giampiero; Iannella, Giannicola; Pasquariello, Benedetta; Manno, Alessandra; Angeletti, Diletta; Pace, Annalisa; Greco, Antonio et al. (2019-11-25). "Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA): Pathogenesis, Clinical Aspects and Treatment Approaches". Current Rheumatology Reviews (Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.) 15 (4): 259–268. doi:10.2174/1573397115666190227194014. ISSN 1573-3971. PMID 30827250.
36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Watanabe, Ryu; Berry, Gerald J.; Liang, David H.; Goronzy, Jörg J.; Weyand, Cornelia M. (2020-08-26). "Pathogenesis of Giant Cell Arteritis and Takayasu Arteritis—Similarities and Differences". Current Rheumatology Reports (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 22 (10): 68. doi:10.1007/s11926-020-00948-x. ISSN 1523-3774. PMID 32845392.
37. ↑ Galarza, Claudio; Valencia, Diana; Tobón, Gabriel J.; Zurita, Luis; Mantilla, Rubén D.; Pineda-Tamayo, Ricardo; Rojas-Villarraga, Adriana; Rueda, Juan C. et al. (2007-09-22). "Should Rituximab be Considered as the First-Choice Treatment for Severe Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases?". Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 34 (1): 124–128. doi:10.1007/s12016-007-8028-z. ISSN 1080-0549. PMID 18270866.
38. ↑ Tong, Bainan; Liu, Xiaoli; Xiao, Jun; Su, Guanfang (2019-03-29). "Immunopathogenesis of Behcet's Disease". Frontiers in Immunology (Frontiers Media SA) 10: 665. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00665. ISSN 1664-3224. PMID 30984205.
39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 White, JPE; Dubey, S. (2023). "Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis: A review". Autoimmunity Reviews (Elsevier BV) 22 (1). doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103219. ISSN 1568-9972. PMID 36283646.
40. ↑ Pillebout, Evangéline; Sunderkötter, Cord (2021-06-25). "IgA vasculitis". Seminars in Immunopathology (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 43 (5): 729–738. doi:10.1007/s00281-021-00874-9. ISSN 1863-2297. PMID 34170395.
41. ↑ Fraticelli, Paolo; Benfaremo, Devis; Gabrielli, Armando (2021-03-13). "Diagnosis and management of leukocytoclastic vasculitis". Internal and Emergency Medicine (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 16 (4): 831–841. doi:10.1007/s11739-021-02688-x. ISSN 1828-0447. PMID 33713282.
42. ↑ Calle-Botero, Estefania; Abril, Andy (2020-08-26). "Lupus Vasculitis". Current Rheumatology Reports (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 22 (10): 71. doi:10.1007/s11926-020-00937-0. ISSN 1523-3774. PMID 32845454.
43. ↑ Mertz, Philippe; Wollenschlaeger, Clara; Chasset, François; Dima, Alina; Arnaud, Laurent (2023). "Rheumatoid vasculitis in 2023: Changes and challenges since the biologics era". Autoimmunity Reviews (Elsevier BV) 22 (9). doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2023.103391. ISSN 1568-9972. PMID 37468085.
44. ↑ Greco, Antonio; De Virgilio, Armando; Rizzo, Maria Ida; Gallo, Andrea; Magliulo, Giuseppe; Fusconi, Massimo; Ruoppolo, Giovanni; Tombolini, Mario et al. (2015). "Microscopic polyangiitis: Advances in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches". Autoimmunity Reviews (Elsevier BV) 14 (9): 837–844. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2015.05.005. ISSN 1568-9972. PMID 25992801.
45. ↑ Bilginer, Yelda; Ozen, Seza (2022-01-25). "Polyarteritis nodosa". Current Opinion in Pediatrics (Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)) 34 (2): 229–233. doi:10.1097/mop.0000000000001106. ISSN 1040-8703. PMID 35081554.
46. ↑ Lundberg, Ingrid E.; Sharma, Ankita; Turesson, Carl; Mohammad, Aladdin J. (2022-06-11). "An update on polymyalgia rheumatica". Journal of Internal Medicine (Wiley) 292 (5): 717–732. doi:10.1111/joim.13525. ISSN 0954-6820. PMID 35612524.
47. ↑ Gu, Stephanie L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2021). "Urticarial vasculitis". International Journal of Women's Dermatology (Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)) 7 (3): 290–297. doi:10.1016/j.ijwd.2021.01.021. ISSN 2352-6475. PMID 34222586.
48. ↑ Kermani, Tanaz A.; Warrington, Kenneth J.; Dua, Anisha B. (2022). "Treatment Guidelines in Vasculitis". Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America (Elsevier BV) 48 (3): 705–724. doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2022.03.006. ISSN 0889-857X. PMID 35953232.
49. ↑ Reggiani, Francesco; L'Imperio, Vincenzo; Calatroni, Marta; Pagni, Fabio; Sinico, Renato Alberto (2023-03-15). "Goodpasture syndrome and anti-glomerular basement membrane disease". Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 41 (4): 964–974. doi:10.55563/clinexprheumatol/tep3k5. ISSN 1593-098X. PMID 36995324.
50. ↑ Gesualdo, Loreto; Di Leo, Vincenzo; Coppo, Rosanna (2021). "The mucosal immune system and IgA nephropathy". Seminars in Immunopathology (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 43 (5): 657–668. doi:10.1007/s00281-021-00871-y. ISSN 1863-2297. PMID 34642783.
51. ↑ Keri, Krishna C; Blumenthal, Samuel; Kulkarni, Varsha; Beck, Laurence; Chongkrairatanakul, Tepsiri (2019-01-01). "Primary membranous nephropathy: comprehensive review and historical perspective". Postgraduate Medical Journal (Oxford University Press (OUP)) 95 (1119): 23–31. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2018-135729. ISSN 0032-5473. PMID 30683678.
52. ↑ Almaani, Salem; Meara, Alexa; Rovin, Brad H. (May 2017). "Update on Lupus Nephritis" (in en). Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 12 (5): 825–835. doi:10.2215/CJN.05780616. ISSN 1555-9041. PMID 27821390.
53. ↑ Dhillon, S; Higgins, R M (1997-03-01). "Interstitial nephritis" (in en). Postgraduate Medical Journal 73 (857): 151–155. doi:10.1136/pgmj.73.857.151. ISSN 0032-5473. PMID 9135830.
54. ↑ Marcu, Ioana; Campian, E.; Tu, Frank (March 2018). "Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome" (in en). Seminars in Reproductive Medicine 36 (2): 123–135. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1676089. ISSN 1526-8004. PMID 30566978. http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-0038-1676089.
55. ↑ Karlsen, Tom H.; Folseraas, Trine; Thorburn, Douglas; Vesterhus, Mette (December 2017). "Primary sclerosing cholangitis – a comprehensive review" (in en). Journal of Hepatology 67 (6): 1298–1323. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2017.07.022. PMID 28802875.
56. ↑ Paolilo, Renata Barbosa; Deiva, Kumaran; Neuteboom, Rinze; Rostásy, Kevin; Lim, Ming (2020-11-03). "Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis: Current Perspectives" (in en). Children 7 (11): 210. doi:10.3390/children7110210. ISSN 2227-9067. PMID 33153097.
57. ↑ Dalmau, Josep; Armangué, Thais; Planagumà, Jesús; Radosevic, Marija; Mannara, Francesco; Leypoldt, Frank; Geis, Christian; Lancaster, Eric et al. (November 2019). "An update on anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis for neurologists and psychiatrists: mechanisms and models" (in en). The Lancet Neurology 18 (11): 1045–1057. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30244-3. PMID 31326280. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1474442219302443.
58. ↑ Nissen, Mette Scheller; Ryding, Matias; Meyer, Morten; Blaabjerg, Morten (2020-12-24). "Autoimmune Encephalitis: Current Knowledge on Subtypes, Disease Mechanisms and Treatment" (in en). CNS & Neurological Disorders Drug Targets 19 (8): 584–598. doi:10.2174/1871527319666200708133103. PMID 32640967. https://www.eurekaselect.com/183562/article.
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90. ↑ Brito-Zerón, Pilar; Pérez-Álvarez, Roberto; Ramos-Casals, Manuel (2022). "Sarcoidosis" (in es). Medicina Clínica (Elsevier BV) 159 (4): 195–204. doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2022.03.009. ISSN 0025-7753. PMID 35680449.
91. ↑ Scheckel, Caleb J.; Go, Ronald S. (2022). "Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia: Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis". Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America (Elsevier BV) 36 (2): 315–324. doi:10.1016/j.hoc.2021.12.001. ISSN 0889-8588. PMID 35282951.
92. ↑ Audia, Sylvain; Mahévas, Matthieu; Samson, Maxime; Godeau, Bertrand; Bonnotte, Bernard (2017). "Pathogenesis of immune thrombocytopenia". Autoimmunity Reviews (Elsevier BV) 16 (6): 620–632. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2017.04.012. ISSN 1568-9972. PMID 28428120. https://hal.science/hal-04242234.
93. ↑ Sadler, J. Evan (2017-09-07). "Pathophysiology of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura". Blood (American Society of Hematology) 130 (10): 1181–1188. doi:10.1182/blood-2017-04-636431. ISSN 0006-4971. PMID 28768626.
94. ↑ Sammaritano, Lisa R. (2020). "Antiphospholipid syndrome". Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology (Elsevier BV) 34 (1). doi:10.1016/j.berh.2019.101463. ISSN 1521-6942. PMID 31866276.
95. ↑ Brodsky, Robert A. (2021-03-11). "How I treat paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria". Blood (American Society of Hematology) 137 (10): 1304–1309. doi:10.1182/blood.2019003812. ISSN 0006-4971. PMID 33512400.
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98. ↑ Nelson, Lawrence M. (2009-02-05). "Primary Ovarian Insufficiency". New England Journal of Medicine (Massachusetts Medical Society) 360 (6): 606–614. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp0808697. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 19196677.
99. ↑ Dutta Majumder, Parthopratim; Marchese, Alessandro; Pichi, Francesco; Garg, Itika; Agarwal, Aniruddha (2020). "An update on autoimmune retinopathy". Indian Journal of Ophthalmology (Medknow) 68 (9): 1829–1837. doi:10.4103/ijo.ijo_786_20. ISSN 0301-4738. PMID 32823399.
100. ↑ Horai, Reiko; Caspi, Rachel R. (2019-02-19). "Microbiome and Autoimmune Uveitis". Frontiers in Immunology (Frontiers Media SA) 10: 232. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00232. ISSN 1664-3224. PMID 30837991.
101. ↑ Espinoza, Gabriela Mabel; Wheeler, Joseph; Temprano, Katherine K.; Keller, Angela Prost (2020-06-16). "Cogan's Syndrome: Clinical Presentations and Update on Treatment". Current Allergy and Asthma Reports (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 20 (9): 46. doi:10.1007/s11882-020-00945-1. ISSN 1529-7322. PMID 32548646.
102. ↑ González-García, Andrés; Sales-Sanz, Marco (2021). "Tratamiento de la oftalmopatía de Graves" (in es). Medicina Clínica (Elsevier BV) 156 (4): 180–186. doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2020.07.031. ISSN 0025-7753. PMID 33069387.
103. ↑ Teo, Andrea York Tiang; Betzler, Bjorn Kaijun; Hua, Keith Low Qie; Chen, Elizabeth Jiahui; Gupta, Vishali; Agrawal, Rupesh (2022-06-27). "Intermediate Uveitis: A Review". Ocular Immunology and Inflammation (Informa UK Limited) 31 (5): 1041–1060. doi:10.1080/09273948.2022.2070503. ISSN 0927-3948. PMID 35759636.
104. ↑ Tu, Yufei; Gonzalez-Gronow, Mario; Kolomeyer, Anton M.; Cohen, Alice; Pruzon, Joanna; Milman, Tatyana; Chu, David S. (2015-02-12). "Adult-Onset Ligneous Conjunctivitis with Detection of a Novel Plasminogen Gene Mutation and Anti-Plasminogen IgA Antibody: A Clinicopathologic Study and Review of Literature". Seminars in Ophthalmology (Informa UK Limited) 31 (6): 526–531. doi:10.3109/08820538.2015.1005319. ISSN 0882-0538. PMID 25674820.
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108. ↑ Petzold, Axel et al. (2022). "Diagnosis and classification of optic neuritis". The Lancet Neurology (Elsevier BV) 21 (12): 1120–1134. doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(22)00200-9. ISSN 1474-4422. PMID 36179757. https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10156457/.
109. ↑ Promelle, Veronique; Goeb, Vincent; Gueudry, Julie (2021-05-14). "Rheumatoid Arthritis Associated Episcleritis and Scleritis: An Update on Treatment Perspectives". Journal of Clinical Medicine (MDPI AG) 10 (10): 2118. doi:10.3390/jcm10102118. ISSN 2077-0383. PMID 34068884.
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112. ↑ Badakere, Akshay; Patil- Chhablani, Preeti (2019). "<p>Orbital Apex Syndrome: A Review</p>". Eye and Brain (Informa UK Limited) 11: 63–72. doi:10.2147/eb.s180190. ISSN 1179-2744. PMID 31849556.
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114. ↑ Greenberg, Steven A. (2019-03-05). "Inclusion body myositis: clinical features and pathogenesis". Nature Reviews Rheumatology (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 15 (5): 257–272. doi:10.1038/s41584-019-0186-x. ISSN 1759-4790. PMID 30837708.
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