Mouse avatars

Mouse avatars, or avatar mice, refers to an experimental method employed to identify the best chemotherapeutic choice for a particular cancer patient.

## Contents

* 1 Origin
* 2 Method
* 2.1 Step one
* 2.2 Step two
* 2.3 Step three
* 3 In Practice
* 4 References

## Origin

The method was originally employed to treat cancer patients by Dr. Manuel Hidalgo (Spanish National Cancer Research Center in Madrid).[1] The name mouse avatar or avatar mice was originally coined by the Spanish National Cancer Research Center [2] and was subsequently popularized by the journals Nature[3] and Science,[4] the Mayo Clinic[5] and The New York Times [6] among others.[7][8]

## Method

Generally, Mouse avatars involve three steps, as follows:[9]

### Step one

The tumor is obtained by surgical resection. This may cure the patient. The tumor however may regrow, at the same or at a distant location (metastasis), a process that usually entails several months. If this happens, the avatar mice may guide the oncologist to choose the most efficient chemotherapeutic treatment.

### Step two

Fresh pieces of the tumor are implanted into mice (these are the so-called “first-generation” avatar mice). The implants can be at the same location where the tumor was formed in the patient, in which case are known as orthotopic xenografts or, most commonly, at a different location, generally subcutaneous, in which case are called heterotopic xenografts.[10]

If necessary, the tumors from the first-generation avatar mice can be extracted, divided into pieces, and implanted again in multiple avatar mice (“second generation”). This process can be repeated several times to obtain a large number of avatar mice from a single patient. In general, 3-4 generations are needed to obtain enough avatar mice from a single patient.

### Step three

Once the desired number of avatar mice has been achieved, the mice are treated with the several available options of chemotherapy (single agents or combined agents). The response of the tumors in the avatar mice to the various chemotherapeutic regimens is examined and the most efficient one is chosen.

The whole process usually takes several months. If the tumor of the patient recurs, then the oncologist can decide which chemotherapeutic treatment to apply based on the response of the [11] avatar mice that carried the original tumor of the patient.

## In Practice

The therapeutic benefits of the avatar mice have been demonstrated in pilot studies by Dr. Manuel Hidalgo with pancreatic cancer patients as well as with other cancers.[1][12]

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Hidalgo M, Bruckheimer E, Rajeshkumar NV, et al: A pilot clinical study of treatment guided by personalized tumorgrafts in patients with advanced cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 10:1311-6, 2011
2. ↑ "Archived copy". http://www.cnio.es/es/news/docs/manuel-hidalgo-journal-clinical-oncology-10ene12-en.pdf.
3. ↑ Dennis, Carina (2012). "Mouse 'avatars' could aid pancreatic cancer therapy". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2012.10259. http://www.nature.com/news/mouse-avatars-could-aid-pancreatic-cancer-therapy-1.10259.
4. ↑ "Applying Bioinformatics to Precision Medicine". https://www.science.org/content/article/applying-bioinformatics-precision-medicine.
5. ↑ "Mayo Clinic". http://newsblog.mayoclinic.org/2012/04/05/mayo-clinic-launches-whole-genome-breast-cancer-study/.
6. ↑ Pollack, Andrew (26 September 2012). "Seeking Cures, Patients Enlist Mice Stand-Ins". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/26/business/mice-as-stand-ins-in-the-fight-against-disease.html?pagewanted=1&_r=0.
7. ↑ "Mouse Avatars Offer Hope for Personalized Cancer Treatment | New York Genome Center". Archived from the original on 2013-04-15. https://archive.today/20130415125842/http://nygenome.org/blog/mouse-avatars-offer-hope-personalized-cancer-treatment. Retrieved 2013-03-06.
8. ↑ "Of Mice and Man | Science & Society | Science News". http://www.sciencenews.org/view/feature/id/348768/description/Of_Mice_and_Man.
9. ↑ Rubio-Viqueira B, Hidalgo M: Direct in vivo xenograft tumor model for predicting chemotherapeutic drug response in cancer patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther 85:217-21, 2009
10. ↑ Garrido-Laguna I, Uson M, Rajeshkumar NV, et al: Tumor engraftment in nude mice and enrichment in stroma-related gene pathways predicts poor survival and resistance to gemcitabine in patients with pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res, 2011
11. ↑ Morelli MP, Calvo E, Ordonez E, et al: Prioritizing Phase I Treatment Options Through Preclinical Testing on Personalized Tumorgraft. J Clin Oncol, 2011
12. ↑ Villarroel MC, Rajeshkumar NV, Garrido-Laguna I, et al: Personalizing cancer treatment in the age of global genomic analyses: PALB2 gene mutations and the response to DNA damaging agents in pancreatic cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 10:3-8, 2011

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