Mouth breathing

Short description: Breathing method in humans

"Mouth breather" redirects here. For the song, see Mouth Breather.

This article needs attention from an expert in medicine. The specific problem is: Possible presence of speculative claims based on sources that do not follow WP:MEDRS. WikiProject Medicine may be able to help recruit an expert. (January 2021)

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Mouth Breathing

Other names| Chronic oral ventilation
Symptoms| Snoring, dry mouth, hoarse voice, bad breath, fatigue, sleep apnea[1][2]
Causes| Chronic nasal congestion
Treatment| Treatment of the underlying cause of nasal congestion if present, building a habit to breathe through the nose

Mouth breathing, medically known as chronic oral ventilation, is long-term breathing through the mouth. It often is caused by an obstruction to breathing through the nose, the innate breathing organ in the human body.[3][4][5] However, by the early 20th century, the term "mouth-breather" had developed a pejorative slang meaning connoting a stupid person.

## Contents

* 1 Etymology
* 2 Causes
* 3 Potential effects
* 4 Additional approaches to mouth breathing
* 4.1 George Catlin
* 4.2 Yoga
* 4.3 Mouth taping
* 5 In non-human animals
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 Further reading
* 9 External links

## Etymology

Image 23 from the 1903 book by William F. Barry, M.D., The Hygiene of the Schoolroom. Barry describes this child as having "the typical face of a mouth-breather".

In the early 20th century, "mouth-breather" was a technical term used by doctors to describe children who were breathing through their mouths due to an underlying medical condition. English lexicographer Jonathon Green notes that by 1915, the phrase "mouth-breather" had developed a pejorative connotation within English slang, defined as a "stupid person".[6] Currently, the Macmillan Dictionary defines the term "mouth breather" as a pejorative noun that is used to mean "a stupid person".[7][4]

## Causes

In about 85% of cases, it is an adaptation to nasal congestion,[8]: 281 [9] and frequently occurs during sleep.[10] More specialized causes include: antrochoanal polyps;[11]: 350 a short upper lip which prevents the lips from meeting at rest (lip incompetence);[8]: 281 and pregnancy rhinitis, which tends to occur in the third trimester of pregnancy.[12]: 435

## Potential effects

Chronic mouth breathing may trigger a localized immune response in the upper airway. The nasal passage regulates airflow, temperature, humidity, and microbial filtration[13]. Mouth breathing increases direct exposure of the nasopharyngeal mucosa to irritants and pathogens. This results in additional mechanical and immunological stress on the tissue. The increased stress may promote Inflammation and hypertrophy of adenoid tissue, secondary lymphoid organs central to mucosal immunity, which are rich in T cells and IgA \- producing B cells[14]. As the Adenoids enlarge, they can obstruct airflow and worsen sleep quality by contributing to snoring or sleep-disordered breathing, while the reduced efficiency of nasal filtration continues to increase pathogen exposure[15]. Repeated stimulation from unconditioned airflow can sustain adenoid activation and enlargement, potentially creating a cycle of immune-driven chronic mouthbreathing[16].

The impact of chronic mouth breathing on health is a research area within orthodontics (and the related field of myofunctional therapy)[17] and anthropology.[18] It is classified into three types: obstructive, habitual, and anatomic.[8]: 281

There is a noted order of cause and effect leading to airway dysfunction related to mouth breathing. This first starts with an inflammatory reaction then leading to tissue growth in the area which leads to airway obstruction and mouth breathing and then finally an altered face structure.[19]

Nasal breathing produces nitric oxide within the body, while mouth breathing does not.[5][20][21] In addition, the Boston Medical Center notes that the nose filters out particles that enter the body, humidifies the air we breathe and warms it to body temperature.[22] In contrast, however, mouth breathing "pulls all pollution and germs directly into the lungs; dry cold air in the lungs makes the secretions thick, slows the cleaning cilia, and slows down the passage of oxygen into the bloodstream".[22] As a result, chronic mouth breathing may lead to illness.[20][10][9][23][24]

Conditions associated with mouth breathing include cheilitis glandularis,[11]: 490 Down syndrome,[25]: 365 anterior open bite,[12]: 225 tongue thrusting habit,[12]: 225 cerebral palsy,[26]: 422 ADHD,[27][28] sleep apnea,[29] and snoring.[29] In addition, gingivitis,[12]: 85 gingival enlargement,[12]: 85 and increased levels of dental plaque[12]: 108 are common in persons who chronically breathe through their mouths. The usual effect on the gums is sharply confined to the anterior maxillary region, especially the incisors (the upper teeth at the front). The appearance is erythematous (red), edematous (swollen) and shiny. This region receives the greatest exposure to airflow during mouth breathing, and it is thought that the inflammation and irritation is related to surface dehydration, but in animal experimentation, repeated air drying of the gums did not create such an appearance.[12]: 85

Breathing through the mouth decreases saliva flow. Saliva has minerals to help neutralize bacteria, clean off the teeth, and rehydrate the tissues. Without it, the risk of gum disease and cavities increases.[30]

Chronic mouth breathing in children may affect dental and facial growth.[24] It may also lead to the development of a long, narrow face, sometimes termed long face syndrome.[31] Conversely, it has been suggested that a long thin face type, with corresponding thin nasopharyngeal airway, predisposes to nasal obstruction and mouth breathing.[9]

## Additional approaches to mouth breathing

### George Catlin

George Catlin was a 19th-century American painter, author, and traveler, who specialized in portraits of Native Americans in the Old West. Travelling to the American West five times during the 1830s, he wrote about, and painted portraits that depicted, the life of the Plains Indians.[32] He was also the author of several books, including The Breath of Life[33] (later retitled as Shut Your Mouth and Save Your Life) in 1862.[34][35] It was based on his experiences traveling through the West, where he observed a consistent lifestyle habit among the Native American communities he encountered: a preference for nose breathing over mouth breathing. He also observed that they had perfectly straight teeth.[36] He repeatedly heard that this was because they believed that mouth breathing made an individual weak and caused disease, while nasal breathing made the body strong and prevented disease.[36] He also observed that mothers repeatedly closed the mouth of their infants while they were sleeping, to instill nasal breathing as a habit.[37]

### Yoga

Yogis such as B. K. S. Iyengar advocated both inhaling and exhaling through the nose in the practice of yoga, rather than inhaling through the nose and exhaling through the mouth,[38][39][40] using the phrase, "the nose is for breathing, the mouth is for eating."[38][39][41][42]

### Mouth taping

Mouth taping is the practice of keeping the lips shut while sleeping with a strip of surgical tape. This is intended to prevent mouth breathing during sleep. The health effects of mouth taping have been little researched.[43]

## In non-human animals

Lambs are noted to only switch to mouth breathing when the nasal passages are completely obstructed, with hypoxaemia having developed also as a result.[44]

## See also

* Medicine:Control of ventilation - Breathing control
* Medicine:Nasal septum deviation - Disorder of the nose
* Biology:Obligate nasal breathing - The instinct to breathe through the nose rather than the mouth

## References

1. ↑ Suzuki, Masaaki (2022). "Obstructive sleep apnea -consideration of its pathogenesis". Auris Nasus Larynx (Elsevier BV) 49 (3): 313–321. doi:10.1016/j.anl.2021.10.007. ISSN 0385-8146. PMID 34763987.
2. ↑ Kotecha, B. (2011-08-01). "The nose, snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea". Rhinology 49 (3): 259–263. doi:10.4193/rhino10.165. ISSN 0300-0729. PMID 21858254.
3. ↑ Turowski, Jason (29 April 2016). "Should You Breathe Through Your Mouth or Your Nose?". Cleveland Clinic. https://health.clevelandclinic.org/breathe-mouth-nose/.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Wollan, Malia (23 April 2019). "How to Be a Nose Breather". The New York Times Magazine. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/23/magazine/how-to-be-a-nose-breather.html.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Glazier, Eve (November 2019). "Nose breathing has more benefits than mouth breathing". The Times and Democrat. https://thetandd.com/nose-breathing-has-more-benefits-than-mouth-breathing/article_f2b05e01-ee71-5488-8746-21422c349d32.html.
6. ↑ Kelly, John (23 August 2016). "How '80s Its the Slang in Stranger Things?". Slate. https://slate.com/human-interest/2016/08/mental-douchebags-chill-wastoids-how-80s-is-the-slang-in-stranger-things.html.
7. ↑ "Mouthbreather". The Macmillan Dictionary. https://www.macmillandictionary.com/us/buzzword/entries/mouthbreather.html.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Phulari BS, ed (2011). Orthodontics : principles and practice. New Delhi: Jaypee Bros. Medical Publishers. ISBN 9789350252420. https://books.google.com/books?id=7N4tvQlRb5UC&q="mouth+breathing"&pg=PA281.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Rao A, ed (2012). Principles and Practice of Pedodontics. (3rd ed.). New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Pub. pp. 169, 170. ISBN 9789350258910. https://books.google.com/books?id=Ynaeb6CC8wAC&q="mouth+breathing"&pg=PA169.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Martel, Jan; Ko, Yun-Fei; Young, John D.; Ojcius, David (6 May 2020). "Could nasal nitric oxide help to mitigate the severity of COVID-19?". Microbes and Infection 22 (4–5): 168–171. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2020.05.002. PMID 32387333.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Barnes L, ed (2009). Surgical pathology of the head and neck (3rd ed.). New York: Informa healthcare. ISBN 978-1-4200-9163-2.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Carranza's clinical periodontology (11th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier/Saunders. 2012. ISBN 978-1-4377-0416-7.
13. ↑ Ma, Xiao-Kai; Wang, Qingyu (October 2022). "Could Mouth Breathing Lead to Adenoid Hypertrophy?" (in en). Dental Hypotheses 13 (4): 154–157. doi:10.4103/denthyp.denthyp_132_22. ISSN 2155-8213.
14. ↑ Ma, Xiao-Kai; Wang, Qingyu (October 2022). "Could Mouth Breathing Lead to Adenoid Hypertrophy?" (in en). Dental Hypotheses 13 (4): 154–157. doi:10.4103/denthyp.denthyp_132_22. ISSN 2155-8213.
15. ↑ Ma, Xiao-Kai; Wang, Qingyu (October 2022). "Could Mouth Breathing Lead to Adenoid Hypertrophy?" (in en). Dental Hypotheses 13 (4): 154–157. doi:10.4103/denthyp.denthyp_132_22. ISSN 2155-8213.
16. ↑ Ma, Xiao-Kai; Wang, Qingyu (October 2022). "Could Mouth Breathing Lead to Adenoid Hypertrophy?" (in en). Dental Hypotheses 13 (4): 154–157. doi:10.4103/denthyp.denthyp_132_22. ISSN 2155-8213.
17. ↑ Frey, Lorraine (November 2014). "The Essential Role of the Com in the Management of Sleep-Disordered Breathing: A Literature Review and Discussion". The International Journal of Orofacial Myology (Int J Orofacial Myology) 40: 42–55. doi:10.52010/ijom.2014.40.1.4. PMID 27295847.
18. ↑ Gross, Terry (27 May 2020). "How The 'Lost Art' Of Breathing Can Impact Sleep And Resilience". National Public Radio (NPR)/Fresh Air. https://www.npr.org/transcripts/862963172.
19. ↑ Stupak, Howard D.; Park, Steven Y. (2018). "Gravitational forces, negative pressure and facial structure in the genesis of airway dysfunction during sleep: a review of the paradigm". Sleep Medicine (Elsevier BV) 51: 125–132. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2018.06.016. ISSN 1389-9457. PMID 30165336.
20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Dahl, Melissa (11 January 2011). "'Mouth-breathing' gross, harmful to your health". NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/healthmain/mouth-breathing-gross-harmful-your-health-1C6437430.
21. ↑ Berman, Joe (29 January 2019). "Could nasal breathing improve athletic performance?". Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/wellness/when-it-comes-to-breathing-during-exercise-youre-probably-doing-it-wrong/2019/01/23/b4d3c338-1e59-11e9-8b59-0a28f2191131_story.html.
22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "Your Nose, the Guardian of Your Lungs". Boston Medical Center. 7 August 2017. https://www.bmc.org/otolaryngology-head-neck-surgery/resources/your-nose-guardian-your-lungs.
23. ↑ Nall, Rachel (22 September 2017). "What's wrong with breathing through the mouth?". Medical News Today. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319487#what-causes-mouth-breathing.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Valcheva, Zornitsa (January 2018). "THE ROLE OF MOUTH BREATHING ON DENTITION DEVELOPMENT AND FORMATION". Journal of IMAB. https://www.journal-imab-bg.org/issues-2018/issue1/JofIMAB-2018-24-1p1878-1882.pdf.
25. ↑ Oral pathology : clinical pathologic correlations (6th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier/Saunders. 2011. ISBN 978-1-4557-0262-6.
26. ↑ Cawson's essentials of oral pathology and oral medicine (8th ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. 2008. ISBN 978-0-7020-4001-6.
27. ↑ Won, Dana (February 2017). "It Is Just Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder…or Is It?". Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics (J Dev Behav Pediatr.) 38 (2): 169–172. doi:10.1097/DBP.0000000000000386. PMID 28079611.
28. ↑ Sano, Masahiro (October 2013). "Increased oxygen load in the prefrontal cortex from mouth breathing: a vector-based near-infrared spectroscopy study". NeuroReport 24 (17): 935–940. doi:10.1097/WNR.0000000000000008. PMID 24169579.
29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Pacheco, Maria Christina Thome (July–August 2015). "Guidelines proposal for clinical recognition of mouth breathing children". Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 20 (4): 39–44. doi:10.1590/2176-9451.20.4.039-044.oar. PMID 26352843.
30. ↑ Graves, Elizabeth (4 September 2022). "Mouth Breather vs Nose Breather: Understanding the Differences and Why it Matters". https://takehomesmile.com/mouth-breather-vs-nose-breather/.
31. ↑ Basheer, Bahija (November 2014). "Influence of Mouth Breathing on the Dentofacial Growth of Children: A Cephalometric Study". Journal of International Oral Health 6 (6): 50–55. PMID 25628484.
32. ↑ "Catlin Virtual Exhibition". Smithsonian American Art Museum. http://americanart.si.edu/catlin/highlights.html.
33. ↑ The breath of life, or mal-respiration, and its effects upon the enjoyments & life of man.. HathiTrust. 1862. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011542471. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
34. ↑ Nestor, James (2020). Breath: The New Science of a Lost Art. Riverhead Books. p. 48. ISBN 978-0735213616.
35. ↑ "George Catlin on Mouth Breathing". PubMed. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term="George+Catlin".
36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Nestor, James (2020). Breath: The New Science of a Lost Art. Riverhead Books. p. 49. ISBN 978-0735213616.
37. ↑ Nestor, James (2020). Breath: The New Science of a Lost Art. Riverhead Books. p. 50. ISBN 978-0735213616.
38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 "Q&A: Is Mouth Breathing OK in Yoga?". Yoga Journal. 12 April 2017. https://www.yogajournal.com/practice/take-a-breath.
39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Payne, Larry. "Yogic Breathing: Tips for Breathing through Your Nose (Most of the Time)". Yoga For Dummies, 3rd Edition. https://www.dummies.com/health/exercise/yoga/yogic-breathing-tips-for-breathing-through-your-nose-most-of-the-time/.
40. ↑ Himalayan Institute Core Faculty, Himalayan Institute Core Faculty (13 July 2017). "Yogic Breathing: A Study Guide". Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy. https://www.himalayaninstitute.org/wisdom-library/yogic-breathing-study-guide/.
41. ↑ Krucoff, Carol (2013). Yoga Sparks. New Harbinger Publications. ISBN 9781608827022. https://books.google.com/books?id=QPk_nshsngoC&q="the+nose+is+for+breathing,+the+mouth+is+for+eating"+yoga&pg=RA1-PA11. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
42. ↑ Jurek, Scott (2012). Eat and Run. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0547569659. https://books.google.com/books?id=fEm6XnTajm0C&q="the+nose+is+for+breathing,+the+mouth+is+for+eating"+yoga&pg=PA108. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
43. ↑ Blum, Dani (2022-11-17). "Can a Piece of Tape Help You Sleep?" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/17/well/live/mouth-taping-benefits-sleep.html.
44. ↑ R, Harding (1986). "Nasal obstruction in infancy". Australian Paediatric Journal 22 (Suppl 1): 59–61. ISSN 0004-993X. PMID 3539080.

## Further reading

* Nestor, James (2020). Breath: The New Science of a Lost Art. Riverhead Books. ISBN 978-0735213616.

## External links

* Effects of Mouth Breathing—WebMD (video clip)

Classification|

* ICD-10: R06.5
* ICD-9-CM: 784.9
* MeSH: D009058

|

Template:Orthodontology

* v
* t
* e

Symptoms and signs relating to the respiratory system (R04–R07, 786)

Medical examination and history taking

Auscultation|

* Stethoscope
* Respiratory sounds
* Stridor
* Wheeze
* Crackles
* Rhonchi
* Stertor
* Squawk
* Pleural friction rub
* Fremitus
* Bronchophony
* Terminal secretions
* Elicited findings
* Percussion
* Pectoriloquy
* Whispered pectoriloquy
* Egophony

Breathing|

| Rate|

* Apnea
* Prematurity
* Dyspnea
* Hyperventilation
* Hypoventilation
* Hyperpnea
* Tachypnea
* Hypopnea
* Bradypnea

|

Pattern|

* Agonal respiration
* Biot's respiration
* Cheyne–Stokes respiration
* Kussmaul breathing
* Ataxic respiration

Other|

* Respiratory distress
* Respiratory arrest
* Orthopnea/Platypnea
* Trepopnea
* Aerophagia
* Asphyxia
* Breath holding
* Mouth breathing
* Snoring

Other|

* Chest pain
* In children
* Precordial catch syndrome
* Pleurisy
* Nail clubbing
* Cyanosis
* Cough
* Sputum
* Hemoptysis
* Epistaxis
* Silhouette sign
* Post-nasal drip
* Hiccup
* COPD
* Hoover's sign
* asthma
* Curschmann's spirals
* Charcot–Leyden crystals
* chronic bronchitis
* Reid index
* sarcoidosis
* Kveim test
* pulmonary embolism
* Hampton hump
* Westermark sign
* pulmonary edema
* Kerley lines
* Hamman's sign
* Golden S sign

* v
* t
* e

Psychophysiology: Sleep and sleep disorders (F51 and G47 / 307.4 and 327)

Sleep stages|

* Rapid eye movement (REM)
* Non-rapid eye movement
* Slow-wave

Brain waves|

* Alpha wave
* Beta wave
* Delta wave
* Gamma wave
* K-complex
* Mu rhythm
* Sensorimotor rhythm
* Sleep spindle
* Theta wave

Sleep
disorders|

| Dyssomnia|

* Hypersomnia
* Insomnia
* Kleine–Levin syndrome
* Narcolepsy
* Sleep apnea
* Central hypoventilation syndrome
* Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
* Sleep state misperception

|

Circadian rhythm
disorders

* Advanced sleep phase disorder
* Delayed sleep phase disorder
* Irregular sleep–wake rhythm
* Jet lag
* Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder
* Shift work sleep disorder

Parasomnia|

* Catathrenia
* Night terror
* Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
* Sleepwalking
* Somniloquy

Other|

* Bruxism
* Cyclic alternating pattern
* Night eating syndrome
* Nocturia
* Periodic breathing
* Nocturnal myoclonus

Benign
phenomena|

* Dream
* Exploding head syndrome
* False awakening
* Hypnagogia / Sleep onset
* Hypnic jerk
* Lucid dream
* Nightmare
* Nocturnal clitoral tumescence
* Nocturnal emission
* Nocturnal penile tumescence
* Sleep paralysis
* Somnolence

Related
topics|

* Bed
* Bunk bed
* Daybed
* Four-poster bed
* Futon
* Hammock
* Mattress
* Sleeping bag
* Bed bug
* Bedding
* Bedroom
* Bedtime
* Bedtime story
* Bedtime toy
* Biphasic and polyphasic sleep
* Chronotype
* Dream journal
* Excessive daytime sleepiness
* Hypnopompic state
* Hypnosis
* Lullaby
* Microsleep
* Nap
* Nightwear
* Power nap
* Second wind
* Siesta
* Sleep and creativity
* Sleep and learning
* Sleep debt
* Sleep deprivation
* Sleep diary
* Sleep hygiene
* Sleep induction
* Sleep inertia
* "Sleeping sickness"1
* Sleeping while on duty
* Sleepover
* Snoring
* Somnology
* Polysomnography
* Sleep medicine

* 1 Not a sleep disorder.

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