List of cancer clusters

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This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

This is a list of cancer clusters. A cancer cluster is a statistical event, which may or may not have a cause other than chance. There are other cancer clusters that occur without any obvious source of carcinogens.

North America

Date  | Disease  | Location  | Number of cases  | Cause  | References
1917–1927  | Osteosarcoma | New Jersey, Connecticut, Illinois  | 86  | Radium | [1][2]
1938–1971  | Adenocarcinoma  | U.S.  | 750  | Diethylstilbestrol | [3][4]
?–2018  | Various cancers | St. Louis, Missouri  | 56  | Uranium | [5]
1967–1973  | Liver angiosarcoma (Hemangiosarcoma)  | Louisville, Kentucky  | 4  | Vinyl chloride monomer | [6]
1968–1995  | Leukemia, Lymphoma | Camp Lejeune, North Carolina  | 13[note 1] | Trichloroethylene
1,2-Dichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Methylene chloride
Vinyl chloride | [8][7]
1979–1996  | Brain, CNS cancer | Toms River, New Jersey  | 90+  | SAN trimer
Styrene
Acrylonitrile | [9][10][11]
1973–1986  | Leukemia | Woburn, Massachusetts  | 21  | Chloroform
Tetrachloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
1,2-Dichloroethene
Arsenic | [12][13]
1982–1984  | Testicular cancer | Fulton County, New York  | 3  | Dimethylformamide (DMF)
2-Ethoxyethanol
2-Ethoxyethyl acetate
2-Butoxyethanol
| [14]
1987–1999  | Brain cancer, Leukemia, Lymphoma | Wilmington, Massachusetts  | 20  | Unknown
N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)  | [15][16][17]
1993–2008  | Childhood brain cancer, brain tumors, colon cancer, anal cancer, rectal cancer, breast cancer. Also nervous system damaged.  | The Acreage, Florida  | Unknown  | Unknown
Some have linked it to a nearby Pratt and Whitney, Beach Aggregates, and the Florida crystals.  | [18]
1997–2002  | Leukemia, rhabdomyosarcoma | Fallon, Nevada  | 17  | Unknown
Tungsten
Arsenic
Chlorpyrifos
Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE)
Benzene in jet fuel | [19][20][21][22]
1996–2013  | Leukemia, brain tumors, lymphoma, other forms  | Clyde, Ohio  | 36, mostly children  | Unknown | [23]
1953–2010  | Wide range of cancers  | Shannon, Quebec  | 400  | Trichloroethylene | [24][25]
2009-2024  | Wide range of cancers, predominantly breast cancer  | Raleigh, NC  | 99  | Aroclor 1262, a commercial mixture of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) compounds  | 37
Europe
Date  | Disease  | Location  | Number of cases  | Cause  | References
1968–1995  | Leukemia | Seascale, Sellafield, England  | 9  | Unsure
Studies indicate a correlation with paternal preconceptional irradiation (PPI)  | [26][27]
1978–1993  | Leukemia | La Hague, Normandy, France  | 27  | Unknown
Speculated to be tritium | [28][29]
1980s  | Leukemia, brain tumors | East Yorkshire, England  | 13  | Polonium-210, lead, arsenic and other metal emitter; unproven link to Capper Pass tin smelter in Melton  | [30][31][32][33]
1990–2005  | Leukemia | Elbmarsch, Lower Saxony and Krümmel (Kruemmel), Geesthacht, Schleswig-Holstein in Germany  | 16  | Unknown
Speculated to be actinide, especially plutonium-241 of unknown origin that was found in the area or tritium from a nearby nuclear power plant  | [34][35]
India
Date  | Disease  | Location  | Number of cases  | Cause  | References
mid 1980s  | Skin lesions, arsenicosis  | West Bengal, India | Unknown  | Arsenic | [36]

## Notes

1. ↑ Out of 106 suspected health problems, 52 were confirmed, including 13 hematopoietic cancers and 39 birth defects.[7]

## References

1. ↑ Grady, Denise (October 8, 1998). "A Glow in the Dark, and a Lesson in Scientific Peril". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/library/national/science/100698sci-radium.html.
2. ↑ Thun, M. J.; Sinks, T. (2004). "Understanding Cancer Clusters". CA 54 (5): 273–80. doi:10.3322/canjclin.54.5.273. PMID 15371285.
3. ↑ Jones, LA; Hajek, RA (1995). "Effects of estrogenic chemicals on development". Environmental Health Perspectives 103 (Suppl 7): 63–7. doi:10.2307/3432510. PMID 8593877.
4. ↑ "Role of DES Cohort Studies". US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2005. https://www.cdc.gov/DES/consumers/research/understanding_cohort.html.
5. ↑ McDonald, J C; Harris, J; Armstrong, B (2004). "Mortality in a cohort of vermiculite miners exposed to fibrous amphibole in Libby, Montana". Occupational and Environmental Medicine 61 (4): 363–6. doi:10.1136/oem.2003.008649. PMID 15031396.
6. ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1997). "Epidemiologic notes and reports. Angiosarcoma of the liver among polyvinyl chloride workers--Kentucky. 1974". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 46 (5): 97–101. PMID 9045039. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00046136.htm.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Camp Lejeune, North Carolina: Health Study Activities Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)". US Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). September 16, 2010. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/sites/lejeune/qa_healthstudyactivities.html.
8. ↑ "Survey of Childhood Cancers and Birth Defects at USMC Camp Lejeune". US Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). July 2003. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/sites/lejeune/survey_full.html.
9. ↑ "CIBA-GEIGY CORP". US Environmental Protection Agency. December 14, 2004. http://www.epa.gov/region02/superfund/npl/ciba/.
10. ↑ "Childhood Cancer Incidence Health Consultation: A Review and Analysis of Cancer Registry Data, 1979-1995 for Dover Township (Ocean County), New Jersey". New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Hazardous Site Health Evaluation Program, Division of Epidemiology, Environmental and Occupational Health, & US Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). September 1997. http://www.state.nj.us/health/eoh/hhazweb/cansumm.pdf.
11. ↑ "Volume 1: Summary of the Final Technical Report". Case-control Study of Childhood Cancers in Dover Township (Ocean County), New Jersey. NJDHSS, ATSDR. December 2001. http://www.state.nj.us/health/eoh/hhazweb/case-control_pdf/Volume_I/Voli.pdf. See also: "Dover Township Childhood Cancer Investigation". http://www.state.nj.us/health/eoh/hhazweb/dovertwp.htm.
12. ↑ "BEHA Reports - Woburn, Massachusetts". Massachusetts Department of Public Health and Bureau of Environmental Health Assessment. 1997. http://www.mass.gov/dph/beha/cau/reports/woburn/woburn.htm.
13. ↑ Costas, Kevin; Knorr, Robert S; Condon, Suzanne K (2002). "A case–control study of childhood leukemia in Woburn, Massachusetts: The relationship between leukemia incidence and exposure to public drinking water". Science of the Total Environment 300 (1–3): 23–35. doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00169-9. PMID 12685468. Bibcode: 2002ScTEn.300...23C.
14. ↑ Centers for Disease Control (1989). "Testicular cancer in leather workers--Fulton County, New York". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 38 (7): 105–6, 111–4. PMID 2536886. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001352.htm.
15. ↑ "Bureau of Environmental Health Assessment". Wilmington Childhood Cancer Study. Massachusetts Department of Public Health. 2002. http://www.mass.gov/dph/beha/cau/reports/wilmington/wilmington.htm.
16. ↑ "Evaluation of Cancer Incidence data for the Town of Wilmington, Massachusetts 1987-1995". Letter to the Wilmington Board of Health. Massachusetts Department of Public Health. August 2000. http://www.mass.gov/dph/beha/cau/reports/wilmington/evaluation87to95.pdf.
17. ↑ "Toxic chemicals and childhood cancer: A review of the evidence". Lowell Center for Sustainable Production, University of Massachusetts Lowell. 2003. http://www.uml.edu/umlmainpage/umlnews/pdf/ChildhoodCancerinMassachusettsv135.7.03.pdf.
18. ↑ Malek, Mitra (September 13, 2010). "New data confirms Acreage cancer cluster; health officials puzzled on cause of children's ailments". The Palm Beach Post. http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/news/new-data-confirms-acreage-cancer-cluster-health-of/nL2qG/.
19. ↑ "Cancer Clusters - Churchill County (Fallon), Nevada Exposure Assessment". National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2004. https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/clusters/Fallon/default.htm.
20. ↑ Steinmaus, Craig; Lu, Meng; Todd, Randall L; Smith, Allan H (2004). "Probability estimates for the unique childhood leukemia cluster in Fallon, Nevada, and risks near other U.S. Military aviation facilities". Environmental Health Perspectives 112 (6): 766–71. doi:10.1289/ehp.6592. PMID 15121523.
21. ↑ "Nevada". U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HAC/PHA/region_9.html#nevada.
22. ↑ Mullen, Frank (February 27, 2005). "Scientists zero in on tungsten as Fallon cancer cause". Reno Gazette-Journal. http://www.rgj.com/news/stories/html/2005/02/27/93272.php.
23. ↑ Seewer, John (December 30, 2010). "Ohio child cancers confound parents, investigators". Associated Press. https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-ohio-child-cancers-confound-parents-investigators-2010dec30-story.html.
24. ↑ "Quebec town demands compensation for tainted water". CBC News. June 10, 2009. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-town-demands-compensation-for-tainted-water-1.789802.
25. ↑ Asselin, Pierre (January 4, 2010). "Eau contaminée de Shannon: le nombre de maladies répertoriées augmente" (in fr). Le Soleil. http://www.cyberpresse.ca/le-soleil/actualites/sante/201001/03/01-935834-eau-contaminee-de-shannon-le-nombre-de-maladies-repertoriees-augmente.php.
26. ↑ Gardner, Martin J. (1991). "Father's occupational exposure to radiation and the raised level of childhood leukemia near the Sellafield nuclear plant". Environmental Health Perspectives 94: 5–7. doi:10.2307/3431285. PMID 1954939.
27. ↑ Dickinson, Heather O.; Parker, Louise (2002). "Leukaemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in children of male Sellafield radiation workers". International Journal of Cancer 99 (3): 437–44. doi:10.1002/ijc.10385. PMID 11992415.
28. ↑ Pobel, D.; Viel, J.-F. (1997). "Case-control study of leukaemia among young people near La Hague nuclear reprocessing plant: The environmental hypothesis revisited". BMJ 314 (7074): 101–6. doi:10.1136/bmj.314.7074.101. PMID 9006467.
29. ↑ Seth, Anita (1997). "Leukemia Clusters Near La Hague and Sellafield". Energy & Security (Institute for Energy and Environmental Research) (4): 14. http://ieer.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/1997/10/E&S4English.pdf.
30. ↑ M S Baxter; B W East; A B MacKenzie; E M Scott (1990). A Review of radioactivity in and around the Capper Pass smelter, Melton Works, North Humberside, a report prepared for the East Yorkshire Health Authority, February 1990. Scottish Universities Research and Reactor Centre. https://books.google.com/books?id=4wPKYgEACAAJ.
31. ↑ "Radioactivity". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 176. House of Commons. 19 July 1990. col. 1278–1284. https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1990/jul/19/radioactivity. "We cannot, in any way, attribute excess cancers to the practices at, or discharges from, the plant. All we can say in summary is that there is far too little information on which to form a sound judgment"
32. ↑ Sources:
* "Capper Pass: RTZ "inferno" closes down". Nuclear Monitor (351). 26 April 1991. https://wiseinternational.org/nuclear-monitor/351/capper-pass-rtz-inferno-closes-down.
* "Childhood memories of Capper Pass tinged with sadness as toll spirals on". The Yorkshire Post. 6 June 2001. http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/main-topics/local-stories/childhood-memories-of-capper-pass-tinged-with-sadness-as-toll-spirals-on-1-2416796.
33. ↑ Arthur, Keely (2024-02-09). "Cancer cluster". in Arthur. WRAL confirms 99 cancer cases. WRAL News. https://www.wral.com/story/56-cancer-cases-no-health-investigation-a-closer-look-at-ncsu-poe-hall/21274512/.
34. ↑ Hoffmann, Wolfgang; Dieckmann, Helga; Dieckmann, Hayo; Schmitz-Feuerhake, Inge (1997). "A Cluster of Childhood Leukemia near a Nuclear Reactor in Northern Germany". Archives of Environmental Health 52 (4): 275–80. doi:10.1080/00039899709602198. PMID 9210727.
35. ↑ Brüske-Hohlfeld, I; Scherb, H; Bauchinger, M; Schmid, E; Fender, H; Wolf, G; Obe, G; Schmitz-Feuerhake, I et al. (2001). "A cluster of childhood leukaemias near two neighbouring nuclear installations in Northern Germany: Prevalence of chromosomal aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes". International Journal of Radiation Biology 77 (1): 111–6. doi:10.1080/095530001453177. PMID 11213343.
36. ↑ Métral, Jerome; Charlet, Laurent; ((Bureau)), Sara; Mallik, Sukumar; Chakraborty, Sudipta; Ahmed, Kazi M; Rahman, MW; Cheng, Zhongqi et al. (2008). "Comparison of dissolved and particulate arsenic distributions in shallow aquifers of Chakdaha, India, and Araihazar, Bangladesh". Geochemical Transactions 9 (1): 1. doi:10.1186/1467-4866-9-1. PMID 18190703. Bibcode: 2008GeoTr...9....1M.

## External links

* List of known cancer clusters in the U.S.A.

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