List of epidemics

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List of epidemics

Plague panel with the triumph of death. 1607–35, Deutsches Historisches Museum Berlin

Duration| Human history

This article is a list of epidemics of infectious disease. Widespread and chronic complaints such as heart disease and allergy are not included if they are not thought to be infectious.

## Contents

* 1 Pre-1500
* 2 1500–1699
* 3 18th century
* 4 19th century
* 5 20th century
* 6 21st century
* 7 References
* 8 Further reading

## Pre-1500

Death toll (estimate)  | Location  | Date  | Article  | Disease  | Ref.

|
|
|
|
|

Greece  | Plague of Athens | unknown, possibly typhus | [1]
Europe, Western Asia, Northern Africa  | Antonine Plague  | unknown, symptoms similar to smallpox | [2]
| Europe | Plague of Cyprian  | unknown, possibly smallpox | [3]
Europe, Egypt, West Asia  | Plague of Justinian  | plague | [4]
| Rome | Roman Plague of 590 | plague | [5] |
Ctesiphon, Persia |  | plague | [6]
| British Isles | Plague of 664  | plague | [7][page needed]
| British Isles |  | plague | [7][page needed]
| Japan |  | Smallpox | [8][9]
| Byzantine Empire, West Asia, Africa  |  | plague | [10]
Europe, Asia and North Africa  | 1331–1353  | Black Death  | plagueYersinia pestis | [11]

## 1500–1699

Death toll (estimate)  | Location  | Date  | Article  | Disease  | Ref.

|
|
|
|
|

Mexico  | 1545–1548  | Cocoliztli Epidemic of 1545–1548  | Possibly Salmonella enterica | [12][13][14][15]
Mexico  | 1576  | Cocoliztli epidemic of 1576  | Possibly Salmonella enterica | [12][13][14][15]
| Seneca nation  | 1592–1596  |  | measles | [16]
| Spain | 1596–1602  |  | plague | [17]
| South America | 1600–1650  |  | malaria |
| England | 1603  | London | plague |
| Egypt | 1609  |  | plague |
30–90% of population  | Southern New England, especially the Wampanoag people  | 1616–1619  |  | Unknown cause. Latest research suggests epidemic(s) of leptospirosis with Weil syndrome. Classic explanations include yellow fever, bubonic plague, influenza, smallpox, chickenpox, typhus, and syndemic infection of hepatitis B and hepatitis D.  | [18][19]
Italy  | 1629–1631  | Italian plague of 1629–1631  | plague | [20]
| Wyandot people  | 1630  | in Ontario  | smallpox |
| Thirteen Colonies  | 1633  | Plymouth Colony  | smallpox |
| Thirteen Colonies  | 1634  | Connecticut River area  | smallpox |
| England | 1636  | Newcastle  | plague |
| China | 1641–1644  | helped end the Ming Dynasty  | plague | [21]
| Spain | 1647–1652  | Great Plague of Seville  | plague |
| South America | 1648  |  | yellow fever |
| Italy  | 1656  | Naples  | plague |
| Thirteen Colonies  | 1657  | Boston, Massachusetts  | measles |
24,148[22] | Netherlands  | 1663–1664  | Amsterdam | plague |
Template:Sortkey[23] | England | 1665–1666  | Great Plague of London  | plague | [24]
40,000  | France | 1668  |  | plague |
| Spain | 1676–1685  |  | plague |
76,000  | Austria  | 1679  | Great Plague of Vienna  | plague |
| Thirteen Colonies  | 1687  | Boston, Massachusetts  | measles |
| Thirteen Colonies  | 1690  | New York City | yellow fever |

## 18th century

Death toll (estimate)  | Location  | Date  | Article  | Disease  | Ref.

|
|
|
|
|

| Canada , New France  | 1702–1703  |  | smallpox | [25]
| Sweden  | 1710–1712  | Great Northern War plague outbreak  | plague |
| Thirteen Colonies  | 1713  | Boston, Massachusetts  | measles |
| Thirteen Colonies  | 1713–1715  | New England and the Great Lakes  | measles |
| Canada , New France  | 1714–1715  |  | measles | [26]
| France | 1720–1722  | Great Plague of Marseille  | plague | [27]
| Thirteen Colonies  | 1721–1722  | Boston, Massachusetts  | smallpox | [28]
| Thirteen Colonies  | 1729  | Boston, Massachusetts  | measles |
| Spain | 1730  | Cadiz  | yellow fever |
| Thirteen Colonies  | 1732–1733  |  | influenza | [29]
| Canada , New France  | 1733  |  | smallpox | [30]
> 50,000  | Balkans | 1738  | Great Plague of 1738  | plague |
| Thirteen Colonies  | 1738  | South Carolina  | smallpox |
| Thirteen Colonies  | 1739–1740  | Boston, Massachusetts  | measles |
| Italy  | 1743  | Messina  | plague |
| Thirteen Colonies  | 1747  | CT, NY, PA, SC  | measles |
| North America | 1755–1756  |  | smallpox |
| North America | 1759  |  | measles |
| North America, West Indies | 1761  |  | influenza |
| North America, present-day Pittsburgh area.  | 1763  | Native American victims of biological warfare during the Siege of Fort Pitt, part of the French and Indian War.  | Smallpox |
> 50,000  | Russia | 1770–1772  | Russian plague of 1770–1772  | plague |
| Pacific Northwest natives  | 1770s  |  | smallpox | [31]
| North America | 1772  |  | measles |
Persia |  | plague | [6]
| North America | 1775  | particularly in the Northeast  | unknown cause  |
| England | 1775–1776  |  | influenza | [32]
| Spain | 1778  | Cadiz  | dengue fever |
| Plains Indians  | 1780–1782  | North American smallpox epidemic  | smallpox | [33]
| Pueblo Indians  | 1788  |  | smallpox |
| United States | 1788  | Philadelphia and New York City | measles |
| New South Wales, Australia  | 1789–1790  | amongst the Aborigines  | smallpox | [34]
| United States | 1793  | Vermont  | influenza and epidemic typhus |
| United States | 1793  | Virginia  | influenza |
| United States | 1793–1798  | Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793, resurgences  | yellow fever | [35]

## 19th century

Death toll (estimate)  | Location  | Date  | Article  | Disease  | Ref.

|
|
|
|
|

| Spain | 1800–1803  |  | yellow fever | [36]
| Ottoman Empire, Egypt | 1801  |  | bubonic plague | [37]
| United States | 1803  | New York  | yellow fever |
| Egypt | 1812  |  | plague |
| Ottoman Empire | 1812  | Istanbul  | plague |
| Malta  | 1813  |  | plague |
| Romania  | 1813  | Bucharest | plague |
| Ireland  | 1816–1819  |  | typhus |
> 100,000  | Asia, Europe | 1816–1826  | first cholera pandemic  | cholera | [38]
| United States | 1820–1823  | arising near Schuylkill River  | fever[ambiguous] |
| Spain | 1821  | Barcelona | yellow fever | Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; refs with no name must have content
| New South Wales, Australia  | 1828  | amongst the Aborigines  | smallpox | [39]
| Netherlands  | 1829  | Groningen epidemic  | malaria |
| South Australia  | 1829  |  | smallpox | [40]
| Iran | 1829–1835  |  | bubonic plague | [41]
> 100,000  | Asia, Europe, North America | 1829–1851  | second cholera pandemic  | cholera | [38]
| Egypt | 1831  |  | cholera | [42][43]
| Plains Indians  | 1831–1834  |  | smallpox |
| England , France | 1832  | London, Paris | cholera |
| North America | 1832  | New York City , Montreal other cities  | cholera |
| United States | 1833  | Columbus, Ohio  | cholera |
| United States | 1834  | New York City | cholera |
| Egypt | 1834–1836  |  | bubonic plague | [42][43]
| United States | 1837  | Philadelphia  | typhus |
| Great Plains  | 1837–1838  | 1837–38 smallpox epidemic  | smallpox | [44]
| Dalmatia  | 1840  |  | plague |
| South Africa | 1840  | Cape Town | smallpox |
| United States | 1841  | especially severe in the South  | yellow fever |
> 20,000  | Canada | 1847–1848  | Typhus epidemic of 1847  | epidemic typhus | [45]
| United States | 1847  | New Orleans  | yellow fever |
| worldwide  | 1847–1848  |  | influenza | [46]
| Egypt | 1848  |  | cholera | [42][43]
| North America | 1848–1849  |  | cholera |
| United States | 1850  |  | yellow fever |
| North America | 1850–1851  |  | influenza |
| United States | 1851  | Illinois, the Great Plains, and Missouri  | cholera |
| United States | 1852  | New Orleans  | yellow fever |
1,000,000  | Russia | 1852–1860  | third cholera pandemic  | cholera | [38]
| Ottoman Empire | 1853  | what is now Yemen  | plague | [47]
4,737  | Copenhagen, Denmark | 1853  | Cholera epidemic of Copenhagen 1853  | cholera | [48]
616  | England | 1854  | Broad Street cholera outbreak  | cholera | [49]
| United States | 1855  |  | yellow fever |
| worldwide  | 1855–1960  | Third plague pandemic  | bubonic plague | [50]
| Portugal  | 1857  | Lisbon | yellow fever |
| Victoria, Australia  | 1857  |  | smallpox | [51]
| Europe, North America, South America | 1857–1859  |  | influenza | [52]
| Middle East | 1863–1879  | fourth cholera pandemic  | cholera | [38]
| Egypt | 1865  |  | cholera | [42][43]
| Russia , Germany | 1866–1867  |  | cholera |
| Australia | 1867  | Sydney | measles |
| Iraq  | 1867  |  | plague | [53]
| Argentina | 1852–1871  | Buenos Aires | yellow fever  | [54]
| Germany | 1870–1871  |  | smallpox |
40,000  | Fiji  | 1875  | Fiji  | measles | [55]
| Russian Empire | 1877  | Baku, now part of Azerbaijan | plague | [56]
| Egypt | 1881  |  | cholera | [42][43]
> 9,000  | India , Germany | 1881–1896  | fifth cholera pandemic  | cholera | [38]
3,164  | Montreal | 1885  |  | smallpox | timeline
1,000,000  | worldwide  | 1889–1890  | 1889–1890 flu pandemic  | influenza | [57]

## 20th century

Death toll (estimate)  | Location  | Date  | Article  | Disease  | Ref.

|
|
|
|
|

| Congo Basin | 1896–1906  |  | trypanosomiasis | [58]
> 800,000  | Europe, Asia, Africa | 1899–1923  | sixth cholera pandemic  | cholera | [38]
113  | San Francisco  | 1900–1904  | Third plague pandemic  | bubonic plague | [59]
| West Africa | 1900  |  | yellow fever |
| Uganda  | 1900–1920  |  | trypanosomiasis | [60]
| Egypt | 1902  |  | cholera | [42][43]
| India | 1903  |  | plague | [61]
4  | Fremantle  | 1903  |  | bubonic plague | [62]
40,000  | China | 1910–1912  | Harbin, Shenyang  | bubonic plague | [63]
75,000,000  | worldwide  | 1918–1920  | Spanish flu  | influenzaSpanish Flu Virus | [64]
| Russia | 1918–1922  |  | typhus |
| Egypt | 1942–1944  |  | malaria | [42][43]
| China | 1946  | Harbin  | bubonic plague |
| Egypt | 1946  |  | relapsing fever | [42][43]
| Egypt | 1947  |  | cholera | [42][43]
2,000,000  | worldwide  | 1957–1958  | Asian flu  | influenza | [65]
| worldwide  | 1961–1975  | seventh cholera pandemic  | cholera | [38]
1,000,000  | worldwide  | 1968–1969  | Hong Kong flu  | influenza | [65]
5  | Netherlands  | 1971  | Staphorst, Elspeet and Uddel  | poliomyelitis | [66]
35  | Yugoslavia  | 1972  | 1972 outbreak of smallpox in Yugoslavia  | smallpox |
| United States | 1972–1973  | London flu  | influenza | [67]
15,000  | India | 1974  | 1974 smallpox epidemic of India  | smallpox |
worldwide
(commenced in Congo Basin)  | 1960–present  | HIV/AIDS pandemic  | HIV/AIDS  | [68]
| South America | 1990s  |  | cholera |
52  | India | 1994  | 1994 plague epidemic in Surat  | plague | [69]
| West Africa | 1996  |  | meningitis |
| Central America  | 2000  | 20th century | dengue fever | [70]

## 21st century

Death toll (estimate)  | Location  | Date  | Article  | Disease  | Ref.

|
|
|
|
|

| Nigeria  | 2001  |  | cholera | [71]
| South Africa | 2001  |  | cholera | [72]
775  | Asia | 2002–2003  | SARS | SARS coronavirus |
| Algeria  | 2003  |  | plague | [73]
| Afghanistan  | 2004  |  | leishmaniasis | [74]
| Bangladesh  | 2004  |  | cholera | [75]
| Indonesia  | 2004  |  | dengue fever |
| Senegal  | 2004  |  | cholera | [76]
| Sudan  | 2004  |  | Ebola |
| Mali  | 2005  |  | yellow fever | [77]
19  | Singapore | 2005  | 2005 dengue outbreak in Singapore  | dengue fever | [78]
| Luanda, Angola  | 2006  |  | cholera | [79]
| Ituri Province, Democratic Republic of Congo  | 2006  |  | plague |
| India | 2006  |  | malaria | [80]
> 50  | India | 2006  | 2006 dengue outbreak in India  | dengue fever | [81]
| India | 2006  | Chikungunya outbreaks  | Chikungunya virus  | [82]
> 50  | Pakistan | 2006  | 2006 dengue outbreak in Pakistan  | dengue fever | [83]
| Philippines | 2006  |  | dengue fever |
| Democratic Republic of Congo  | 2007  | Mweka ebola epidemic  | Ebola | [84]
| Ethiopia  | 2007  |  | cholera | [85]
49  | India | 2008  |  | cholera | [86]
10  | Iraq  | 2007  | 2007 Iraq cholera outbreak  | cholera | [87]
| Nigeria  | 2007  |  | Poliomyelitis | [88]
| Puerto Rico; Dominican Republic; Mexico  | 2007  |  | dengue fever | [89]
| Somalia  | 2007  |  | cholera | [90]
| Uganda  | 2007  |  | Ebola |
| Vietnam  | 2007  |  | cholera | [91]
| Brazil | 2008  |  | dengue fever |
| Cambodia  | 2008  |  | dengue fever | [92]
| Chad  | 2008  |  | cholera | [93]
| China | 2008  |  | hand, foot and mouth disease  |
| Madagascar | 2008  |  | bubonic plague | [94]
| Philippines | 2008  |  | dengue fever | [95]
| Vietnam  | 2008  |  | cholera | [96]
4,293  | Zimbabwe  | 2008–2009  | 2008–2009 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak  | cholera |
18  | Bolivia  | 2009  | 2009 Bolivian dengue fever epidemic  | dengue fever |
49  | India | 2009  | 2009 Gujarat hepatitis outbreak  | hepatitis B |
| Queensland, Australia  | 2009  |  | dengue fever | [97]
| worldwide  | 2009  | Mumps outbreaks in the 2000s  | mumps |
| Worldwide  | 2009  | 2009 flu pandemic  | influenza | [98]
931  | West Africa | 2009–2010  | 2009–2010 West African meningitis outbreak  | meningitis | [99]
14,286  | worldwide  | 2009  | 2009 flu pandemic  | influenza | [100][101]
9,985 (May 2017)  | Hispaniola  | 2010–present  | Haiti cholera outbreak  | cholera | [102][103]
> 4,500 (February 2014)  | Congo  | 2011–present  |  | measles | [104][105]
170  | Vietnam  | 2011–present  |  | hand, foot and mouth disease  | [106][107]
> 350  | Pakistan | 2011–present  | 2011 dengue outbreak in Pakistan  | dengue fever |
847 (as of 10 January 2013)  | Darfur Sudan  | 2012  | 2012 yellow fever outbreak in Darfur, Sudan  | yellow fever | [108]
449 (as of 11 June 2015)  | Worldwide  | 2012–present  | 2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreak  | Middle East respiratory syndrome | [109]
≫ 11,300  | West Africa  | 2013–2016  | Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa  | Ebola virus diseaseEbola virus virion | [110][111]
183  | Americas | 2013–2015  | 2013–14 chikungunya outbreak  | Chikungunya | [112]
40  | Madagascar | 2014–present  | 2014 Madagascar plague outbreak  | Bubonic plague | [113]
36  | India | 2014–present  | 2014 Odisha jaundice outbreak  | primarily Hepatitis E, but also Hepatitis A | [114]
2,035  | India | 2015–present  | 2015 Indian swine flu outbreak  | Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 | [115][116][117]
| worldwide  | 2015–present  | 2015–16 Zika virus epidemic | Zika virus |
Hundreds (as of 1 April 2016)  | Africa | 2016  | 2016 yellow fever outbreak in Angola  | yellow fever | [118]
1,614 (as of 4 July 2017)  | Yemen  | 2016–present  | 2016–17 Yemen cholera outbreak  | cholera |
64 (as of 16 August 2017)  | India | 2017–present  | 2017 Gorakhpur Japanese encephalitis outbreak  | Japanese encephalitis |
12 (as of May 2018)  | India | 2018–present  | 2018 Nipah virus outbreak  | Nipah virus infection |

## References

1. ↑ "Plague of Athens: Another Medical Mystery Solved at University of Maryland". http://umm.edu/news-and-events/news-releases/1999/plague-of-athens-another-medical-mystery-solved-at-university-of-maryland.
2. ↑ "Past pandemics that ravaged Europe", BBC News, November 7, 2005
3. ↑ D. Ch. Stathakopoulos Famine and Pestilence in the late Roman and early Byzantine Empire (2007) 95
4. ↑ Rosen, William (2007), Justinian's Flea: Plague, Empire, and the Birth of Europe. Viking Adult; pg 3; ISBN 978-0-670-03855-8.
5. ↑ Andrew Ekonomou. Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes. Lexington Books, 2007
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Shahraki, Abdolrazag Hashemi (2016), Plague in Iran: Its history and current status.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Adomnan of Iona. Life of St Columba. Penguin books, 1995
8. ↑ Suzuki, A. (2011). "Smallpox and the epidemiological heritage of modern Japan: Towards a total history". Medical History 55 (3): 313–8. PMID 21792253.
9. ↑ Kohn, George C. (2002). Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: From Ancient Times to the Present. Princeton, New Jersey: Checkmark Books. p. 213. ISBN 978-0816048939.
10. ↑ The Politics of Despair: The Plague of 746–747 and Iconoclasm in the Byzantine Empire David Turner The Annual of the British School at Athens Vol. 85 (1990), pp. 419–434
11. ↑ Austin Alchon, Suzanne (2003). A pest in the land: new world epidemics in a global perspective. University of New Mexico Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-8263-2871-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=YiHHnV08ebkC&pg=PA21&dq#v=onepage&q=&f=false.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "American plague". December 19, 2000. https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn268-american-plague/.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Acuna-Soto, R.; Romero, L. C.; Maguire, J. H. (2000). "Large epidemics of hemorrhagic fevers in Mexico 1545-1815". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 62 (6): 733–739. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2000.62.733.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Acuna-Soto, Rodolfo; Stahle, D. W.; Cleaveland, M. K.; Therrell, M. D. (2002). "Megadrought and Megadeath in 16th Century Mexico". Emerging Infectious Diseases 8 (4): 360–362. doi:10.3201/eid0804.010175. PMID 11971767.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Vågene, Åshild J.; Herbig, Alexander; Campana, Michael G.; Robles García, Nelly M.; Warinner, Christina; Sabin, Susanna; Spyrou, Maria A.; Andrades Valtueña, Aida et al. (2018). "Salmonella enterica genomes from victims of a major sixteenth-century epidemic in Mexico". Nature Ecology & Evolution 2 (3): 520–528. doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0446-6. PMID 29335577.
16. ↑ American Indian Epidemics
17. ↑ "A History of Spain and Portugal". http://libro.uca.edu/payne1/payne15.htm. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
18. ↑ Marr, John S.; Cathey, John T. (2010). "New Hypothesis for Cause of Epidemic among Native Americans, New England, 1616–1619". Emerging Infectious Diseases 16 (2): 281–286. doi:10.3201/eid1602.090276. PMID 20113559.
19. ↑ Mann, Charles C. (December 2005). "Native intelligence". https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/native-intelligence-109314481/.
20. ↑ Hays, J. N. (2005). Epidemics and pandemics their impacts on human history. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 103. ISBN 978-1851096589.
21. ↑ Timothy Brook (1 September 1999). The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China. University of California Press. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-520-22154-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=YuMcHWWbXqMC&pg=PA163. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
22. ↑ :nl:Pestepidemie in Amsterdam
23. ↑ Ross, David. "UK travel and heritage – Britain Express UK travel guide". http://www.britainexpress.com/History/plague.htm. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
24. ↑ Archives, The National. "Great Plague of 1665–1666 – The National Archives". http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/great-plague/. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
25. ↑ Desjardins, Bertrand (1996). "Demographic Aspects of the 1702–1703 Smallpox Epidemic in the St. Lawrence Valley". Canadian Studies in Population 23 (1): 49–67. https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/doaj/03801489/1996/00000023/00000001/art00005.
26. ↑ Mazan, Ryan; Gagnon, Alain; Desjardins, Bertrand (2009). "The Measles Epidemic of 1714–1715 in New France". Canadian Studies in Population 36 (3–4): 295–323. https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/csp/article/view/16012.
27. ↑ Devaux, Christian A. (2013). "Small oversights that led to the Great Plague of Marseille (1720–1723): Lessons from the past". Infection, Genetics and Evolution 14: 169–185. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2012.11.016. PMID 23246639.
28. ↑ "Zabdiel Boylston and inoculation". http://www.todayinsci.com/B/Boylston_Zabdiel/Boylston_Zabdiel.htm. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
29. ↑ Ambrosevideo.com
30. ↑ Gagnon, Alain; Mazan, Ryan (2009). "Does exposure to infectious diseases in infancy affect old-age mortality? Evidence from a pre-industrial population". Social Science & Medicine 68 (9): 1609–1616. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.02.008. PMID 19269727.
31. ↑ Greg Lange,"Smallpox epidemic ravages Native Americans on the northwest coast of North America in the 1770s", 23 Jan 2003, HistoryLink.org, Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History, accessed 2 Jun 2008
32. ↑ Prichard, Augustin; Fothergill, John (1894). "Influenza in 1775". The Lancet 143 (3673): 175–176. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)66026-4.
33. ↑ Houston, C. S.; Houston, S. (2000). "The first smallpox epidemic on the Canadian Plains: In the fur-traders' words". The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases = Journal Canadien des Maladies Infectieuses 11 (2): 112–5. PMID 18159275.
34. ↑ The History of Small-Pox in Australia, 1788–1908, JHL Cumpston, (1914, Government Printer, Melb.)This epidemic is unlikely to have been a natural event. see, Warren (2013) doi:10.1080/14443058.2013.849750 [After Cook] and coinciding with Colonisation
35. ↑ Epidemics
36. ↑ "Tiger mosquitoes and the history of yellow fever and dengue in Spain". http://www.iberianature.com/material/tigermosquito.htm. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
37. ↑ Andrew Davidson (1893). Hygiene & diseases of warm climates. Pentland. p. 337. https://books.google.com/books?id=FfpTAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA337. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.4 38.5 38.6 J. N. Hays (2005). Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-658-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=GyE8Qt-kS1kC. Retrieved 29 March 2011. [page needed]
39. ↑ "Aboriginal Health History". http://www.scu.edu.au/schools/gcm/ar/arr/arow/hgkr.html. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
40. ↑ Barry Leadbeater. "South Australian History Timeline (19th Century)". http://www.familyhistorysa.info/timeline.html. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
41. ↑ A History of the Human Plague in Iran , Mohammad Azizi, Farzaneh Azizi
42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 42.4 42.5 42.6 42.7 42.8 Kuhnke, Laverne. Lives at Risk: Public Health in Nineteenth-Century Egypt. ark.cdlib.org, Berkeley: University of California Press, c1990.
43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 43.4 43.5 43.6 43.7 43.8 Gallagher, Nancy. Egypt's Other Wars: Epidemics and the Politics of Public Health. Syracuse University Press, c1990. Published by the American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 977-424-295-5[page needed]
44. ↑ "Smallpox decimates tribes; survivors join together – Timeline – Native Voices". https://www.nlm.nih.gov/nativevoices/timeline/293.html. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
45. ↑ Gallagher, The Reverend John A. (1936). "The Irish Emigration of 1847 and Its Canadian Consequences". Canadian Catholic Historical Association Report, University of Manitoba Web Site. http://www.umanitoba.ca/colleges/st_pauls/ccha/Back Issues/CCHA1935-36/Gallagher.html. Retrieved 2008-03-23.
46. ↑ a s, &NA (1849). "On the Influenza, or Epidemic Catarrhal Fever of 1847–8". The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 18 (35): 148–154. doi:10.1097/00000441-184907000-00018.
47. ↑ Practitioner. 1877. https://books.google.com/books?id=cWUCAAAAYAAJ. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
48. ↑ [1] About Cholera epidemic of Copenhagen 1853
49. ↑ John Snow (1855). On the mode of communication of cholera. John Churchill. https://books.google.com/books?id=-N0_AAAAcAAJ. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
50. ↑ Pryor, E. G. (1975). "The great plague of Hong Kong". Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 15: 61–70. PMID 11614750.
51. ↑ "Australian Medical Pioneers Index (AMPI) – Colonial Medical Life". http://www.medicalpioneers.com/colonial.htm. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
52. ↑ Beveridge, W.I.B. Influenza, the Last Great Plague (Heinemann, London, 1977)[page needed]
53. ↑ "1902Encyclopedia.com". http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/P/PLA/plague-13.html. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
54. ↑ Cited in: Howlin, Diego (2004). "Vómito Negro, Historia de la fiebre amarilla, en Buenos Aires de 1871", Revista Persona.
55. ↑ "Death of Forty Thousand Fijians from Measles". Liverpool Mercury. 29 Sep 1875. http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000081/18750929/038/0007. Retrieved 9 Nov 2012.
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57. ↑ Great Britain. Local Government Board (1893). Further report and papers on epidemic influenza, 1889–92: with an introduction by the medical officer of the Local Government Board. Eyre. https://books.google.com/books?id=OAUTAQAAMAAJ. Retrieved 29 March 2011. [page needed]
58. ↑ African trypanosomiasis, WHO
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60. ↑ Reanalyzing the 1900–1920 sleeping sickness epidemic in Uganda
61. ↑ Texas Department of State Health Services, History of Plague
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63. ↑ In Memory of the 1910 Harbin Plague
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66. ↑ Geschiedenis 24 – Polio in Staphorst. Geschiedenis24.nl (2010-11-17). Retrieved on 2014-05-12.
67. ↑ "New, Deadly Flu Strain Detected in Albany Co". Schenectady Gazette. Associated Press: p. 3. January 24, 1975. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HwohAAAAIBAJ&sjid=eXIFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2551,1652625&dq=london-flu+1973&hl=en. Retrieved August 3, 2012.
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76. ↑ Staff Reporter. "Cholera epidemic takes hold in Senegal". http://www.mg.co.za/article/2004-10-29-cholera-epidemic-takes-hold-in-senegal. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
77. ↑ Mali: Yellow fever epidemic in Kayes
78. ↑ Koh, B. K.; Ng, L. C.; Kita, Y.; Tang, C. S.; Ang, L. W.; Wong, K. Y.; James, L.; Goh, K. T. (2008). "The 2005 dengue epidemic in Singapore: Epidemiology, prevention and control". Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 37 (7): 538–45. PMID 18695764. http://www.annals.edu.sg/pdf/37VolNo7Jul2008/V37N7p538.pdf.
79. ↑ Worst cholera outbreak in Angola, BBC
80. ↑ Malaria Epidemic Sweeps Northeast India
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84. ↑ "Mourners die as fever grips Congo." Sydney Morning Herald, August 30, 2007
85. ↑ Xan Rice (2007-02-22). "Fatal outbreak not a cholera epidemic, insists Ethiopia". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/feb/22/ethiopia. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
86. ↑ Cholera death toll in India rises, BBC News
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88. ↑ Vaccine-linked polio hits Nigeria, BBC News
89. ↑ Dengue fever epidemic hits Caribbean, Latin America, Reuters
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91. ↑ Cholera epidemic losing its sting
92. ↑ Cambodia suffers worst dengue epidemic, 407 dead, Reuters
93. ↑ Cholera epidemic in western Chad kills 123
94. ↑ Madagascar: eighteen dead from Bubonic Plague, five in hospital since 1 January 2008
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104. ↑ "Doctorswithoutborders.org". http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/press/release.cfm?id=5132&cat=press-release. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
105. ↑ "Democratic Republic of Congo: More measles vaccinations needed". http://www.msf.org/article/democratic-republic-congo-more-measles-vaccinations-needed. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
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108. ↑ Yuill, Thomas M.; Woodall, John P.; Baekeland, Susan (2013). "Latest outbreak news from ProMED-mail. Yellow fever outbreak—Darfur Sudan and Chad". International Journal of Infectious Diseases 17 (7): e476–e478. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2013.03.009.
109. ↑ Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) – Saudi Arabia. World Health Organisation (2015-06-11). Retrieved on 2015-06-20.
110. ↑ Situation summary Latest available situation summary, 26 June 2015. World Health Organisation (2015-06-19). Retrieved on 2015-06-20.
111. ↑ Gignoux, Etienne; Idowu, Rachel; Bawo, Luke; Hurum, Lindis; Sprecher, Armand; Bastard, Mathieu; Porten, Klaudia (2015). "Use of Capture–Recapture to Estimate Underreporting of Ebola Virus Disease, Montserrado County, Liberia". Emerging Infectious Diseases 21 (12): 2265–2267. doi:10.3201/eid2112.150756. PMID 26583831. PMC 4672419. http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/21/12/15-0756_article.
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## Further reading

* Hunter, Philip (2007). "Inevitable or avoidable? Despite the lessons of history, the world is not yet ready to face the next great plague". EMBO Reports 8 (6): 531–534. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400987. PMID 17545992.

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