List of parasites of humans

Short description: none

## Contents

* 1 Endoparasites
* 1.1 Protozoan organisms
* 1.2 Helminths (worms)
* 1.2.1 Tapeworms
* 1.2.2 Flukes
* 1.2.3 Roundworms
* 1.3 Other organisms
* 2 Ectoparasites
* 3 References

## Endoparasites

### Protozoan organisms

Common name of organism or disease  | Latin name (sorted)  | Body parts affected  | Diagnostic specimen  | Prevalence  | Source/Transmission (Reservoir/Vector)

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Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis and Acanthamoeba keratitis (eye infection)  | Acanthamoeba spp.  | eye, brain, skin  | culture or PCR  | worldwide  | contact lenses cleaned with contaminated tap water
Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis | Balamuthia mandrillaris | brain, skin  | culture or metagenomic sequencing  | worldwide  | via inhalation or skin lesion
Babesiosis | Babesia B. divergens, B. bigemina, B. equi, B. microfti, B. duncani | red blood cells  | Giemsa-stained thin blood smear | New England (different species have worldwide distribution)  | tick bites, e.g. Ixodes scapularis
Balantidiasis | Balantidium coli | intestinal mucosa, may become invasive in some patients  | stool (diarrhea=ciliated trophozoite; solid stool=large cyst with horseshoe shaped nucleus)  |  | ingestion of cyst, zoonotic infection acquired from pigs via fecal contamination.
Blastocystosis | Blastocystis spp.  | intestinal  | direct microscopy of stool sample or fecal PCR  |  • worldwide: one of the most common human parasites[1][2]
• Developing regions: infects 40–100% of the total populations[1][2][3] | eating food contaminated with feces from an infected human or animal
Cryptosporidiosis | Cryptosporidium spp.  | intestines  | stool  | widespread  | ingestion of oocyst (sporulated), some species are zoonotic (e.g. bovine fecal contamination)
Cyclosporiasis | Cyclospora cayetanensis | intestines  | stool  | United States  | ingestion of oocyst through contaminated food
Dientamoebiasis | Dientamoeba fragilis | intestines  | stool  | up to 10% in industrialized countries  | ingesting water or food contaminated with feces
Amoebiasis | Entamoeba histolytica | intestines (mainly colon, but can cause liver failure if not treated)  | stool (fresh diarrheic stools have amoeba, solid stool has cyst)  | areas with poor sanitation, high population density and tropical regions  | fecal-oral transmission of cyst, not amoeba
Giardiasis | Giardia lamblia | lumen of the small intestine | stool  | worldwide?  | ingestion of water containing deer or beaver feces
Isosporiasis | Isospora belli | epithelial cells of small intestines | stool  | worldwide – less common than Toxoplasma or Cryptosporidium | fecal oral route – ingestion of sporulated oocyst
Leishmaniasis | Leishmania spp.  | cutaneous, mucocutaneous, or visceral  | visual identification of lesion or microscopic stain with Leishman's or Giemsa's stain  | visceral leishmaniasis – worldwide; cutaneous leishmaniasis – Old World; mucocutaneous leishmaniasis – New World  | Phlebotomus, Lutzomyia – bite of several species of phlebotomine sandflies
Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM)[4][5] | Naegleria fowleri | brain  | culture  | unknown, but infection is rare  | nasal insufflation of contaminated warm fresh water, poorly chlorinated swimming pools, hot springs, soil
Malaria | Plasmodium falciparum (80% of cases), Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale curtisi, Plasmodium ovale wallikeri, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium knowlesi | red blood cells, liver  | blood film | tropical – 250 million cases/year  | Anopheles mosquito
Rhinosporidiosis | Rhinosporidium seeberi | nose, nasopharynx  | biopsy  | India and Sri Lanka  | nasal mucosa came into contact with infected material through bathing in common ponds
Sarcocystosis | Sarcocystis bovihominis,Sarcocystis suihominis | intestine, muscle | muscle biopsy  | widespread  | ingestion of uncooked/undercooked beef/pork with Sarcocystis sarcocysts
Toxoplasmosis (Acute and Latent)  | Toxoplasma gondii | eyes, brain, heart, liver  | blood and PCR | worldwide: one of the most common human parasites; estimated to infect between 30–50% of the global population.[6][7] | ingestion of uncooked/undercooked pork/lamb/goat with Toxoplasma bradyzoites, ingestion of raw milk with Toxoplasma tachyzoites, ingestion of contaminated water food or soil with oocysts in cat feces that is more than one day old
Trichomoniasis | Trichomonas vaginalis | female urogenital tract (males asymptomatic)  | microscopic examination of genital swab  | worldwide  | sexually transmitted infection – only trophozoite form (no cysts)
Sleeping sickness | Trypanosoma brucei | brain and blood  | microscopic examination of chancre fluid, lymph node aspirates, blood, bone marrow  | 50,000 to 70,000 people; only found in Africa  | tsetse fly, day-biting fly of the genus Glossina
Chagas disease | Trypanosoma cruzi | colon, esophagus, heart, nerves, muscle and blood  | Giemsa stain – blood  | Mexico, Central America, South America – 16–18 million  | Triatoma/Reduviidae – "kissing bug" insect vector, feeds at night

### Helminths (worms)

Helminth organisms (also called helminths or intestinal worms) include:

#### Tapeworms

Common name of organism or disease  | Latin name (sorted)  | Body parts affected  | Diagnostic specimen  | Prevalence  | Transmission/Vector

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Tapeworm – Tapeworm infection  | Cestoda, Taenia multiceps | intestine  | stool  | rare worldwide  |
Diphyllobothriasis – tapeworm  | Diphyllobothrium latum | intestines, blood  | stool (microscope)  | Europe, Japan, Uganda, Peru, Chile  | ingestion of raw fresh water fish
Diphyllobothriasis – tapeworm  | Diphyllobothrium pacificum | intestines  | stool (microscope)  | Peru  | ingestion of raw saltwater fish
Echinococcosis – tapeworm  | Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis, E. vogeli, E. oligarthrus | liver, lungs, kidney, spleen  | imaging of hydatid cysts in the liver, lungs, kidney and spleen  | Worldwide in grazing areas  | as intermediate host, ingestion of material contaminated by feces from a carnivore; as definite host, ingestion of uncooked meat (offal) from a herbivore
Hymenolepiasis[8] | Hymenolepis nana, Hymenolepis diminuta |  |  |  | ingestion of material contaminated by flour beetles, mealworms, cockroaches
Beef tapeworm  | Taenia saginata | Intestines  | stool  | worldwide distribution  | ingestion of undercooked beef
Cysticercosis-Pork tapeworm  | Taenia solium | Brain, muscle, Eye (Cysts in conjunctiva/anterior chamber/sub-retinal space)  | stool, blood, imaging of cysts in the brain or any soft tissue  | Asia, Africa, South America, Southern Europe, North America.  | as definite host: ingestion of undercooked pork; as intermediate host, ingestion of material contaminated by human feces from a person carrying the adult form
Bertielliasis | Bertiella mucronata, Bertiella studeri | Intestines  | stool  | rare  | contact with non-human primates
Sparganosis | Spirometra erinaceieuropaei |  |  |  | ingestion of material contaminated with infected dog or cat feces (humans: dead-end host)

#### Flukes

Common name of organism or disease  | Latin name (sorted)  | Body parts affected  | Diagnostic specimen  | Prevalence  | Transmission/Vector

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Clonorchiasis | Clonorchis sinensis; Clonorchis viverrini | gall bladder ducts and inflammation of liver  |  | East Asia  | ingestion of under prepared freshwater fish
Lancet liver fluke  | Dicrocoelium dendriticum | gall bladder  |  | rare  | ingestion of ants
Liver fluke – Fasciolosis[9] | Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola gigantica | liver, gall bladder  | stool  | Fasciola hepatica in Europe, Africa, Australia, the Americas and Oceania; Fasciola gigantica only in Africa and Asia, 2.4 million people infected by both species  | freshwater snails
Fasciolopsiasis – intestinal fluke[10] | Fasciolopsis buski | intestines  | stool or vomitus (microscope)  | East Asia – 10 million people  | ingestion of infested water plants or water (intermediate host:amphibic snails)
Metagonimiasis – intestinal fluke  | Metagonimus yokogawai |  | stool  | Siberia, Manchuria, Balkan states, Israel, Spain  | ingestion of undercooked or salted fish
Metorchiasis  | Metorchis conjunctus |  |  | Canada, US, Greenland  | ingestion of raw fish
Chinese liver fluke  | Opisthorchis viverrini, Opisthorchis felineus, Clonorchis sinensis | bile duct |  | 1.5 million people in Russia  | consuming infected raw, slightly salted or frozen fish
Paragonimiasis, lung fluke  | Paragonimus westermani; Paragonimus africanus; Paragonimus caliensis; Paragonimus kellicotti; Paragonimus skrjabini; Paragonimus uterobilateralis | lungs  | sputum, feces  | East Asia  | ingestion of raw or undercooked freshwater crabs crayfishes or other crustaceans
Schistosomiasis – bilharzia, bilharziosis or snail fever (all types)  | Schistosoma sp.  |  |  | Africa, Caribbean, eastern South America, east Asia, Middle East – 200 million people  | skin exposure to water contaminated with infected freshwater snails
intestinal schistosomiasis  | Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma intercalatum | intestine, liver, spleen, lungs, skin, rarely infects the brain  | stool  | Africa, Caribbean, South America, Asia, Middle East – 83 million people  | skin exposure to water contaminated with infected Biomphalaria freshwater snails
urinary blood fluke  | Schistosoma haematobium | kidney, bladder, ureters, lungs, skin  | urine  | Africa, Middle East  | skin exposure to water contaminated with infected Bulinus sp. snails
Schistosomiasis by Schistosoma japonicum | Schistosoma japonicum | intestine, liver, spleen, lungs, skin  | stool  | China, East Asia, Philippines  | skin exposure to water contaminated with infected Oncomelania sp. snails
Asian intestinal schistosomiasis  | Schistosoma mekongi |  |  | South East Asia  | skin exposure to water contaminated with infected Neotricula aperta – freshwater snails
Echinostomiasis  | Echinostoma echinatum | small intestine  |  | Far East  | ingestion of raw fish, mollusks, snails
Swimmer's itch | Trichobilharzia regenti, Schistosomatidae |  |  | worldwide  | skin exposure to contaminated water (snails and vertebrates)

#### Roundworms

Disease caused  | Latin name (sorted)  | Habitat in definite host  | Diagnostic Sample  | Prevalence  | Mode of transmission

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Ancylostomiasis/Hookworm | Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus | lungs, small intestine, blood  | stool  | common in tropical, warm, moist climates  | penetration of skin by L3 larva
Angiostrongyliasis | Angiostrongylus | intestine  | stool  |  | ingestion of infected faeces or infected slugs
Anisakiasis[11] | Anisakis | allergic reaction  | biopsy  | incidental host  | ingestion of raw fish, squid, cuttlefish, octopus
Roundworm – Parasitic pneumonia | Ascaris sp. Ascaris lumbricoides | Intestines, liver, appendix, pancreas, lungs, Löffler's syndrome  | stool  | common in tropical and subtropical regions  |
Roundworm – Baylisascariasis  | Baylisascaris procyonis | Intestines, liver, lungs, brain, eye  |  | rare: North America  | stool from raccoons
Roundworm-lymphatic filariasis  | Brugia malayi, Brugia timori | lymph nodes  | blood samples  | tropical regions of Asia  | arthropods
Dioctophyme renalis infection  | Dioctophyme renale | kidneys (typically the right)  | urine  | rare  | ingestion of undercooked or raw freshwater fish
Ophidascaris robertsi infection  | Ophidascaris robertsi | brain  |  | newly discovered infection[12][13] | Single reported case was likely due to ingestion of gathered wild plants, contaminated with feces from pythons
Guinea worm – Dracunculiasis | Dracunculus medinensis | subcutaneous tissues, muscle  | skin blister/ulcer  | South Sudan (eradication ongoing)  |
Pinworm – Enterobiasis  | Enterobius vermicularis, Enterobius gregorii | intestines, anus  | stool; tape test around anus | widespread; temperate regions  |
Gnathostomiasis[14] | Gnathostoma spinigerum, Gnathostoma hispidum | subcutaneous tissues (under the skin)  | physical examination  | rare – Southeast Asia  | ingestion of raw or undercooked meat (e.g., freshwater fish, chicken, snails, frogs, pigs) or contaminated water
Halicephalobiasis  | Halicephalobus gingivalis | brain  |  |  | soil-contaminated wounds
Loa loa filariasis, Calabar swellings  | Loa loa filaria | connective tissue, lungs, eye  | blood (Giemsa, haematoxylin, eosin stain)  | rain forest of West Africa – 12–13 million people  | Tabanidae – horsefly, bites in the day
Mansonelliasis, filariasis | Mansonella streptocerca | subcutaneous layer of skin  |  |  | insect
River blindness, onchocerciasis | Onchocerca volvulus | skin, eye, tissue  | bloodless skin snip  | Africa, Yemen, Central and South America near cool, fast flowing rivers  | Simulium/black fly, bites during the day
Strongyloidiasis – Parasitic pneumonia | Strongyloides stercoralis | intestines, lungs, skin (Larva currens)  | stool, blood  |  | skin penetration
Thelaziasis | Thelazia californiensis, Thelazia callipaeda | eyes  | ocular examination  | Asia, Europe | Amiota (Phortica) variegata, Phortica okadai
Toxocariasis | Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati, Toxascaris leonina | liver, brain, eyes (Toxocara canis – visceral larva migrans, ocular larva migrans)  | blood, ocular examination  | worldwide distribution  | pica, unwashed food contaminated with Toxocara eggs, undercooked livers of chicken
Trichinosis | Trichinella spiralis, Trichinella britovi, Trichinella nelsoni, Trichinella nativa | muscle, periorbital region, small intestine  | blood  | more common in developing countries due to improved feeding practices in developed countries.  | ingestion of undercooked pork
Whipworm  | Trichuris trichiura, Trichuris vulpis | large intestine, anus  | stool (eggs)  | common worldwide  | accidental ingestion of eggs in dry goods such as beans, rice, and various grains or soil contaminated with human feces
Elephantiasis – Lymphatic filariasis | Wuchereria bancrofti | lymphatic system  | thick blood smears stained with hematoxylin.  | tropical and subtropical  | mosquito, bites at night

### Other organisms

Common name of organism or disease  | Latin name (sorted)  | Body parts affected  | Diagnostic specimen  | Prevalence  | Transmission/Vector

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Acanthocephaliasis  | Archiacanthocephala, Moniliformis moniliformis | Gastrointestinal tract, peritoneum, eye  | Faeces, parasite itself  | worldwide  | ingestion of intermediate hosts
Halzoun syndrome | Linguatula serrata | nasopharynx  | physical examination  | Mid East  | ingestion of raw or undercooked lymph nodes (e.g., meat from infected camels and buffaloes)
Myiasis | Oestroidea, Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae | dead or living tissue  |  |  |
Screwworm, Cochliomyia | Cochliomyia hominivorax (family Calliphoridae)  | skin and wounds  | visual  | North America, Central America, North Africa  | direct contact with fly
Chigoe flea  | Tunga penetrans | Subcutaneous tissue | physical examination  | Central and South America, Sub-Saharan Africa  |
Human botfly  | Dermatobia hominis | Subcutaneous tissue | physical examination  | Central and South America  | mosquitoes and biting flies

## Ectoparasites

Common name of organism or disease  | Latin name (sorted)  | Body parts affected  | Diagnostic specimen  | Prevalence  | Transmission/Vector

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Head louse – Pediculosis  | Pediculus humanus capitis | hair follicles  | visual identification under magnification  | common worldwide  | head-to-head contact
Body louse – Pediculosis  | Pediculus humanus humanus | skin  | visual identification under magnification (Vagabond's disease)  | common worldwide  | skin-to-skin contact such as sexual activity and via sharing clothing or bedding
Crab louse –Phthiriasis  | Pthirus pubis | pubic area, eyelashes  | visual identification under magnification  | common worldwide  | skin-to-skin contact such as sexual activity and via sharing clothing or bedding
"Chiggers" (Trombiculidae) – Trombiculosis  | Arachnida: Trombiculidae | skin  | visual identification under magnification, microscopy  | worldwide (mesic habitats)  | high grass, weeds
Flea  | Siphonaptera: Pulicinae | skin  | visual identification under magnification  | worldwide  | environment
Bed bug | Cimicidae: Cimex lectularius and Cimex hemipterus | skin  | visual  | worldwide  | clothing, bedding, personal possessions
Tick | Arachnida: Ixodidae and Argasidae | skin  | visual  | worldwide  | high grass, leaf litter, weeds
Mosquito | Insecta: Diptera | skin  | visual  | worldwide  | high grass, weeds
Demodex – Demodicosis  | Demodex folliculorum/brevis/canis | eyebrow, eyelashes, skin, face, scalp  | microscopy of eyelash or eyebrow hair follicle, cellophane tape method (CTP), squeezing method, skin scrapings  | pandemic, worldwide  | Commensal, prolonged skin-to-skin contact
Scabies | Sarcoptes scabiei | skin  | microscopy of surface scrapings  | worldwide  | skin-to-skin contact such as sexual activity and via sharing clothing or bedding
Red mite — Gamasoidosis  | Dermanyssus gallinae | skin  | visual identification under magnification  | worldwide  | nesting birds, pets, poultry farming
Northern fowl mite — Gamasoidosis  | Ornithonyssus sylviarum | skin  | visual identification under magnification  | worldwide  | nesting birds, poultry farming
Tropical fowl mite — Gamasoidosis  | Ornithonyssus bursa | skin  | visual identification under magnification  | worldwide  | nesting birds, poultry farming
Tropical rat mite — Rodent mite dermatitis | Ornithonyssus bacoti | skin  | visual identification under magnification  | worldwide  | rodent infestations
Spiny rat mite — Rodent mite dermatitis  | Laelaps echidnina | skin  | visual identification under magnification  | worldwide  | rodent infestations
House mouse mite — Rodent mite dermatitis  | Liponyssoides sanguineus | skin  | visual identification under magnification  | worldwide  | rodent infestations

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Oh my aching gut: irritable bowel syndrome, Blastocystis, and asymptomatic infection". Parasit Vectors 1 (1): 40. 2008. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-1-40. PMID 18937874. "Blastocystis is now by far the most prevalent mono-infection in symptomatic patients in the United States [14] and was found 28.5 times more often than Giardia lamblia as a mono-infection in symptomatic patients in a 2000 study [14].". Figure 4: Prevalence of IBS and Blastocystosis by country
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Update on the pathogenic potential and treatment options for Blastocystis sp". Gut Pathog 6: 17. May 2014. doi:10.1186/1757-4749-6-17. PMID 24883113. "Blastocystis is one of the most common intestinal protists of humans. ... A recent study showed that 100% of people from low socio-economic villages in Senegal were infected with Blastocystis sp. suggesting that transmission was increased due to poor hygiene sanitation, close contact with domestic animals and livestock, and water supply directly from well and river [10]. ...". Table 2: Summary of treatments and efficacy for Blastocystis infection
3. ↑ "Children of Senegal River Basin show the highest prevalence of Blastocystis sp. ever observed worldwide". BMC Infect. Dis. 14: 164. March 2014. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-164. PMID 24666632.
4. ↑ Cogo PE, Scaglia M, Gatti S, Rossetti F, Alaggio R, Laverda AM, et al. Fatal Naegleria fowleri Meningoencephalitis, Italy Emerging Infectious Diseases [serial on the Internet]. 2004 Oct; accessed Jan 2009
5. ↑ Bennett, Nicholas John State University of New York Upstate Medical University Domachowske, Joseph; Khan, Asad A Louisiana State University Health Science Center; King, John W; Cross, J Thomas Naegleria eMedicine; accessed Jan 2009
6. ↑ "Toxoplasmosis—a global threat. Correlation of latent toxoplasmosis with specific disease burden in a set of 88 countries". PLOS ONE 9 (3). March 2014. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090203. PMID 24662942. Bibcode: 2014PLoSO...990203F. "Toxoplasmosis is becoming a global health hazard as it infects 30-50% of the world human population. Clinically, the life-long presence of the parasite in tissues of a majority of infected individuals is usually considered asymptomatic. However, a number of studies show that this 'asymptomatic infection' may also lead to development of other human pathologies. ... The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis correlated with various disease burden. Statistical associations does not necessarily mean causality. The precautionary principle suggests however that possible role of toxoplasmosis as a triggering factor responsible for development of several clinical entities deserves much more attention and financial support both in everyday medical practice and future clinical research.".
7. ↑ Pappas, G; Roussos, N; Falagas, ME (October 2009). "Toxoplasmosis snapshots: global status of Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence and implications for pregnancy and congenital toxoplasmosis.". International Journal for Parasitology 39 (12): 1385–94. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.04.003. PMID 19433092.
8. ↑ Harbir Singh Arora (21 December 2020). Hymenolepiasis. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/998498-overview.
9. ↑ Yılmaz, Hasan; Gödekmerdan, Ahmet (2004), "Human fasciolosis in Van province, Turkey", Acta Tropica 92 (2): 161–2, doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2004.04.009, PMID 15350869
10. ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Fasciolopsiasis
11. ↑ "Anisakiasis". http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Anisakiasis.htm.
12. ↑ Davey, Melissa (2023-08-28). "'Oh my god': live worm found in Australian woman's brain in world-first discovery" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/aug/28/live-worm-living-womans-brain-australia-depression-forgetfulness.
13. ↑ "Worm found living in woman's brain in world's first case" (in en-US). 2023-08-28. https://nypost.com/2023/08/28/worm-found-living-in-womans-brain-in-worlds-first-case/.
14. ↑ Germaine L Defendi (22 May 2023). Gnathostomiasis. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/998278-overview.

* v
* t
* e

Infectious diseases – viral systemic diseases (A80–B34, 042–079)

Oncovirus|

DNA virus
HBV

Hepatocellular carcinoma
HPV

Cervical cancer
Anal cancer
Penile cancer
Vulvar cancer
Vaginal cancer
Oropharyngeal cancer
KSHV

Kaposi's sarcoma
EBV

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Burkitt's lymphoma
Hodgkin's lymphoma
Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma
Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type
MCPyV

Merkel-cell carcinoma

RNA virus
HCV

Hepatocellular carcinoma
Splenic marginal zone lymphoma
HTLV-I

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma

Immune disorders|

* HIV
* AIDS

Central
nervous system|

| Encephalitis/
meningitis|

DNA virus
Human polyomavirus 2

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

RNA virus
MeV

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
LCV

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis
Arbovirus encephalitis
Orthomyxoviridae (probable)

Encephalitis lethargica

Rabies
Chandipura vesiculovirus
Herpesviral meningitis
Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2

|

Myelitis|

* Poliovirus
* Poliomyelitis
* Post-polio syndrome
* HTLV-I
* Tropical spastic paraparesis

Eye|

* Cytomegalovirus
* Cytomegalovirus retinitis
* HSV
* Herpes of the eye

Cardiovascular|

* CBV
* Pericarditis
* Myocarditis

Respiratory system/
acute viral nasopharyngitis/
viral pneumonia|

| DNA virus|

* Epstein–Barr virus
* EBV infection/Infectious mononucleosis
* Cytomegalovirus

|

RNA virus|

* IV: SARS coronavirus
* Severe acute respiratory syndrome
* MERS coronavirus
* Middle East respiratory syndrome
* SARS coronavirus 2
* Coronavirus disease 2019

* V: Orthomyxoviridae: Influenza virus A/B/C/D
* Influenza/Avian influenza

* V, Paramyxoviridae: Human parainfluenza viruses
* Parainfluenza
* Human orthopneumovirus
* hMPV

Human digestive system|

| Pharynx/Esophagus|

* MuV
* Mumps
* Cytomegalovirus
* Cytomegalovirus esophagitis

|

Gastroenteritis/
diarrhea|

DNA virus
Adenovirus

Adenovirus infection

RNA virus
Rotavirus
Norovirus
Astrovirus
Coronavirus

Hepatitis|

DNA virus
HBV (B)

RNA virus
CBV
HAV (A)
HCV (C)
HDV (D)
HEV (E)
HGV (G)

Pancreatitis|

* CBV

Urogenital|

* BK virus
* MuV
* Mumps

* v
* t
* e

* Firmicutes (low-G+C) Infectious diseases
* Bacterial diseases: G+
* primarily A00–A79, 001–041, 080–109

Bacilli|

| Lactobacillales
(Cat-)|

| Streptococcus|

| α|

| optochin susceptible|

* S. pneumoniae
* Pneumococcal infection

|

optochin resistant|

* Viridans streptococci: S. mitis
* S. mutans
* S. oralis
* S. sanguinis
* S. sobrinus
* S. anginosus group

| A|

* bacitracin susceptible: S. pyogenes
* Group A streptococcal infection
* Streptococcal pharyngitis
* Scarlet fever
* Erysipelas
* Rheumatic fever

|

* bacitracin resistant, CAMP test+: S. agalactiae
* Group B streptococcal infection

ungrouped|

* Streptococcus iniae
* Cutaneous Streptococcus iniae infection

* D
* BEA+: Streptococcus bovis

Enterococcus|

* BEA+: Enterococcus faecalis
* Urinary tract infection
* Enterococcus faecium

Bacillales
(Cat+)|

| Staphylococcus|

| Cg+|

* S. aureus
* Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
* Toxic shock syndrome
* MRSA

|

Cg-|

* novobiocin susceptible
* S. epidermidis
* novobiocin resistant
* S. saprophyticus

Bacillus|

* Bacillus anthracis
* Anthrax
* Bacillus cereus
* Food poisoning

Listeria|

* Listeria monocytogenes
* Listeriosis

Clostridia|

| Clostridium (spore-forming)|

| motile:|

* Clostridium difficile
* Pseudomembranous colitis
* Clostridium botulinum
* Botulism
* Clostridium tetani
* Tetanus

|

nonmotile:|

* Clostridium perfringens
* Gas gangrene
* Clostridial necrotizing enteritis

Peptostreptococcus (non-spore forming)|

* Peptostreptococcus magnus

Mollicutes|

| Mycoplasmataceae|

* Ureaplasma urealyticum
* Ureaplasma infection
* Mycoplasma genitalium
* Mycoplasma pneumoniae
* Mycoplasma pneumonia

|

Anaeroplasmatales|

* Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
* Erysipeloid

* v
* t
* e

Gram-positive bacterial infection: Actinobacteria (primarily A00–A79, 001–041, 080–109)

Actinomycineae|

| Actinomycetaceae|

* Actinomyces israelii
* Actinomycosis
* Cutaneous actinomycosis
* Tropheryma whipplei
* Whipple's disease
* Arcanobacterium haemolyticum
* Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infection
* Actinomyces gerencseriae

|

Propionibacteriaceae|

* Propionibacterium acnes

Corynebacterineae|

| Mycobacteriaceae|

| M. tuberculosis/
M. bovis|

* Tuberculosis: Ghon focus/Ghon's complex
* Pott disease
* brain
* Meningitis
* Rich focus
* Tuberculous lymphadenitis
* Tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis
* cutaneous
* Scrofuloderma
* Erythema induratum
* Lupus vulgaris
* Prosector's wart
* Tuberculosis cutis orificialis
* Tuberculous cellulitis
* Tuberculous gumma
* Lichen scrofulosorum
* Tuberculid
* Papulonecrotic tuberculid
* Primary inoculation tuberculosis
* Miliary
* Tuberculous pericarditis
* Urogenital tuberculosis
* Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis
* Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis

|

M. leprae|

* Leprosy: Tuberculoid leprosy
* Borderline tuberculoid leprosy
* Borderline leprosy
* Borderline lepromatous leprosy
* Lepromatous leprosy
* Histoid leprosy

Nontuberculous|

| R1:|

* M. kansasii
* M. marinum
* Aquarium granuloma

|

R2:|

* M. gordonae

R3:|

* M. avium complex/Mycobacterium avium/Mycobacterium intracellulare/MAP
* MAI infection
* M. ulcerans
* Buruli ulcer
* M. haemophilum

R4/RG:|

* M. fortuitum
* M. chelonae
* M. abscessus

Nocardiaceae|

* Nocardia asteroides/Nocardia brasiliensis/Nocardia farcinica
* Nocardiosis
* Rhodococcus equi

Corynebacteriaceae|

* Corynebacterium diphtheriae
* Diphtheria
* Corynebacterium minutissimum
* Erythrasma
* Corynebacterium jeikeium
* Group JK corynebacterium sepsis

Bifidobacteriaceae|

* Gardnerella vaginalis

* v
* t
* e

* Infectious diseases
* Bacterial disease: ProteobacterialG−]]
* primarily A00–A79, 001–041, 080–109

| Rickettsiales|

| Rickettsiaceae/
(Rickettsioses)|

| Typhus|

* Rickettsia typhi
* Murine typhus
* Rickettsia prowazekii
* Epidemic typhus, Brill–Zinsser disease, Flying squirrel typhus

|

Spotted
fever|

| Tick-borne|

* Rickettsia rickettsii
* Rocky Mountain spotted fever
* Rickettsia conorii
* Boutonneuse fever
* Rickettsia japonica
* Japanese spotted fever
* Rickettsia sibirica
* North Asian tick typhus
* Rickettsia australis
* Queensland tick typhus
* Rickettsia honei
* Flinders Island spotted fever
* Rickettsia africae
* African tick bite fever
* Rickettsia parkeri
* American tick bite fever
* Rickettsia aeschlimannii
* Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection

|

Mite-borne|

* Rickettsia akari
* Rickettsialpox
* Orientia tsutsugamushi
* Scrub typhus

Flea-borne|

* Rickettsia felis
* Flea-borne spotted fever

Anaplasmataceae|

* Ehrlichiosis: Anaplasma phagocytophilum
* Human granulocytic anaplasmosis, Anaplasmosis
* Ehrlichia chaffeensis
* Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis
* Ehrlichia ewingii
* Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection

Rhizobiales|

| Brucellaceae|

* Brucella abortus
* Brucellosis

|

Bartonellaceae|

* Bartonellosis: Bartonella henselae
* Cat-scratch disease
* Bartonella quintana
* Trench fever
* Either B. henselae or B. quintana
* Bacillary angiomatosis
* Bartonella bacilliformis
* Carrion's disease, Verruga peruana

| Neisseriales|

| M+|

* Neisseria meningitidis/meningococcus
* Meningococcal disease, Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome]], Meningococcal septicaemia

|

M−|

* Neisseria gonorrhoeae/gonococcus
* Gonorrhea

ungrouped:|

* Eikenella corrodens/Kingella kingae
* HACEK
* Chromobacterium violaceum
* Chromobacteriosis infection

Burkholderiales|

* Burkholderia pseudomallei
* Melioidosis
* Burkholderia mallei
* Glanders
* Burkholderia cepacia complex
* Bordetella pertussis/Bordetella parapertussis
* Pertussis

| Enterobacteriales
(OX−)|

| Lac+|

* Klebsiella pneumoniae
* Rhinoscleroma, Pneumonia
* Klebsiella granulomatis
* Granuloma inguinale
* Klebsiella oxytoca

* Escherichia coli: Enterotoxigenic
* Enteroinvasive
* Enterohemorrhagic
* O157:H7
* O104:H4
* Hemolytic-uremic syndrome

* Enterobacter aerogenes/Enterobacter cloacae

|

Slow/weak|

* Serratia marcescens
* Serratia infection
* Citrobacter koseri/Citrobacter freundii

Lac−|

| H2S+|

* Salmonella enterica
* Typhoid fever, Paratyphoid fever, Salmonellosis

|

H2S−|

* Shigella dysenteriae/sonnei/flexneri]]/boydii
* Shigellosis, Bacillary dysentery
* Proteus mirabilis/Proteus vulgaris
* Yersinia pestis
* Plague/Bubonic plague
* Yersinia enterocolitica
* Yersiniosis
* Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
* Far East scarlet-like fever

Pasteurellales|

| Haemophilus:|

* H. influenzae
* Haemophilus meningitis
* Brazilian purpuric fever
* H. ducreyi
* Chancroid
* H. parainfluenzae
* HACEK

|

Pasteurella multocida|

* Pasteurellosis
* Actinobacillus
* Actinobacillosis

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans|

* HACEK

Legionellales|

* Legionella pneumophila/Legionella longbeachae
* Legionnaires' disease
* Coxiella burnetii
* Q fever

Thiotrichales|

* Francisella tularensis
* Tularemia

Vibrionaceae|

* Vibrio cholerae
* Cholera
* Vibrio vulnificus
* Vibrio parahaemolyticus
* Vibrio alginolyticus
* Plesiomonas shigelloides

Pseudomonadales|

* Pseudomonas aeruginosa
* Pseudomonas infection
* Moraxella catarrhalis
* Acinetobacter baumannii

Xanthomonadaceae|

* Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

Cardiobacteriaceae|

* Cardiobacterium hominis
* HACEK

Aeromonadales|

* Aeromonas hydrophila/Aeromonas veronii
* Aeromonas infection

| Campylobacterales|

* Campylobacter jejuni
* Campylobacteriosis, Guillain–Barré syndrome]]
* Helicobacter pylori
* Peptic ulcer, MALT lymphoma, Gastric cancer
* Helicobacter cinaedi
* Helicobacter cellulitis

|

* v
* t
* e

* Infectious diseases
* Bacterial diseases: BV4]] non-proteobacterial G- (primarily A00–A79, 001–041, 080–109)

Spirochaete|

| Spirochaetaceae|

| Treponema|

* Treponema pallidum
* Syphilis/bejel
* Yaws
* Treponema carateum (Pinta)
* Treponema denticola

|

Borrelia|

* Borrelia burgdorferi/Borrelia afzelii
* Lyme disease
* Erythema chronicum migrans
* Neuroborreliosis

* Borrelia recurrentis (Louse borne relapsing fever)
* Borrelia hermsii/Borrelia duttoni/Borrelia parkeri (Tick borne relapsing fever)

Leptospiraceae|

| Leptospira|

* Leptospira interrogans (Leptospirosis)

|

Chlamydiaceae|

| Chlamydia|

* Chlamydia psittaci (Psittacosis)
* Chlamydia pneumoniae

|

Chlamydia|

* Chlamydia trachomatis
* Chlamydia
* Lymphogranuloma venereum
* Trachoma

Bacteroidetes|

* Bacteroides fragilis
* Tannerella forsythia
* Capnocytophaga canimorsus
* Porphyromonas gingivalis
* Prevotella intermedia

Fusobacteria|

* Fusobacterium necrophorum (Lemierre's syndrome)
* Fusobacterium nucleatum
* Fusobacterium polymorphum

* Streptobacillus moniliformis (Rat-bite fever/Haverhill fever)

* v
* t
* e

Fungal infection and mesomycetozoea (B35–B49, 110–118)

Superficial and
cutaneous
(dermatomycosis):
Tinea = skin;
Piedra (exothrix/
endothrix) = hair|

| Ascomycota|

| Dermatophyte
(Dermatophytosis)|

| By location|

* Tinea barbae/tinea capitis
* Kerion
* Tinea corporis
* Ringworm
* Dermatophytids
* Tinea cruris
* Tinea manuum
* Tinea pedis (athlete's foot)
* Tinea unguium/onychomycosis
* White superficial onychomycosis
* Distal subungual onychomycosis
* Proximal subungual onychomycosis
* Tinea corporis gladiatorum
* Tinea faciei
* Tinea imbricata
* Tinea incognito
* Favus

|

By organism|

* Epidermophyton floccosum
* Microsporum canis
* Microsporum audouinii
* Trichophyton interdigitale/mentagrophytes
* Trichophyton tonsurans
* Trichophyton schoenleini
* Trichophyton rubrum
* Trichophyton verrucosum

Other|

* Hortaea werneckii
* Tinea nigra
* Piedraia hortae
* Black piedra

Basidiomycota|

* Malassezia furfur
* Tinea versicolor
* Pityrosporum folliculitis
* Trichosporon
* White piedra

Subcutaneous,
systemic,
and opportunistic|

| Ascomycota|

| Dimorphic
(yeast+mold)|

| Onygenales|

* Coccidioides immitis/Coccidioides posadasii
* Coccidioidomycosis
* Disseminated coccidioidomycosis
* Primary cutaneous coccidioidomycosis. Primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis
* Histoplasma capsulatum
* Histoplasmosis
* Primary cutaneous histoplasmosis
* Primary pulmonary histoplasmosis
* Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis
* Histoplasma duboisii
* African histoplasmosis
* Lacazia loboi
* Lobomycosis
* Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
* Paracoccidioidomycosis

|

Other|

* Blastomyces dermatitidis
* Blastomycosis
* North American blastomycosis
* South American blastomycosis
* Sporothrix schenckii
* Sporotrichosis
* Talaromyces marneffei
* Talaromycosis

Yeast-like|

* Candida albicans
* Candidiasis
* Oral
* Esophageal
* Vulvovaginal
* Chronic mucocutaneous
* Antibiotic candidiasis
* Candidal intertrigo
* Candidal onychomycosis
* Candidal paronychia
* Candidid
* Diaper candidiasis
* Congenital cutaneous candidiasis
* Perianal candidiasis
* Systemic candidiasis
* Erosio interdigitalis blastomycetica
* C. glabrata
* C. tropicalis
* C. lusitaniae
* Pneumocystis jirovecii
* Pneumocystosis
* Pneumocystis pneumonia

Mold-like|

* Aspergillus
* Aspergillosis
* Aspergilloma
* Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
* Primary cutaneous aspergillosis
* Exophiala jeanselmei
* Eumycetoma
* Fonsecaea pedrosoi/Fonsecaea compacta/Phialophora verrucosa
* Chromoblastomycosis
* Geotrichum candidum
* Geotrichosis
* Pseudallescheria boydii
* Allescheriasis

Basidiomycota|

* Cryptococcus neoformans
* Cryptococcosis
* Trichosporon spp
* Trichosporonosis

Zygomycota
(Zygomycosis)|

| Mucorales
(Mucormycosis)|

* Rhizopus oryzae
* Mucor indicus
* Lichtheimia corymbifera
* Syncephalastrum racemosum
* Apophysomyces variabilis

|

Entomophthorales
(Entomophthoramycosis)|

* Basidiobolus ranarum
* Basidiobolomycosis
* Conidiobolus coronatus/Conidiobolus incongruus
* Conidiobolomycosis

Microsporidia
(Microsporidiosis)|

* Enterocytozoon bieneusi/Encephalitozoon intestinalis

Mesomycetozoea|

* Rhinosporidium seeberi
* Rhinosporidiosis

Ungrouped|

* Alternariosis
* Fungal folliculitis
* Fusarium
* Fusariosis
* Granuloma gluteale infantum
* Hyalohyphomycosis
* Otomycosis
* Phaeohyphomycosis

* v
* t
* e

Infectious diseases – Parasitic disease: protozoan infection: Excavata (A06–A07, B55–B57, 007, 085–086)

Discicristata|

| Trypanosomatida|

| Trypanosomiasis|

* T. brucei
* African trypanosomiasis
* T. cruzi
* Chagas disease

|

Leishmaniasis|

* Leishmania major / L. mexicana / L. aethiopica / L. tropica
* Cutaneous leishmaniasis
* L. braziliensis
* Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
* L. donovani / infantum
* Visceral leishmaniasis

Schizopyrenida|

* Naegleria fowleri
* Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis

Trichozoa|

| Diplomonadida|

* Giardia lamblia (Giardiasis)

|

Trichomonadida|

* Trichomonas vaginalis
* Trichomoniasis
* Dientamoeba fragilis
* Dientamoebiasis

* v
* t
* e

Protozoan infection: SAR and Archaeplastida (A07, B50–B54,B58, 007, 084)

SAR|

| Alveolate|

| Apicomplexa|

| Conoidasida/
Coccidia|

* Coccidia: Cryptosporidium hominis/Cryptosporidium parvum
* Cryptosporidiosis
* Cystoisospora belli
* Isosporiasis
* Cyclospora cayetanensis
* Cyclosporiasis
* Toxoplasma gondii
* Toxoplasmosis

|

Aconoidasida|

* Plasmodium falciparum/vivax/ovale/malariae/knowlesi
* Malaria
* Blackwater fever

* Babesia
* Babesiosis

Ciliophora|

* Balantidium coli
* Balantidiasis

Heterokont|

* Blastocystis
* Blastocystosis
* Pythium insidiosum
* Pythiosis

Archaeplastida|

* Algaemia: Prototheca wickerhamii
* Protothecosis

Template:Amoebozoa diseases

* v
* t
* e

* Infectious diseases
* Parasitic disease: helminthiases
* B65–B83
* 120–129

Flatworm/
platyhelminth
infection|

| Fluke/trematode
(Trematode infection)|

| Blood fluke|

* Schistosoma mansoni / S. japonicum / S. mekongi / S. haematobium / S. intercalatum
* Schistosomiasis
* Trichobilharzia regenti
* Swimmer's itch

|

Liver fluke|

* Clonorchis sinensis
* Clonorchiasis
* Dicrocoelium dendriticum / D. hospes
* Dicrocoeliasis
* Fasciola hepatica / F. gigantica
* Fasciolosis
* Opisthorchis viverrini / O. felineus
* Opisthorchiasis

Lung fluke|

* Paragonimus westermani / P. kellicotti
* Paragonimiasis

Intestinal fluke|

* Fasciolopsis buski
* Fasciolopsiasis
* Metagonimus yokagawai
* Metagonimiasis
* Heterophyes heterophyes
* Heterophyiasis

Cestoda
(Tapeworm infection)|

| Cyclophyllidea|

* Echinococcus granulosus / E. multilocularis
* Echinococcosis
* Taenia saginata / T. asiatica / T. solium (pork)
* Taeniasis / Cysticercosis]]
* Hymenolepis nana / H. diminuta
* Hymenolepiasis

|

Pseudophyllidea|

* Diphyllobothrium latum
* Diphyllobothriasis
* Spirometra erinaceieuropaei
* Sparganosis
* Diphyllobothrium mansonoides
* Sparganosis

Roundworm/
Nematode
infection|

| Secernentea|

| Spiruria|

| Camallanida|

* Dracunculus medinensis
* Dracunculiasis

|

Spirurida|

| Filarioidea
(Filariasis)|

* Onchocerca volvulus
* Onchocerciasis
* Loa loa
* Loa loa filariasis
* Mansonella
* Mansonelliasis
* Dirofilaria repens
* D. immitis
* Dirofilariasis
* Wuchereria bancrofti / Brugia malayi / |B. timori
* Lymphatic filariasis

|

Thelazioidea|

* Gnathostoma spinigerum / G. hispidum
* Gnathostomiasis
* Thelazia
* Thelaziasis

Spiruroidea|

* Gongylonema

Strongylida
(hookworm)|

* Hookworm infection
* Ancylostoma duodenale / A. braziliense
* Ancylostomiasis / Cutaneous larva migrans]]
* Necator americanus
* Necatoriasis
* Angiostrongylus cantonensis
* Angiostrongyliasis
* Metastrongylus
* Metastrongylosis

Ascaridida|

* Ascaris lumbricoides
* Ascariasis
* Anisakis
* Anisakiasis
* Toxocara canis / T. cati
* Visceral larva migrans / Toxocariasis]]
* Baylisascaris
* Dioctophyme renale
* Dioctophymosis
* Parascaris equorum

Rhabditida|

* Strongyloides stercoralis
* Strongyloidiasis
* Trichostrongylus spp.
* Trichostrongyliasis
* Halicephalobus gingivalis

Oxyurida|

* Enterobius vermicularis
* Enterobiasis
* Pinworm

Adenophorea|

* Trichinella spiralis
* Trichinosis
* Trichuris trichiura (Trichuriasis / Whipworm)
* Capillaria philippinensis
* Intestinal capillariasis
* C. hepatica

Template:Pediculosis, acariasis and other infestations

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