Magnesium (medical use)

Short description: Pharmaceutical preparation

Magnesium
INN: Magnesium ionClinical data

Routes of
administration| oral, injection, topical
Identifiers
CAS Number|

* 7439-95-4

PubChem CID|

* 888

ChemSpider|

* 865

UNII|

* I38ZP9992A

Chemical and physical data
Formula| Mg+2
Molar mass| 24.305 g·mol−1

Magnesium salts are available as a medication in a number of formulations. They are used to treat magnesium deficiency, low blood magnesium, eclampsia, and several other conditions. Magnesium is an essential nutrient.

Usually in lower dosages, magnesium is commonly included in dietary mineral preparations, including many multivitamin preparations. Chelated magnesium is sometimes used to aid in absorption.

In 2020, it was the 202nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States,[1] with more than 2 million prescriptions.[2]

## Contents

* 1 Medical uses
* 2 Side effects
* 3 Overdose
* 4 Types of preparations
* 5 Research
* 6 See also
* 7 References

## Medical uses

* As a bronchodilator after beta-agonist and anticholinergic agents have been tried, e.g. in severe exacerbations of asthma.[3] Recent studies have revealed that magnesium sulfate can be nebulized to reduce the symptoms of acute asthma.[3] It is commonly administered via the intravenous route for the management of severe asthma attacks.
* Obstetrics: Magnesium sulfate is used to prevent seizures in women with preeclampsia and eclampsia, and is also used for fetal neuroprotection in preterm deliveries, but has been shown to be an ineffective tocolytic agent.[4][5]

## Side effects

More common side effects from magnesium include upset stomach and diarrhea, and calcium deficiency if calcium levels are already low.[6]

## Overdose

Further information: Medicine:Hypermagnesemia

Overdose of magnesium (hypermagnesemia) is only possible in special circumstances. It can cause diarrhea,[7] nausea, vomiting, severely lowered blood pressure, confusion, slowed heart rate, respiratory paralysis.[6] In very severe cases, it can cause coma, cardiac arrhythmia, cardiac arrest and death.[6]

Magnesium overdose can be counteracted by administering calcium gluconate.[8]

## Types of preparations

* Magnesium deficiency treatment:
* Oral
* Magnesium aspartate[9]
* Magnesium carbonate[10]
* Magnesium chloride[11]
* Magnesium gluconate[12]
* Magnesium glycinate[13]
* Magnesium lactate[14]
* Magnesium orotate[15]
* Magnesium oxide[16]
* Injected
* Magnesium sulfate (very laxative when taken orally)
* Laxative
* Magnesium carbonate[17]
* Magnesium citrate[18][19][20]
* Magnesium hydroxide[21]
* Magnesium oxide[22]
* Magnesium sulfate
* Misc
* Magnesium oxide: Antacid, heartburn, and indigestion.[23] Treatment of dyspepsia.
* Magnesium carbonate: Antacid
* Magnesium hydroxide: Antacid
* Multiple applications
* Magnesium sulfate: It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines

In practice, magnesium is given in a salt form together with any of several anionic compounds serving as counter-ions, such as chloride or sulfate. Nevertheless, magnesium is generally presumed to be the active component. An exception is the administration of magnesium sulfate in barium chloride poisoning,[24] where sulfate binds to barium to form insoluble barium sulfate.

Magnesium is absorbed orally at about 30% bioavailability from any water soluble salt, such as magnesium chloride or magnesium citrate. The citrate is the least expensive soluble (high bioavailability) oral magnesium salt available in supplements, with 100 mg and 200 mg magnesium typically contained per capsule, tablet or 50 mg/mL in solution.[25]

Magnesium aspartate, chloride, lactate, citrate and glycinate each have bioavailability 4 times greater than the oxide form and are equivalent to each other per amount of magnesium, though not in price.[26][27]

The ligand of choice for large-scale manufacturers of multivitamins and minerals containing magnesium is the magnesium oxide due to its compactness, high magnesium content by weight, low cost, and ease-of-use in manufacturing. However it is insoluble in water. Insoluble magnesium salts such as magnesium oxide or magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia) depend on stomach acid for neutralization before they can be absorbed, and thus are relatively poor oral magnesium sources, on average.

Magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts) is soluble in water. It is commonly used as a laxative, owing to the poor absorption of the sulfate component. In lower doses, they may be used as an oral magnesium source, however.

Intravenous or intramuscular magnesium is generally in the form of magnesium sulfate solution. Intravenous or intramuscular magnesium is completely bioavailable, and effective. It is used in severe hypomagnesemia and eclampsia.

## Research

Research on topical magnesium (for example epsom salt baths) is very limited.[28]

## See also

* Magnesium sulfate (medical use)
* Magnesium in biology
* Sleepy girl mocktail

## References

1. ↑ "The Top 300 of 2020". https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx.
2. ↑ "Magnesium Salts – Drug Usage Statistics". https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/MagnesiumSalts.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Aerosolized magnesium sulfate for acute asthma: a systematic review". Chest 128 (1): 337–344. July 2005. doi:10.1378/chest.128.1.337. PMID 16002955.
4. ↑ "Committee Opinion No 652: Magnesium Sulfate Use in Obstetrics". Obstetrics and Gynecology 127 (1): e52–e53. January 2016. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000001267. PMID 26695587.
5. ↑ "Magnesium sulphate for preventing preterm birth in threatened preterm labour". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (8): CD001060. August 2014. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001060.pub2. PMID 25126773.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "Magnesium". at University of Maryland Medical Center (UMMCb. 17 June 2011. http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/magnesium-000313.htm#ixzz1vOpUgPO2.
7. ↑ "Health Risks from Excessive Magnesium". Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH). https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional/#h19.
8. ↑ "Magnesium sulphate therapy in women with pre-eclampsia and eclampsia in Kuwait". Medical Principles and Practice 17 (3): 227–232. 2008. doi:10.1159/000117797. PMID 18408392.
9. ↑ "Magnesium Aspartate HCl Oral: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings & Dosing - WebMD" (in en). https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-20754/magnesium-aspartate-hcl-oral/details.
10. ↑ "Magnesium Carbonate Oral: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings & Dosing - WebMD" (in en). https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-11359/magnesium-carbonate-oral/details.
11. ↑ "Magnesium Chloride Oral: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings & Dosing - WebMD" (in en). https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-10702/magnesium-chloride-oral/details.
12. ↑ "Magnesium Gluconate: MedlinePlus Drug Information" (in en). https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a601072.html.
13. ↑ "Magnesium Glycinate Oral: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings & Dosing - WebMD" (in en). https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-152090/magnesium-glycinate-oral/details.
14. ↑ "Magnesium Lactate Oral: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings & Dosing - WebMD" (in en). https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-11660/magnesium-lactate-oral/details.
15. ↑ "Mg-Orotate Oral: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings & Dosing - WebMD" (in en). https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-59834/mg-orotate-oral/details.
16. ↑ "Magnesium Oxide Oral: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings & Dosing - WebMD" (in en). https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-3954/magnesium-oxide-oral/details.
17. ↑ "Magnesium Carbonate - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/magnesium-carbonate.
18. ↑ "Magnesium Citrate Oral: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings & Dosing - WebMD" (in en). https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-522-2202/magnesium-citrate-oral/magnesium-citrate-oral/details.
19. ↑ "Magnesium Citrate: MedlinePlus Drug Information" (in en). https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a619019.html.
20. ↑ "Magnesium Citrate - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/magnesium-citrate.
21. ↑ "Magnesium Hydroxide Oral: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings & Dosing - WebMD" (in en). https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-8802/magnesium-hydroxide-oral/details.
22. ↑ "Magnesium Oxide: MedlinePlus Drug Information" (in en). https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a601074.html.
23. ↑ "Health Benefits of Magnesium Oxide" (in en). https://www.webmd.com/diet/health-benefits-magnesium-oxide#1.
24. ↑ "BARIUM CHLORIDE DIHYDRATE 4. First Aid Measures". Jtbaker.com. http://hazard.com/msds/mf/baker/baker/files/b0372.htm.
25. ↑ "Rougier Pharma Citro Mag Laxatif/purgatif – CTC Health". https://ctchealth.ca/product/rougier-pharma-citro-mag-laxatif-purgatif/.
26. ↑ "Bioavailability of US commercial magnesium preparations". Magnesium Research 14 (4): 257–62. December 2001. PMID 11794633.
27. ↑ "Magnesium bioavailability from magnesium citrate and magnesium oxide". Journal of the American College of Nutrition 9 (1): 48–55. February 1990. doi:10.1080/07315724.1990.10720349. PMID 2407766.
28. ↑ Rath, Linda. "Why Take an Epsom Salts Bath?" (in en). https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/epsom-salt-bath.

* v
* t
* e

Mineral supplements (A12)

Major|

| Calcium|

* β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate
* carbonate
* chloride
* +cholecalciferol
* citrate
* glubionate
* glucoheptonate
* gluconate#
* glycerylphosphate
* hydroxyapatite
* lactate gluconate
* lactate
* pangamate
* phosphate

|

Magnesium|

* aspartate
* chloride
* citrate
* gluconate
* glycinate
* lactate
* levulinate
* malate
* orotate
* oxide
* pidolate
* sulfate
* taurate

Phosphorus|

* adenosine triphosphate disodium
* hydroxyapatite
* monosodium phosphate

Potassium|

* bicarbonate
* bitartrate
* chloride
* citrate
* gluconate

Sodium|

* chloride
* sulfate

Sulfur|

* L-cysteine
* L-cystine
* L-glutathione
* L-methionine
* methylsulfonylmethane
* N-acetyl-L-cysteine
* R-α-lipoic acid
* S-adenosyl methionine
* taurine

Trace|

| Copper|

* gluconate

|

Iodine|

* potassium iodide

Iron|

* (II) fumarate
* (II) sulfate

Selenium|

* selenate
* selenite

Zinc|

* acetate
* L-aspartate
* L-carnosine
* gluconate
* oxide
* proteinate
* sulfate

Ultratrace|

| Chromium|

* (III) picolinate
* (III) chloride

|

Fluorine|

* fluoride#
* monofluorophosphate

Lithium|

* aspartate
* carbonate
* orotate

Vanadium|

* (IV) sulfate

* #WHO-EM
* ‡Withdrawn from market
* Clinical trials:
* †Phase III
* §Never to phase III

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