Molecular pathology

Molecular pathology is an emerging discipline within pathology which is focused in the study and diagnosis of disease through the examination of molecules within organs, tissues or bodily fluids.[1] Molecular pathology shares some aspects of practice with both anatomic pathology and clinical pathology, molecular biology, biochemistry, proteomics and genetics, and is sometimes considered a "crossover" discipline. It is multi-disciplinary in nature and focuses mainly on the sub-microscopic aspects of disease. A key consideration is that more accurate diagnosis is possible when the diagnosis is based on both the morphologic changes in tissues (traditional anatomic pathology) and on molecular testing.[2]

It is a scientific discipline that encompasses the development of molecular and genetic approaches to the diagnosis and classification of human diseases, the design and validation of predictive biomarkers for treatment response and disease progression, the susceptibility of individuals of different genetic constitution to develop disorders.

Molecular pathology is commonly used in diagnosis of cancer and infectious diseases. Techniques are numerous but include quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), multiplex PCR, DNA microarray, in situ hybridization, in situ RNA sequencing,[3] DNA sequencing, antibody based immunofluorescence tissue assays, molecular profiling of pathogens, and analysis of bacterial genes for antimicrobial resistance.[2]

Integration of "molecular pathology" and "epidemiology" led to an interdisciplinary field, termed "molecular pathological epidemiology" (MPE),[4][5][6] which represents integrative molecular biology and population health science.

## See also

* Molecular diagnostics
* Molecular medicine
* Molecular pathological epidemiology
* Pathology
* Precision medicine

## References

1. ↑ "The molecular pathology of cancer". Nat Rev Clin Oncol 7 (5): 251–265. 2010. doi:10.1038/nrclinonc.2010.41. PMID 20351699.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cai, H; Caswell JL; Prescott JF (March 2014). "Nonculture Molecular Techniques for Diagnosis of Bacterial Disease in Animals: A Diagnostic Laboratory Perspective". Veterinary Pathology 51 (2): 341–350. doi:10.1177/0300985813511132. PMID 24569613.
3. ↑ Ke, Rongqin; Mignardi, Marco; Pacureanu, Alexandra; Svedlund, Jessica; Botling, Johan; Wählby, Carolina; Nilsson, Mats (2013-07-14). "In situ sequencing for RNA analysis in preserved tissue and cells" (in En). Nature Methods 10 (9): 857–860. doi:10.1038/nmeth.2563. ISSN 1548-7091. PMID 23852452. https://zenodo.org/record/3426036.
4. ↑ Ogino, Shuji; Stampfer, Meir (17 March 2010). "Lifestyle Factors and Microsatellite Instability in Colorectal Cancer: The Evolving Field of Molecular Pathological Epidemiology". Journal of the National Cancer Institute 102 (6): 365–7. doi:10.1093/jnci/djq031. PMID 20208016.
5. ↑ Ogino S, Chan AT, Fuchs CS, Giovannucci E. Molecular pathological epidemiology of colorectal neoplasia: an emerging transdisciplinary and interdisciplinary field. Gut 2011; 60: 397-411.
6. ↑ Ogino S, Lochhead P, Chan AT, Nishihara R, Cho E, Wolpin BM, Meyerhardt AJ, Meissner A, Schernhammer ES, Fuchs CS, Giovannucci E. Molecular pathological epidemiology of epigenetics: emerging integrative science to analyze environment, host, and disease. Mod Pathol 2013; 26: 465-84.

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Pathology

Principles of pathology|

* Disease
* Infection
* Neoplasia
* Cause
* Pathogenesis
* Hemodynamics
* Ischemia
* Inflammation
* Cell damage
* Wound healing

Cellular adaptation

Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Dysplasia
Metaplasia

Squamous
Glandular

Cell death

Necrosis

Coagulative necrosis
Liquefactive necrosis
Gangrenous necrosis
Caseous necrosis
Fat necrosis
Fibrinoid necrosis
Myocytolysis
Programmed cell death

Apoptosis
Pyknosis
Karyorrhexis
Karyolysis

Accumulations
pigment

Hemosiderin
Lipochrome/Lipofuscin
Melanin
Steatosis

Anatomical pathology|

* Surgical pathology
* Cytopathology
* Autopsy
* Molecular pathology
* Forensic pathology
* Oral and maxillofacial pathology

* Gross examination
* Histopathology
* Immunohistochemistry
* Electron microscopy
* Immunofluorescence
* Fluorescence in situ hybridization

Clinical pathology|

* Clinical chemistry
* Hematopathology
* Transfusion medicine
* Medical microbiology
* Diagnostic immunology
* Immunopathology

* Enzyme assay
* Mass spectrometry
* Chromatography
* Flow cytometry
* Blood bank
* Microbiological culture
* Serology

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